Available

Available online
online at
at www.sciencedirect.com
www.sciencedirect.com
Available
Available online
online at
at www.sciencedirect.com
www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
Energy
Available
Available Procedia
online
online
Energy 00
00 (2017)
(2017) 000–000
atatwww.sciencedirect.com
Procedia www.sciencedirect.com
000–000
Energy
Energy Procedia
Procedia 00
00 (2017)
(2017) 000–000
000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Energy Procedia
Energy Procedia 00
141(2017)
(2017)000–000
29–33
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

4th
4th International
International Conference
Conference on
on Power
Power and
and Energy
Energy Systems
Systems Engineering,
Engineering, CPESE
CPESE 2017,
2017, 25-29
25-29
4th International Conference September
on Power and
September Energy
2017,
2017, Systems
Berlin,
Berlin, Engineering, CPESE 2017, 25-29
Germany
Germany
September 2017, Berlin, Germany
Conception of a Solar Air Collector for an Indirect Solar Dryer. Pear
Conception The
of a15th
Solar Air Collector
International Symposiumfor an Indirect
on District Solar
Heating and Dryer. Pear
Cooling
Drying Test.
Drying Test.
Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor
Essalhi
Essalhi Hajar*,Tadili.Rachid
Hajar*,Tadili.Rachid ,, Bargach.Mohammed.Najib
Bargach.Mohammed.Najib
temperature function
Essalhi for a long-term
Hajar*,Tadili.Rachid district heat demand forecast
, Bargach.Mohammed.Najib
Laboratory of Solar Energy and Environment, University Mohammed V of Rabat, Faculty of Sciences, B.P 1014, Rabat, Morocco
Laboratory of Solar Energy and Environment, University Mohammed V of Rabat, Faculty of Sciences, B.P 1014, Rabat, Morocco
Laboratory
Laboratory of
of Solar Energy
Energy and
Solara,b,c and Environment,
Environment, University
University Mohammed
Mohammed V
V of
of Rabat,
Rabat, Faculty of Sciences, B.P 1014, Rabat, Morocco
a a b Faculty of Sciences, B.Pc 1014, Rabat, Morocco
c
I. Andrić *, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Corre
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
a
AbstractIN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
b
This Veolia Recherche & Innovation,a 291 Avenuecollector
Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, dryer.
France
This paper presents
paper presents
c
aa new
new conception
conception of of the
the absorber
absorber ofof a solar
solar air
air collector for
for an
an indirect
indirect solar
solar dryer. This
This absorber
absorber consists
consists of
of
This
two paper Département
presents a new Systèmes
conception Énergétiques
of the et Environnement
absorber of a solar - IMT
air Atlantique,
collector for4 rue
an Alfred
indirectKastler,
solar 44300This
dryer. Nantes, France consists
absorber of
two corrugated
This corrugated aluminium
paper presents
aluminium plates.
plates. The
a new conception Theoftwo
thecorrugated
two absorber ofplates
corrugated are
areairfixed
a solar
plates to
to form
collector
fixed for parallel
form cylinders
an indirect
parallel allowing
solar dryer.
cylinders This
allowing air to
to circulate
absorber
air along
consists
circulate of
along
two
the
two corrugated
collector. aluminium
Experimental
corrugatedExperimental
the collector. plates.
aluminium plates.tests The
for two
pear
Thepear
tests for corrugated
drying
two corrugatedwere plates
drying wereplates are
carried fixed
out
are out
carried at to form
Solar
fixedat toSolar parallel
Energy
formEnergy cylinders
and
paralleland allowing
Environment
cylinders air to circulate
laboratory,
allowinglaboratory,
Environment along
Faculty
air to circulate of
along
Faculty of
the
Sciences of Rabat. The results thus obtained, reveal that after 24 hours of drying, the mass of samples was reduced from 997.3of
the collector.
Sciences of
collector. Experimental
Rabat. The results
Experimental tests
thus
tests for
for pear
obtained,
pear drying
reveal
drying were
that
were carried
after 24
carried out
hours
out at
atof Solar Energy
drying,
Solar the
Energy and
mass
and Environment
of samples
Environment waslaboratory,
reduced
laboratory, Faculty
from 997.3
Faculty gg
of
Sciences
to 135.13g.
Sciences
to 135.13g.of Rabat.
of The
Rabat.
The The
The results
average
average thermalthus
thermal
results thus obtained,
efficiency of reveal
of
obtained,
efficiency the that
the drying
reveal after
after 24
that chamber
drying chamber24 hours
was of
of drying,
was observed
hours drying,
observed tothe
to be mass
mass of
be 11.11
the 11.11 %.samples
%.
of samples was
was reduced
reduced from
from 997.3
997.3 gg
©Abstract
to
to
©
135.13g.
2017 TheThe
135.13g. average
Authors.
The average thermal
Published
thermalby efficiency
Elsevierof
efficiency the
the drying
Ltd.
of drying chamber
chamber was was observed
observed to to be
be 11.11
11.11 %.
%.
© 2017
© 2017 The
2017 The Authors.
The
Peer-review Authors.
Authors.
under
Published
Published by
Published
responsibility by
by
of
Elsevier
Elsevier
Elsevier
the
Ltd.
Ltd. committee of CPESE 2017.
Ltd.
organizing
© 2017 The
Peer-review Authors.
under Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility
District heating responsibility of
of the
the organizing
scientific committeeofofthe
committee CPESE 2017.
4th International Conference on Power and Energy
Peer-review
Peer-review
Systems undernetworks
under are commonly
responsibility
responsibility
Engineering.
of
of the addressed
the organizing
organizing in the of
committee
committee literature
of CPESEas
CPESE one of the
2017.
2017. most effective solutions for decreasing the
greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat
Keywords: Solar
Keywords: Solar drying;
drying; Indirect
Indirect solar
solar dryer;
dryer; Collector;
Collector; Pear.
Pear.
sales. Due
Keywords:
Keywords: todrying;
Solar
Solar the changed
drying; Indirect
Indirect climate
solar
solar conditions
dryer;
dryer; Collector; and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease,
Collector; Pear.
Pear.
prolonging the investment return period.
1.The
1.
main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand
Introduction
Introduction
1.forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
Introduction
1. Introduction
buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
Solar
Solar drying
drying of
of crops,
crops, fruits
fruits and vegetables,
and(shallow,
vegetables, has
has been practiced
beendeep).
practiced around the
around the world
theerror, for
for centuries
worldobtained centuries in
in the open
thevalues air
open were
air
renovation
Solar scenarios
drying of were developed
crops, fruits and vegetables,intermediate,
has been To estimate
practiced around the world for heat demand
centuries in the open air
Solar
under
under the
thedrying
rays
rays of
of of
the
thecrops,
Sun.
Sun. fruits
This
This and vegetables,
traditional
traditional method
method has
of
of been
drying
drying practiced
suffers
suffers around
from
from the
several
several
compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
world
problems,
problems, for centuries
among
among in
which
which the open air
uncertainty
uncertainty
under
under
of the
the
drying rays
rays
time, of
of the
the
high Sun.
Sun.
labor This
This
cost,traditional
traditional
the need method
method
for large of
of drying
drying
areas, suffers
suffers
infection from
from
by several
several
insects problems,
problems,
and other among
among
foreign which
which
bodies. uncertainty
uncertainty
Also, dried
of drying time, high labor cost, the need for large areas, infection by insects and other foreign
The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications bodies. Also, dried
of drying
of(the
drying
products aretime,
time,
poorhigh
high
qualitylabor
laborduecost,
cost,
due the unavoidable
to lower
the need
need for
than for
large
20%large
areas,
areas,
presence infection
infection
of rain,
rain, by insects and
by considered).
wind, insects other
andand
moisture other
and dust.foreign
foreign
To use bodies.
freely,Also,
bodies. Also, dried
dried
renewable
products
errorare in poor
annual quality
demand to
was the unavoidable forpresence
all of
weather wind,
scenarios moisture dust.
However, To
afteruse freely,
introducing renewable
renovation
products
products
and are
cleanare poor
thepoor
energy quality
quality
as due to the
due tosource
the unavoidable
upunavoidable presence
presence of
onoftherain,
rain, wind,
wind,and moisture
moisture and dust.
andscenarios
dust. To To use
use freely, renewable
freely, renewable
scenarios,
and clean energyerroras aa primary
value primary source
increased provided
toprovided by
59.5% (depending
by the Sun,
the Sun, the
the introduction
weather
introduction of solar
solar
renovation
of dryers
dryers incombination
in developing
developing countries
considered).
countries
and
and
can clean
valueenergy
clean
reduce
Thereduce slopeas
energy
losses
of as aacrops
primary
primary
ofcoefficient source
source
andincreased
improve provided
provided
ontheaverageby
quality the
bywithin
the Sun,
Sun,
of the
the the
the
dried
thedried introduction
introduction
rangeproduct up of
to solar
of
compared
of 3.8%compared solar dryers
dryers
toper
8%to in
in developing
traditional
decade, developing
drying
that countries
countries
methods.
corresponds In
to In
the
can losses of crops and improve the quality of product traditional drying methods.
can
can
recentreduce
reduce
decreaseyears, losses
in losses
many
the of crops
ofstudies
crops
studies
number and
have
of heating improve
and improve
been done
hoursdonethe
ofthe quality
toquality
develop
22-139h of
during the
ofthe
the
the dried
dried
solar
the product
product
drying
heating compared
compared
mainly
season to
to preserve
preserve
(depending traditional
toontraditional
agricultural
the drying
drying
combination methods.
ofmethods.
products In
In
[1, 2,
weather 2,
and
recent years, many have been to develop solar drying mainly to agricultural products [1,
recent
recent
and 3].years,
renovation
years, many
scenarios
many the
Therefore, studies
studies
the mainhave
considered).
have been
On the
been
objective done
done to
ofother
this develop
to hand,
develop was the
studyfunction tosolar
thetosolar
study drying
intercept
drying mainly
theincreased
thermal to
mainlyfor preserve
preserve agricultural
to 7.8-12.7%
performance per decade
agricultural
of an
an products
Solar[1,
(depending
products
indirect on2,
[1, 2,the
dryer
and 3]. Therefore, main objective of this study was study the thermal performance of indirect Solar dryer
and 3].
coupled Therefore,
scenarios).
and 3].natural
under Therefore,
natural the
The
the main
convection main
valuesobjective
suggested
for objective of
dryingofof
the drying this
could
ofthis study
be
the study was
used to to study
modify the
the thermal
function performance
parameters for of
the an indirect
scenarios
pear. was to study the thermal performance of an indirect Solar dryer Solar dryer
considered, and
under convection for the the pear.
under natural
improve the convection
accuracy of for
heat the
demanddrying
under natural convection for the drying of the pear. of the
estimations. pear.
Nomenclature
Nomenclature
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Nomenclature
Nomenclature
Peer-review under responsibility
2 of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
ACooling.
A cc area
area of
of collector
collector (m
(m222))
A
Acc area
area of
of collector
collector (m
(m ))
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change

*
* Corresponding
Corresponding author.
author. Tel.:
Tel.: +2120648871136
+2120648871136 ;. ;.
*
* Corresponding
E-mail address:author.
E-mail address:
Corresponding Tel.:
Tel.: +2120648871136
+2120648871136 ;.
hajare29ssalhi@gmail.com
author.
hajare29ssalhi@gmail.com ;.
E-mail
1876-6102 © 2017hajare29ssalhi@gmail.com
E-mail address:
address: hajare29ssalhi@gmail.com
The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1876-6102 © 2017
Peer-review
1876-6102 underThe Authors. Published
responsibility by
by Elsevier
of the Scientific Ltd.
Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 ©©2017
2017The
TheAuthors.
Authors.Published
Published Elsevier Ltd. Ltd.
by Elsevier
1876-6102
Peer-review© 2017
©under The Authors. Published by
by Elsevier Ltd.
1876-6102
Peer-review
Peer-review underresponsibility
2017
under The Authors. of
responsibility of
responsibility the
the organizing
Published
organizing
of the committee
Elsevier Ltd. of
committee
scientific of CPESE
committee of the 2017.
CPESE 2017.
4th International Conference on Power and Energy
Peer-review
Peer-review under
under responsibility
responsibility
Systems Engineering. of
of the
the organizing
organizing committee
committee of
of CPESE
CPESE 2017.
2017.
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.11.114
 Essalhi Hajar et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Essalhi Hajar et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Essalhi Hajar et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
h30 l latent heat vaporization of Essalhi
water Essalhi
(KJ/Kg)
Hajar etHajar
al. / Energy
et al. /Procedia 00 (2017)
Energy Procedia 000–000
141 (2017) 29–33
hI l latentradiation
solar heat vaporization of Essalhi
water Hajar
(KJ/Kg)
(W/m22) of water (KJ/Kg)
et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
hI l latentradiation
solar heat vaporization
(W/m ) of water (KJ/Kg)
m
hI l w amount
latent
solar of vaporization
heat water
radiation (Kg)
(W/m 2
) of water (KJ/Kg)
hItl w
m latent
amount
solar heat
of vaporization
water
time radiation
(h)of water (Kg)
(W/m 2
)
m
Itη w amount
solar
time radiation
(h)of water (Kg)
(W/m 2
)
m tη d
w efficiency
amount
time of
(h)of waterdryer(Kg)(%)
m tη w
d amount
efficiency
time of dryer
(h) of dryer (%)(Kg)(%)
tηd efficiency
time (h) of dryer (%)
d efficiency
η
2. Introduction
d efficiency of dryer (%)
2. Introduction
2. Introduction
2.1.Introduction
2. Description of the solar dryer
2. Introduction
2.1. Description of the solar dryer
2.1. Description of the solar dryer
2.1.The solar dryer
Description of consists
the solarofdryer
a solar air collector for heating the air, a drying chamber containing wet product to dry,
2.1.The
and aDescription
solar dryer
chimney of consists
for the solarair.
exhaust ofdryer
aThesolarabsorber
air collector
of 1 mfor
2 heating the air, a drying chamber containing wet product to dry,
area was composed of two corrugated aluminum sheets painted
and The
a solar dryer
chimney for consists
exhaust of aThe
air. solarabsorber
air collector
of 1 mfor
2 heating the air, a drying chamber containing wet product to dry,
area
in
and matt
The black
solar
a chimney paint.
dryer The
consists
for consists
exhaust twoof
air.corrugated
a solar
The air
absorber plates
collector were
for
of 1were
m fixedwas
2 heating
area was
composed
tothe
formair,parallel
composed
of two
a drying corrugated
cylinders
chamber
of two
aluminum
allowing
containing
corrugated air wet
aluminum
sheets
productpainted
to circulate
sheets along
to dry,
painted
in
the
and The
matt
a solar
black
collector.
chimney dryer
paint.
A 6
for mm The two
thick
exhaust of a solar
corrugated
glazing
air. The air
has
absorbercollector
plates
been ofused
1 mfor
2 heating
asfixed to
cover.
area was the
form
A air,
5 cm
composed a drying
parallel
thick
of chamber
cylinders
Cork
two plate containing
allowing
corrugatedhas beenair
aluminum wet
to
added product
circulate
to to dry,
along
minimize
sheets painted
in
and
the matt
a black A
chimney
collector. paint.
for
6 mm Thethick
exhaust two
air.corrugated
The
glazing absorber
has plates
been of 1were
m
used
2 fixed to form parallel cylinders allowing air to circulate along
area
as was
cover. composed
A 5 cm of
thick two
Corkcorrugated
plate has aluminum
been added sheets
to painted
minimize
heat
in
the lossblack
matt at the
collector. bottom
paint.
A 6 mm oftwo
Thethick theglazing
solar air
corrugated hascollector.
plates
been used Airasfixed
were heatedto cross
cover. form
A 5 cm the channels
parallel
thick Corkof
cylinders theallowing
absorber airtotoreachtothe
circulatedrying
along
in
heat
chamber
the matt
lossblack
by
collector. paint.
at natural
theA bottom
6 mm Thethick
oftwo
convection. corrugated
theglazing
solar airhas plates
collector.
been were
usedAirasfixed
heatedto cross
cover. form
A 5 parallel
the
cm channels
thick Cork ofplate
cylinders
plate
has been
theallowing
absorber
has been
added
airtotoreach
added to
minimize
circulate
the along
drying
minimize
heat
the
chamber loss by
at natural
collector. theA bottom
6 mm of theglazing
thick
convection. solar airhas collector.
been usedAirasheated
cover. cross
A 5 thethick
cm channels
Cork ofplate
the absorber
has been to reachtothe
added drying
minimize
heat
chamber The drying
loss thechamber
at natural
by bottom wasthefabricated
of
convection. solar air from trespaAir
collector. wooden
heatedsheet,
cross was insulated of
the channels fromtheall sides with
absorber glass the
to reach wool of 5
drying
heat
mmThe
chamber loss
thick. atThe
drying
by thechamber
bottom
back
natural of of
wasthe
the drying
convection. solar
fabricated air from
chamber collector.
wastrespaAir
equippedheated
wooden with cross
sheet,
a the channels
was insulated
double-swing of
from
door the
of absorber
all to95.5
sides with
dimensions reach
glass
cmthe drying
wool
48.2 of
cm,5
chamber
mm The drying
thick.by chamber
natural
The back wasdrying
convection.
of the fabricated
chamberfromwas trespa wooden
equipped withsheet,
a was insulated
double-swing from
door of all sides with95.5
dimensions glass
cm wool
48.2 of
cm,5
for
mm easy
The
thick. loading
drying
The backandof unloading
chamber wasdrying
the of
fabricated foods
chamber totrespa
fromwas dry. Four rectangular
wooden
equipped withsheet,
a wastrays were
insulated
double-swing made
from
door of ofsides
all galvanized
dimensions with95.5 iron
glass
cm wireof
wool
48.2 of
cm,5
for
mm The
easy
dimensions drying
thick. loading
95.5
The chamber
andof
cm
back by was
unloading
26.2
the fabricated
cm.
drying of
The fromtray
foods
first
chamber totrespa
was dry.
was wooden
Four
fixed
equipped at
withsheet,
rectangular
32 a cmwasfrom insulated
trays
double-swing thewere from
made
bottom
door of
of all
ofsides
the with95.5
galvanized
drying
dimensions glass
iron
chamber
cm wool
wire
and
48.2 of 5
of
the
cm,
for
mm easy
dimensionsthick. loading
The
95.5backandof
cm by unloading
the drying
26.2 cm. of
The foods
chamber
first to dry.
was
tray was Four
equipped
fixed rectangular
with
at 32 a cm traysthewere
double-swing
from made
door
bottom of
of of galvanized
dimensions
the drying 95.5 iron
cm
chamber wire
48.2
and of
cm,
the
last
for at 13.5
easy
dimensions cm
95.5from
loading the
andby
cm top. cm.
unloading
26.2 The Theupper
of foodspart
first toofdry.
tray the Four
was drying atchamber
fixedrectangular
32 cm from was equipped
traysthewere with
made
bottom a vertical
of
of the dryingchimney
galvanized iron made
chamber wire
and theof
for
last
aluminum easy
at 13.5
dimensions loading
cm
of 70
95.5 cmand
from
cm unloading
the
height.
by top.
26.2TheThe
cm. of
whole
The foods
upper is parttoofdry.
supported
first tray theby
was Four
drying
a
fixed rectangular
chamber
metal
at 32frame
cm trays
was
located
from thewere
equipped
at 86 made
bottom with
cm of
above
of the galvanized
a vertical
the ground.
drying iron made
chimney
chamber wire
and of
the
last
aluminum at 13.5ofcm
dimensions 95.5
70 from
cm
cm the26.2
by
height. top.
TheThe
cm. upper
The
whole is part
first trayof was
supportedthebydrying
fixed
a chamber
at
metal 32 cm
frame was
from equipped
locatedthe bottom
at 86 with
cm of a vertical
the
above drying
the chimney
chamber
ground. made
and of
the
last
aluminum at 13.5ofcm 70 from
cm the top.
height. TheThe upper
whole is part of theby
supported drying
a chamber
metal frame was equipped
located at 86 with
cm a vertical
above the chimney made of
ground.
last
aluminum at 13.5ofcm 70from the top.
cm height. TheThe upper
whole is part of theby
supported drying chamber
a metal frame was equipped
located at 86 cmwith a vertical
above chimney made of
the ground.
aluminum of 70 cm height. The whole is supported by a metal frame located at 86 cm above the ground.

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Fig.1. (a) Schematic
(a)
description of the drying system; (b) drying chamber (b)
In order to dry the pear, Fig.1. (a) Schematic
a measurement
(a) description of the drying system; (b) drying
campaign was carried out during the monthschamber (b) of April, May 2016.
Fig.1. (a) Schematic description of the drying system; (b) drying chamber
In
Temperatureorder to dry the pear, a measurement campaign was carried out during the months of April, May These
2016.
In order tomeasurements
Temperature dry the pear,
measurements
ata(a)
Fig.1.
at
Fig.1.
different
measurement
different
(a)
locations
Schematic descriptioninofthe
campaign
locations
Schematic descriptioninofthe
dryer
the drying
dryer
the drying
were performed
system;
was carried
were
system; performed
(b) drying
using
(b) drying chamber
out during using
chamber
T-type thermocouples.
the months
T-type of April, May These
thermocouples. 2016.
measurements were
In order tomeasurements
Temperature collected
dry the pear,atand stored locations
a different
measurementat the campaign
end in of the
eachdryer
hourcarried
was usingperformed
were an
outacquisition thesystem.
duringusing months
T-type of April, May These
thermocouples. 2016.
In
On
Temperatureorder
measurementsthe tomeasurements
other dry
were
hand,the pear,
collected
the solar
ataair
andmeasurement
stored at the
collector
different wascampaign
end
locations of the
placed
in eachwas
facing
dryer carried
hoursouth,
were outacquisition
usinginclined
an during
performed at anthe
using months
system.
angle of 34°
T-type ofcorresponding
April, May These
thermocouples. 2016.
to the
measurements
Temperature
On the other were
hand, collected
measurements
the at
solar and
air stored
different at the
collector wasend
locations of the
in
placed each hoursouth,
dryer
facing usinginclined
were an acquisition
performed at using
an system.
T-type
angle of 34°thermocouples.
corresponding These
to the
latitude
measurements
On the of Rabat.
other were collected
hand,collected and
the solarand stored
air stored at
collector the end
wasend of
placed each hour
facing using
south, an acquisition
inclined system.
at an angle of 34° corresponding to the
measurements
latitude
On the of were
Rabat. at the of each hour using an acquisition system.
latitude
On of other
Rabat.hand, the solar air collector was placed facing south, inclined at an angle of 34° corresponding to the
2.2.the
latitude other
Rabat.hand, the
ofPre-treatment solar air collector was placed facing south, inclined at an angle of 34° corresponding to the
of product
latitude2.2. ofPre-treatment
Rabat. of product
2.2. Pre-treatment of product
2.2.For drying of pear using
Pre-treatment indirect solar dryer the following steps are performed [4]:
of product
2.2. Pre-treatment
For drying of product
of pear using indirect solar dryer the following steps are performed [4]:
For drying of pear using indirect solar dryer the following steps are performed [4]:
For • drying
Washofwithpearclean
usingwater.
indirect solar dryer the following steps are performed [4]:
For
••• drying ofwith
pearclean
Washpeeling.
Pear usingwater.
indirect solar dryer the following steps are performed [4]:
•• Wash
Pear with clean water.
peeling.
•• Cutting
Wash the clean
with
Pear peeling. pear into rings of the same thickness (5mm).
water.
•• Wash
Cutting
The
Pear with
theofclean
rings
peeling.pear
pear water.
into
were rings of the
dipped same
into somethickness
lemon juice (5mm).
to avoid their oxidation.
•• Cutting
Pear
The theofpear
peeling.
rings pear into
were rings of the
dipped same
into somethickness
lemon (5mm).
juice to avoid their oxidation.
•• Cutting
The rings the pear
ofpear into
pearinto
were rings of
dipped the same
into somethickness
lemon juice (5mm).
to avoid their oxidation.
• Cutting the rings of the same thickness (5mm).
The rings of pear were dipped into some lemon juice to avoid their oxidation.
• The rings of pear were dipped into some lemon juice to avoid their oxidation.
 Essalhi Hajar et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Essalhi Hajar et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
3.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Essalhi Essalhi
Hajar etHajar
al. / Energy
et al. /Procedia 00 (2017)
Energy Procedia 000–000
141 (2017) 29–33 31
Essalhi Hajar et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.
3.1.RESULTS
The thermal AND DISCUSSIONS
performance results
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1. The thermal performance results
3.1.ItThe
has thermal performance
been found resultstemperature of the solar air collector varied between 25°C and 57°C throughout
that the outlet
3.1. The thermal performance results
theItdrying period.
has been foundThethat
airthe
temperature of the three
outlet temperature of trays reached
the solar 48°C, 46°C
air collector andbetween
varied 44°C at 25°C
13.00and
pm,57°C
respectively,
throughouton
theIt has been
dayfound that the
Asoutlet
showntemperature of trays
the solar air collector varied between 25°C and
2 57°C throughout
the second
drying of The
period. drying.
air temperature inofFig.
the 2, we
three notice maximum
reached 48°C, solar
46°Cradiation
and 44°Cof at
943W/m
13.00 at respectively,
pm, 14 pm over the on
theItdrying
has been found
period. that
The airthe outlet temperature
temperature ofFig.
the 2, of trays
three the solar air collector
reached 48°C,solarvaried
46°C andbetween
44°C at 25°C
13.00and
pm,57°C throughout
respectively, on
drying
the period.
second day of drying. As shown in we notice maximum radiation of 943W/m 2
at 14 pm over the
the
the drying
second period.
day of The air temperature
drying. As shown inofFig.the 2,
three
we trays
noticereached
maximum48°C,solar
46°C and 44°C
radiation of at 13.00 pm,
943W/m 2
at respectively,
14 pm over the on
drying
the period.
second day of drying. As shown in Fig. 2, we notice maximum solar radiation of 943W/m 2
at 14 pm over the
drying period.
drying period.

Fig.2.The evolution of the temperature of the drying chamber under natural convection
Fig.2.The evolution of the temperature of the drying chamber under natural convection
As can be seen fromFig.2.The evolution
figure.3, of the temperature
the difference in air of the drying chamber
temperature under
during thenatural
nightconvection
between the three trays and the
Fig.2.The evolution of the temperature of the drying chamber under natural convection
outlet
As of
canthe
becollector
seen from is figure.3,
very low.theHowever,
differenceweinseeair clearly that the
temperature temperature
during the night in the drying
between Chamber
the three trays remains
and the
As of
higher
outlet canthe
becollector
seenitfrom
comparing to the
is figure.3,
ambient
very low.the differencewe
temperature.
However, insee
This airshows
temperature
thatthat
clearly during
thethe
drying the night in
chamber
temperature between
is well
the the three
insulated.
drying trays remains
Chamber and the
As of
outlet canthe
becollector
seen from is figure.3,
very low.theHowever,
differenceweinseeair clearly
temperature
that during
the the night in
temperature between
the the three
drying trays remains
Chamber and the
higher
outlet comparing
of the it to the
collector is ambient
very low. temperature.
However, This
we seeshows thatthat
clearly thethe
drying chamber in
temperature is well
the insulated.
drying Chamber remains
higher comparing it to the ambient temperature. This shows that the drying chamber is well insulated.
higher comparing it to the ambient temperature. This shows that the drying chamber is well insulated.

Fig.3.Variation of the temperature within the drying chamber (after sunset)

Fig.3.Variation of the temperature within the drying chamber (after sunset)
Fig.3.Variation of the temperature within the drying chamber (after sunset)
Fig.3.Variation of the temperature within the drying chamber (after sunset)
 Essalhi Hajar et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
3.2. The drying results
3.2. The drying results Essalhi Hajar et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Table 1.Summarizes the results Essalhiof pear drying
Hajar et al. /under
Energy natural
Procedia convection.
00 (2017) 000–000The mass of pear was reduced from
Essalhi Essalhi
Hajar etHajar
al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
32 Table
997.3g to 1.Summarizes
135.13g during
3.2. The drying results the
24 results
hours of
of pear
drying. drying
As shownunder
et al.
in /natural
Energy
Fig.4, convection.
Procedia
at the end141
Essalhi Hajar et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000of Thedrying,
(2017)
the mass the
29–33 of pear
driedwas reduced
pears from
kept a good
3.2. The
997.3g
color todrying
and goodresults
a135.13g during 24 hours of drying. As shown in Fig.4, at the end of the drying, the dried pears kept a good
taste.
3.2. The
color anddrying
a goodresults
taste. the results of pear drying under natural convection. The mass of pear was reduced from
3.2.Table
The 1.Summarizes
drying results
Table 1.Summarizes the
24 results
Table 1.Results
997.3g to 135.13g during hours ofofdrying.
of pear pear under
drying drying
As natural
shownunder in natural
Fig.4, atconvection.
convection the end of the Thedrying,
mass the
of pear
driedwas reduced
pears from
kept a good
Tableto 1.Summarizes
997.3g 135.13g during the
24 results
Table 1.Results
hours ofdrying.
of pear
of pear under
drying drying
As shownunder
natural in natural
convection
Fig.4, convection.
at the end of The
the mass
drying, of pear
the driedwas reduced
pears kept a from
good
color and 1.Summarizes
Table a good taste. the results of pear drying under natural convection. The mass of pear was reduced from
Product Initial mass Final mass (g) Drying time(h)
997.3g
color to
and 135.13g during 24 hours of drying. As shown in Fig.4, at the end of the drying, the dried pears kept a good
997.3g to aa135.13g
color and
goodProduct
taste.
during 24 hours of drying. As shown
good taste.
Initial
(g) in mass
Fig.4, at theFinal
endmass (g)
of the Drying time(h)
drying, the dried pears kept a good
Table 1.Results of pear drying under natural(g)convection
color and a goodPear
taste. 997.3
Table 1.Results of pear drying under natural convection 135.13 24
Product
Table 1.Results of pear drying under naturalInitial
Pear 997.3 mass
convection Final 135.13
mass (g) Drying 24
time(h)
Product
Table 1.Results of pear drying under naturalInitial mass
convection Final mass (g) Drying time(h)
Product (g)
Initial mass Final mass (g) Drying time(h)
Product (g)
Initial
Pear 997.3mass
(g)
Final 135.13
mass (g) Drying 24
time(h)
Pear 997.3
(g) 135.13 24
Pear 997.3 135.13 24
Pear 997.3 135.13 24

(a) (b)
(a) (b)

Fig.4. (a) Pear samples before drying; (b) Pear samples after drying
(a) Fig.4. (a) Pear samples before drying; (b) Pear samples after (b)
drying
(a) (b)
3.3. Dryer efficiency (a) (b)
3.3. Dryer efficiency (a) Fig.4. (a) Pear samples before drying; (b) Pear samples after (b)
drying
The thermal efficiency, of solar Fig.4.dryer system,
(a) Pear samplesηbefore
d, is adrying;
measure of the
(b) Pear overall
samples aftereffectiveness
drying of a drying system. It is
Fig.4. (a) Pear samples before drying; (b) Pear samples after drying
3.3.The
the thermal
ratio
Dryer efficiency,
ofefficiency
energy requiredoftosolar
Fig.4.dryer
evaporate system,
the
(a) Pear ηbefore
d, is a
moisture
samples measure
from the
drying; of the
(b)product
Pear overall
to the
samples effectiveness
afterenergy of
drying supplied atodrying system.
the solar dryerIt[5,
is
3.3.The
the
6]. Dryer
ratio ofefficiency
energy
system required
drying to evaporate
efficiency the moisture
was calculated by Eq.from(1): the product to the energy supplied to the solar dryer [5,
3.3.The
6]. Dryer efficiency
system drying efficiency was calculated
3.3.The thermal
Dryer efficiency,
efficiency of solar dryer system,by ηd,Eq.
is a(1):
measure of the overall effectiveness of a drying system. It is
theThe
ratiothermal efficiency,
of energy requiredoftosolar dryer system,
evaporate ηd, is afrom
the moisture measure
hl the
of the overall
product effectiveness
to the energy of atodrying
supplied system.
the solar dryerIt[5,
is
the The
ratiothermal
of efficiency,
energy required oftosolar dryer system,
evaporate the ηd, ismafrom
moisture w measure
the of the overall
product to the effectiveness
energy of atodrying
supplied the system.
solar dryerIt[5,
is
6]. The
the
6].
The thermal
ratio
The
system drying
of energy
system
efficiency
efficiency,
required
drying
oftosolar
efficiency
was calculated
dryer
evaporate system,

the
was calculated  by
ηd,Eq.
moisture w
by Eq.from
(1):
ismafrom
measure
h the of the overall
product to the effectiveness
energy of atodrying
supplied the system.
solar
(1):l the product to the energy supplied to the solar dryer (1) dryerIt(1)
is
[5,
the ratio of energy required to evaporate
6]. The system drying efficiency was calculated thed 
moisture
 by Eq.A(1):
d by Eq. c It [5,
6]. The system drying efficiency was calculated mAw c It
(1):
hl
  m w hl
m h
(1)
 d 
 mAw hll hours of solar drying, the final mass of dried pear was
c It
(1)
(1)
The initial mass of pear sample was 0.9973  d kg. After Aw It24
The kg.
0.1351 initial mass of total
Therefore, pear sample
0.86217was kg of
d
0.9973 
waterkg.
d wasAfter
c
Ac It24 hours
removed fromofthe
solar drying,
sample. Thethethermal
final mass of dried
efficiency of pear
11.11
(1)
was%
Ac It
0.1351
was found kg. in
Therefore,
the dryingtotal 0.86217 kg of water was removed
chamber. from the sample. The thermal efficiency of 11.11 %
wasThefound in the
initial drying
mass chamber.
of pear sample was 0.9973 kg. After 24 hours of solar drying, the final mass of dried pear was
The kg.
0.1351 initial mass of total
Therefore, pear sample
0.86217was 0.9973
kg of waterkg. wasAfter 24 hours
removed fromofthe
solar drying,
sample. Thethethermal
final mass of dried
efficiency of pear
11.11was%
The kg.
0.1351 initial mass of total
Therefore, pear sample
0.86217 was
kg 0.9973
of water kg.
wasAfter 24 hours
removed fromofthe
solar drying,
sample. Thethethermal
final mass of dried
efficiency of pear
11.11was%
Conclusion
was found
The in the
initial drying
mass of chamber.
pear sample was 0.9973 kg. After 24 hours of solar drying, the final mass of dried pear was
0.1351
was kg.
found
Conclusion Therefore,
in the drying total 0.86217
chamber. kg of water was removed from the sample. The thermal efficiency of 11.11 %
0.1351
was found kg. in
Therefore,
the dryingtotal 0.86217 kg of water was removed from the sample. The thermal efficiency of 11.11 %
chamber.
wasAn indirect
found in thesolar dryer
drying was developed and studied for drying pear. Experimental tests under natural convection
chamber.
Ancarried
indirect
Conclusion
were outsolar dryertowas
in order developed
evaluate these and studied
thermal for drying pear.
performances. Experimental
The following tests under
conclusions havenatural convection
been drawn from
Conclusion
wereresults:
the carried out in order to evaluate these thermal performances. The following conclusions have been drawn from
Conclusion
theAn
-results:
The thermal
indirect
Conclusion performance
solar dryer wasresults showand
developed thatstudied
we canfor reach a maximum
drying outlet temperature
pear. Experimental of 57°C
tests under natural under natural
convection
An
- Theindirect
convection.
were thermal
carried Itoutsolar
hasin dryer
stated
order towas
performance
that developed
theresults
design
evaluate show and
that
of our
these studied
absorber
thermal canfor
weperformances.drying
reach
allows agoodpear.
maximum Experimental
airfollowing
The circulation. tests under
outlet conclusions
temperature natural
of 57°C
have convection
beenunder
drawn natural
from
wereAncarried
indirect
Itoutsolar
in dryer
order towas developed
evaluate these and studied
thermal for drying pear. Experimental tests under
havenatural convection
convection.
the -results:
AnIt indirect
has been has stated
shown
solar that
dryer wasthe design
thedeveloped of our
temperature and in theperformances.
absorber
studied allows
drying
for goodThe
Chamber
drying airfollowing
pear. remains conclusions
circulation.
higher
Experimental comparing
tests under itbeen drawn
to the
natural from
ambient
convection
wereresults:
the Itcarried
has out in
been orderthat
shown to evaluate
the these thermal
temperature theperformances.
in we drying The following conclusions have itbeen drawn from
temperature.
were- The thermal
carried out inperformance results
order to evaluate showthermal
these that can reachChamber
performances. a maximum remains
outlethigher
The following comparing
temperature
conclusions of 57°C
have beentounder
the
drawnambient
natural
from
the results:
the--results:
The results
temperature.
convection. thermal
It has
The results
thermal
ofperformance
stated that theresults
pear drying
performance
reveal
design
results
show
that
show
that
of after
our
that
wehours
24
absorbercanallows
wehours
reach
canallows
reach
agood
of drying,maximum
agood
the
air mass
maximum
outlet temperature
of samples
circulation.
outlet
of 57°Cfrom
was reduced
temperature of 57°Cfrom
under natural
997.3g
under
to
natural
convection.
- The
135.13g.
It has
The It has
been
thermal stated
ofshown that
that the
pear drying
performance the design
reveal of after
that
temperature
results show our
thatabsorber
in24thecan
we of drying,
drying
reach Chamber
a air remains
the
maximum circulation.
mass of samples
outlethigher was reduced
comparing
temperature of the997.3g
it tounder
57°C ambientto
natural
convection.
- The
It has
135.13g. It hasshown
been stated that
that the
thedesign of our absorber
temperature in the dryingallowsChamber
good air remains
circulation.
higher comparing it to the ambient
temperature.
convection. average
It hasthermal
stated efficiency
that the of drying
design of our chamber
absorber was
allows11.11%.
good air circulation.
- It has
temperature. been thermal
shown that the temperature in the drying Chamber remains higher comparing it to the ambient
- The
It hasaverage
results
beenofshown efficiency
pear drying
that reveal
the ofthat
drying
temperatureafterchamber
in24the
hours wasof 11.11%.
drying drying,
Chamberthe remains
mass of samples was reduced
higher comparing it from
to the997.3g
ambientto
temperature.
- The results of pear drying reveal that after 24 hours of drying, the mass of samples was reduced from 997.3g to
Acknowledgment
135.13g.
temperature.
- The results of pear drying reveal that after 24 hours of drying, the mass of samples was reduced from 997.3g to
135.13g.
Acknowledgment
- The average
results ofthermal efficiency
pear drying revealofthat
drying
afterchamber
24 hourswas of 11.11%.
drying, the mass of samples was reduced from 997.3g to
135.13g.
- The average thermal efficiency of drying onchamber was 11.11%.
Financial
135.13g. support of Institute for Research Solar Energy and New Energies is thankfully acknowledged.
- The average
Financial thermal
support efficiency
of Institute of drying on
for Research chamber was 11.11%.
Solar Energy and New Energies is thankfully acknowledged.
Acknowledgment
- The average thermal efficiency of drying chamber was 11.11%.
Acknowledgment
Acknowledgment
Financial support of Institute for Research on Solar Energy and New Energies is thankfully acknowledged.
 Essalhi Hajar et al. / Energy Procedia 141 (2017) 29–33 33
Essalhi Hajar et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

References

[1]B.M.A. Amer, M.A. Hossain, K. Gottschalk. (2010), Design and performance evaluation of a new hybrid solar dryer for banana, Energy
Conversion and Management, 51, 813–820.
[2]A.O. Dissa, J. Bathiebo, S. Kama, P.W. Savadogo, H. Desmorieux, J. Koulidiati (2009), Modelling and experimental validation of thin layer
indirect solar drying of mango slices, Renewable Energy, 34, 1000–1008.
[3]Areco M.M. and Afonso M.S. (2011), Study of orange peels dryings kinetics and development of a solar dryer by forced convection, Solar
energy, 85 570–578.
[4]Mary Linehan,Katarina Paddack,Mohamed Mansour.LE SECHAGE SOLAIRE ET LA VITAMINE A. Vitamin A Field Support Project
(VITAL), Juin 1993,48 pages.
[5]Arinze E. A., et al. (1996), Design and Experimental Evaluation of a New Commercial Type Mobile Solar Grain Dryer Provided with High
Efficiency Fined-Plate Collector, Renewable Energy, 9, 670-675.
[6]Abhay Lingayat*, Chandramohan V.P., V.R.K. Raju. (2017), Design, Development and Performance of Indirect Type Solar Dryer for Banana
Drying, Energy Procedia, 109, 409 – 416.