1.

0) SCOPE OF THE REPORT :

1.1 This submission contains the design procedure of CROSS DRAINAGE WORK with Pipe culvert type. The pipe type cul
includes head wall at both end of road & RCC hume pipe embedded in concrete cradle. The head wall supports the road
embakment fill at both end of road. Head wall design is presented in this document. RCC hume pipe of class NP3 & NP4 for
vehicular loads are considered.
1.2 The details considered in design are as follows:
Bed block depth = 1.01 m
RCC Hume pipe dia = 1.00 m
RCC Hume pipe thickness = 100 mm
RCC Hume pipe class = NP3 & NP4 for vehicular loads
Head Wall height = 1.34 m above Bed block (NGL) Minimum cushion considered abo
pipe = 0.50 m
SBC below abutment restricted to = 12.5 T/m2
2.0 DESIGN METHODOLOGY :
2.1) The design approach is to consider
Head wall subjected to earth pressure & surcharge pressure from sides and vertical load due to its self wt.
2.2 Earth pressure coefficients are calculated as per coloumb's theory. Earth pressures due to seismic effects are calcula
as per IS 1893-1984 / Cl. 8.1. Passive pressure available below Bed is neglected in stability calculations for conservative.
2.3 Basic horizontal seismic coefficient considered is 0.04 for zone III (as per IS1893:1984 Cl. 3.4.2.3 (a) importance facto
considered is 1.5 and soil foundation system factor considered is 1.2.
Thus, design horizontal seismic coeff. is 0.072.
2.4 The wall is checked for conditions of stability against overturning, sliding and allowable bearing pressure for normal ca
and seismic case as per IRC 78-2000 / Cl. 706.3.4 as follows :
 Factor of safety
overturnin sliding
Normal case 2 1.5
Seismic cas 1.5 1.25
2.5) The allowable bearing pressure is restricted to 150kN/m 2 in normal case and for seismic case this is restricted to 188
kN/m2. In the Seismic case, allowable bearing pressure is increased by 25% as per IRC 78: 2000 / Cl. 706.1.2. The base
pressure at base in all case is kept compressive.
2.6) The permissible compressive stress and tensile stress in plain cement concrete is restricted as per IRC21:2000 Table
11.
2.7) Point of application of total horizontal pressure on wall shall be as follows:- Normal case:-
Active Earth Pressure - 0.42 h
Surcharge Pressure - 0.50 h
Dynamic increment in seismic case:-
Active Earth Pressure - 0.42 h
Surcharge Pressure - 0.66 h
 (IRC-6:2000, Cl 214.1)
(IS-1893:2000, Cl 8.1.3.1)
mic case:-
(IS-1893:2000, Cl 8.1.1.2)
(IS-1893:2000, Cl 8.1.3.1)
3.0) DESIGN DATA
3.1) D = 1.00 m Dia of Hume pipe
4.0) DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS :
Following assumption are made here:
4.1) The SBC of the Founding strata considered is 150 KN/m2
VIKRAM UDYOGPURI LIMITED, UJJAIN, MADHYA PRADESH SPML - OM META
(JV)
5.0) REFERENCES
5.1) IRC 21-2000 "Standard specifications and code of practice for Road bridges, Section III. 5.2) IS 456-20
"Plain and Reinforced concrete - Code of practice.
5.3) IRC 6-2000 "Standard specification and code of practice for Road bridges Section II.
5.4) IS1893-1984 "Criteria for Earthquake resistant design of structures.
6.0 LIST OF DRAWINGS
6.1) Pipe culvert detail VUL-RD-PIPLCD-C-GA-401-R0
7.0) HEAD WALL DESIGN : -
In a pipe culverts, the head walls are retaining walls at pipe outlet at both end. Head walls are provided at both ends of the p
to retain the earth filling of the roadways.
The head wall is subjected to earth pressure, surcharge pressure & vertical load due to its self weight.
The earth pressure co-efficient under normal and seismic condition are calculated and presented in Cl 7.1.1 & 7.1.2.
The wall is checked for two different load combination and presented in Cl 7.1.3 & 7.1.4.
LC 1 DL+EP+SP Ref Cl 7.1.3 LC 2 DL+EP+0.5 SP+EQ Ref Cl 7.1.4
The head Wall is checked for maximum and minimum base pressure, sliding and overturning at base.
The head wall is checked for concrete maximum and minimum stresses at height of 1.34 m from Road level for all load case
The dimensions of Head Wall for heigth 1.34 m above bed considered for design is shown in Figure 1.
Head Wall
0.45
Road Lvl
 W3 P
. 1
W6 Pah=PaxC
1.6
W2 W1 2.35
1.6
58
0.83
1.34 W7
B 1
W4
W5

1.01

A
0.45 0.62
1.90
0.4
0.5*2.
os(δ+α)
 1.90

Normal case (LC1):

Earth Surchar ge Pressur Over burden Pressure
pressure diagram
diagram
 GROSS 135 21 Note: -
PRESSURE Notation W3, W4, W5 & W7 are not
shown.
Figure 1
Earthqake case (LC2):
GROSS
PRESSU
RE
134 4
 @ Base @ 1.34
Stability check Base pressure Stability check
Maximum
Overturning Slinding without Minimum Overturning
overburden

DL + EP + SP 3.45 1.84 117 21 Safe 3.79

DL + EP + 0.5 SP + EQL 2.86 1.56 116 4 Safe 3.32
 @ 1.34m from Road Level
Stability check Concrete stress
Max Min
combined combined
stress stress

3.79 72 23 Safe
3.32 70 10 Safe
 Design Summary

17.0

35
 7.1.1) Coulomb Earth pressure Theory :

A Coefficient of active earth pressure :

( Refer equation 11-3 / Foundation analysis and design by Joseph E. Bowles )
  58 deg = 1.016 rad
  30 deg = 0.524 rad
  20 deg = 0.349 rad 
  0 deg = 0.000 rad

A= Sin2   +   0.999 
B=  = 0.723
C= Sin2 
 -    0.619
Sin  
D=   0.766
Sin   + 
E=   0.500
 - 
F= Sin    0.850
 + 
Sin 

Ka = A Ka = 0.650
B*C*
(1+SQRT((D*E)/(C*F)))2
 7.1.2) IS1893 - Earth pressure Co-efficient Calcuation :
A Coefficient of Active earth pressure : Refer IS 1893 - 1984 / Clause 8.1.1
 = 0.07  = 0.04
h v

 = 30 = 0.524 rads  = 32 = 0.55 rads

 = 0 = 0 rads  = 20 = 0.35 rads
or calculation of  h using IS 1843:1984 Clause 3.4.2

 = 1.2 Table 3 IS 1893: 1984

 = 1.5 Table 4 IS 1893: 1984
 = 0.04 For Zone III
0
 = 0.04 x 1.2 x 1.5 = 0.072
h

 = tan-1 
= 0.069 = 3.98
h

1 + v

 = tan-1 
= 0.075 4.27
h

1 - v
 
(1+ v
)= 1.036 (1 -
v
)= 0.96

cos2 (  -  -  )= 0.990

cos2 (  -  -  )= 0.989 

cos  = 0.998
cos  = 0.997 
cos2  = 0.723           

cos (  +    )= 0.563
cos (  +    )= 0.559
sin (  +  ) = 0.766
sin (  -    )= 0.439
sin (  -    )= 0.434
cos (  -  ) = 0.850
Ca  2.53 x 0.296  0.75 Ca  2.37 x 0.3 
Ca = 0.75
 7.1.2) IS1893 - Earth pressure Co-efficient Calcuation :
ient of Active earth pressure : Refer IS 1893 - 1984 / Clause 8.1.1
= 0.07  = 0.04
v

= 30 = 0.524 rads  = 32 = 0.55 rads

= 0 = 0 rads  = 20 = 0.35 rads
alculation of  h using IS 1843:1984 Clause 3.4.2

= 1.2 Table 3 IS 1893: 1984

= 1.5 Table 4 IS 1893: 1984
= 0.04 For Zone III

= 0.04 x 1.2 x 1.5 = 0.072


= tan-1
= 0.069 = 3.98
h

1 + v

= tan-1
= 0.075 4.27
h

1 - v
 
(1+ v
)= 1.036 (1 -
v
)= 0.96

 -  -  )= 0.990

 -  -  )= 0.989 

 = 0.998
 = 0.997 
 = 0.723           

(  +    )= 0.563
(  +    )= 0.559
(  +  ) = 0.766
(  -    )= 0.439
(  -    )= 0.434
(  -  ) = 0.850
 2.53 x 0.296  0.75 Ca  2.37 x 0.3  0.7
0.7
7.1.3) Head wall design in normal case: ( LC 1 - DL + EP + SP ) (Ref. Fig -1 )
7.1.3.1) Design parameters :
Grade of concrete = 15 N/mm2
Height of wall above Footing level = 2.350 m
Depth of foundation top below Road lvl = -2.350 m
Total height of wall H = 2.35 m

Saturated Density of soil = 18 kN/m3

Angle of internal friction ' phi' = 30 Degree

Coeff. Of friction  = 0.5
Surcharge load SL = 1.2*18 = 21.6 kN/m2
Over burden load SL = 1*18 = 0 kN/m2
Concrete density = 24 kN/m3
Coefficient of earth pressure Ka = 0.650
Dynamic increament in Ka due to EQ, ' Ka1
0.748 - 0.650 = 0.098
Earth pressure at Base = Ka *  * H * Cos (δ+(90-α))
0.65 x 18 x 2.35 x 0.62 = 17 kN/m 2
Surcharge pressure Ka*SL* Cos (δ+(90-α))
= 0.65 x 21.6 x 0.62 = 8.7 kN/m 2
Over burden pressure Ka*OB* Cos (δ+(90-α))
= 0.65 x 0 x 0.62 = 0.0 kN/m 2
7.1.3.2) Design of Head wall @ Base : -
7.1.3.2.1) Summary of forces @ Base of Head Wall: Stem depth = 1.90 m
Load Load in k L.A @ A
(kN)
W1 1/2 x 0.83 x 1.34 x 24 13.35 0.727
W2 0.45 x 2.35 x 24 25.38 0.225
W3 1/2 x 0.83 x 1.34 x 18 10.01 1.003
W4 0.83 x 1.01 x 24 20.12 0.865
W5 1/2 x 0.62 x 1.01 x 24 7.51 1.487
W6 0.62 x 1.34 x 18 14.95 1.590
W7 1/2 x 0.62 x 1.01 x 18 5.64 1.693
Total 96.96
Earth pressure :
Horizontal component of Active
P1 ( Ka *  * H * Cos (δ+(90-α)))/2 * H 19.99 0.987
P2 Ka*SL* Cos (δ+(90-α)) * H 20.42 1.175
Total 40.41
Vertical component of Active
V1 ( Ka *  * H * Sin (δ+(90-α)))/2 * H 25.38 1.291
Vertical component of Surcharge
V2 Ka*SL* Sin (δ+(90-α)) * H 25.92 1.175
Moment
(kN-m)
9.70
5.71
10.04
17.40
11.17
23.78
9.54
87.35

19.73
23.99
43.72

32.77

30.46
7.1.3.2.2) Load combination under DL+EP+SP condition
Total vertical load = 96.96+25.38+25.92+0 = 148.3 kN Total Stabilizing moment @ A=
87.35+32.77+30.46+0= 150.6 kN-m Total horizontal Load = 40.41+0=
Total overturning moment = 43.72+0+0= 43.7 kN-m
Net stabilizing moment = 106.9 kN-m
7.1.3.2.3) Stability Check :
a) FOS against overturning ( 150.6 / 43.7 = 3.45

Eccenticity from 'A' ( 106.9 / 148. = 0.72

Eccenticity from C.G. of base ( 1.9/2 -0.72) = 0.230

b) FOS against sliding

0.5 x 148 1.84

40
c) Check for pressure : Width of Wall @ base = 1.90

P/A = ( 148.3 / 1.9 ) = 78.1

M/Z ( 148.3 x 0.23 x 6 ) / 1.9^2 = 56.7

Over burden pressure below Bed = 1.01*18 = 18.18

Maximum pressure = P/A + M/Z = 135
Net pressure 135-18 = 117
Minimum pressure = P/A - M/Z = 21

7.1.3.3) Design of Head Wall @ Heigh 1.340 m from Wall top

> 2

SAFE
m

> 1.5
SAFE
m

kN/m2

kN/m2

kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m2 150
kN/m 2
SAFE
7.1.3.3.1) Summary of forces @ Height 1.34 m from wall top = Stem depth = 1.280 m
Load Load in k L.A @ B
(kN)
W1 1/2 x 0.83 x 1.34 x 24 13.35 0.727
W2 0.45 x 1.34 x 24 14.47 0.225
W3 1/2 x 0.83 x 1.34 x 18 10.01 1.003
Total 37.83
Earth pressure :
Horizontal component of Active
P1 ( Ka *  * H * Cos (δ+(90-α)))/2 * H 6.50 0.563
P2 Ka*SL* Cos (δ+(90-α)) * H 11.64 0.67
Total 18.14
Vertical component of Active
V1 ( Ka *  * H * Sin (δ+(90-α)))/2 * H 8.25 0.931
Vertical component of Surcharge
V2 Ka*SL* Sin (δ+(90-α)) * H 14.78 0.865
Moment
(kN-m)
9.70
3.26
10.04
23.00

3.66
7.80
11.46

7.68

12.78
 7.1.3.3.2) Load combination under DL+EP
Total vertical load = 37.83+8.25+14.78+0 =
Total Stabilizing moment @ B= 23+7.68+12.78+0
Total horizontal Load = 18.14+0
Total overturning moment = 11.46+0+0
Net stabilizing moment
7.1.3.3.3) S
a) FOS against overturning ( 43.46 / 11.4 = 3
Eccenticity from 'A' ( 32 / 60.86) =
Eccenticity from C.G. of base ( 1.28/2 -0.53 =
b) Check for pressure : Width of STEM =

P/A = ( 60.86 / 1.28 ) =

M/Z ( 60.86 x 0.11 x 6 ) / 1.28^2 =

Permissible concrete stresses Ref IRC21:2000, Tab 9 & 11

Maximum pressure = P/A + M/Z =

Minimum pressure = P/A - M/Z =

0.53 m
0.110 m
1.28 m

47.5 kN/m2

24.5 kN/m2

72 kN/m2 5000 kN/sq mt

SAFE
23 kN/m2 -400 kN/sq mt

SAFE
7.1.4) Head wall design in Seismic case: ( LC 2 - DL + EP + 0.5 SP + EQ ) (Ref. Fig -1 )
7.1.4.1) Design parameters :
Grade of concrete = 15
Height of wall above ground = 2.35
Depth of foundation below = -2.35
ground
Total height of wall H = 2.35
Saturated Density of soil  = 18
Angle of internal friction = 30
Coeff. Of friction  = 0.5
Concrete density = 21.6
Horizontal Siesmic coeff. = 0.072
Vertical Siesmic coeff. = 0.036
Coefficient of earth pressure Ka = 0.650
N/mm2
m
m
m
kN/m3
Degree

kN/m3
Dynamic increament in Ka due to EQ, ' Ka1
0.748 - 0.650 = 0.099
Dyn increment Earth pressure at Base = Ka *  * H* Cos (δ+α)
= 0.099 x 18 x 2.35*0.62 = 2.59 kN/m 2
 Surcharge pressure Ka*SL* Cos (δ+α)
= 0.099 x 21.6 x 0.62 = 1.33
Over burden pressure Ka*SL* Cos (δ+α)
= 0.099 x 0.0 x 0.62 = 0.00
kN/m2

kN/m2
7.1.4.2) Design of Head Wall @ Base : -
7.1.4.2.1) Summary of forces @ Base of Head Wall :
Load Load in kN L.A @ A
(kN)
W1 1/2 x 0.83 x 1.34 x 24 x 0.072 0.96 1.457
W2 0.45 x 2.35 x 24 x 0.072 1.83 1.175
W3 1/2 x 0.83 x 1.34 x 18 x 0.072 0.72 1.903
W4 0.83 x 1.01 x 24 x 0.072 1.45 0.505
W5 1/2 x 0.62 x 1.01 x 24 x 0.072 0.54 0.337
W6 0.62 x 1.34 x 18 x 0.072 1.08 1.680
W7 1/2 x 0.62 x 1.01 x 18 x 0.072 0.41 0.673
Total 6.98
Dynamic increment in Earth pressure :
P1 2.591 2.35 2.0 3.04 1.175
P2 1.33 x 2.4 x 1.00 3.12 1.551
Total 6.16
Passive
Pp 0.0 x 0.0 x 0.5 0.0 0.00
Moment
(kN-m)
1.40
2.15
1.37
0.73
0.18
1.81
0.27
7.91

3.58
4.83
8.41

0
 7.1.4.2.2) Load summary under E
Total vertical load 96.96+25.38+25.92/2 +0*(1-0.036) = 130.43 kN Total Stabilizing mome
0.5*30.46)*(1-0.036)+0+0 = 130.50 kN-m Total horizontal Load = 3.04+0.5*3.12+6.98+19.99+0.5*20.42+0=
kN Total overturning moment=3.58+0.5*4.83+7.91+43.72-0.5*23.99= 45.63 kN-m Net stabilizing moment
=
7.1.4.2.3) S
a) FOS against overturning ( 130.5 / 45.63 ) = 2.86
Eccenticity from 'A' ( 84.87 / 130.43 ) = 0.65 m Eccenticity from C.G. of bas
-0.65) = 0.300 m
b) FOS against sliding
 0.5 x 130 = 1.56
42
c) Check for pressure : Width of Wall @ base 1.90

P/A = ( 130.43 / 1.9 = 68.6

)
> 1.25
SAFE
m

kN/m2
M/Z ( 130.43 x 0.3 x 6 ) / 1.9^2 = 65.0 kN/m 2
Over burden pressure below = 1.01*18 = 18.2
Bed
Maximum pressure = P/A + M/Z = 134
Net pressure 134-18 = 116
Minimum pressure = P/A - M/Z = 4
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m2 188
kN/m 2
SAFE
7.1.4.3) Design of Head Wall @ Height 1.340 m from Wall top
7.1.4.3.1) Summary of forces @ Height 1.34 m from wall top = stem depth 1.280 m
Load Load in kN L.A @ B
(kN)
W1 1/2 x 0.83 x 1.34 x 24 x 0.072 0.96 0.447
W2 0.45 x 1.34 x 24 x 0.072 1.04 0.670
W3 1/2 x 0.83 x 1.34 x 18 x 0.072 0.72 0.893
Total 2.72
Dynamic increment in Earth pressure :
P1 1.478 1.34 2.0 0.99 0.670
P2 1.33 x 1.3 x 1.00 1.78 0.884
Total 2.77
Moment
(kN-m)
0.43
0.70
0.64
1.77

0.66
1.57
2.23
7.1.4.3.2) Load summary under EQ condition :
Total vertical load 37.83+0.5*14.78+8.25+0*(1-0.036) = 51.55 kN Total Stabilizing moment @
0.5*12.78)*(1-0.036)+0+0 = 35.74 kN-m Total horizontal Load = 2.77-0.5*1.78+2.72+6.5+0.5*11.64+0 =
16.92 kN Total overturning moment = 0.66+0.5*1.57+1.77+11.46-0.5*7.8 = 10.78 kN-m
 Net stabilizing moment =
7.1.4.3.3) Stability Check :
a) FOS against overturning ( 35.74 / 10.78 ) =

Eccenticity from 'A' ( 24.96 / 51.55 ) =

Eccenticity from C.G. of base ( 1.28/2 -0.48) =

b) Check for pressure : Width of STEM =

 3.32 >

0.48 m

0.160 m

1.28 m
24.96 kN-m
P/A = ( 51.55 / 1.28 ) = 40.3 kN/m 2 M/Z ( 51.
1.28^2 = 30.2 kN/m 2

Permissible concrete stresses Ref IRC21:2000, Tab 9 & 11

Maximum pressure = P/A + M/Z

Minimum pressure = P/A - M/Z

= 70 kN/m2 5000 kN/sq mt
SAFE
= 10 kN/m2 -400 kN/sq mt SAFE