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5.1 GENERAL
The design of flexural members for strength is usually
governed by one of the following limit states:
(a) Yielding of the most heavily loaded cross section
in bending including local and postlocal buckling
of the thin plates forming the cross section, or
(b) Elastic or inelastic buckling of the whole beam in a
torsional-flexural (commonly called lateral) mode,
or
(c) Yielding and/or buckling of the web subjected to
shear, or combined shear and bending, or
(d) Yielding and/or buckling of the web subjected to
bearing (web crippling) or combined bearing and
bending
The design for (a) determines the nominal section strength
given by Eq. (5.1).
Mn = SeFy (5.1)
TM
TM
(5.5)
TM
I, a Tern 1 Lateral
Bucklm Buckling
Mode Mode
t
tb)
FIGURE 5.1 Lateral buckling modes and axes: (a) I and T-sections
bent about x-axis; (b) hat and inverted hat sections bent about y
axis.
f
(5.6)
M.= (5.7)
GJL2
In the case of simply supported beams subjected to nonuni-
form moment, Eq. (5.7) can be modified by multiplying by
TM
(5.8)
(5.10)
GJ(K,L,
This is the same as Eq. (5.8) except that the unbraced
length (L) is replaced by KyLy for the effective length about
the j-axis, and KtLt for the effective length for twisting, as
appropriate. Hence, Eq. [C3.1.2(6)] in Section C3.1.2 of the
AISI Specification is a more general version of Eq. (5.8).
As a second example, Eq. [C3.1.2(7)] of the AISI
Specification gives Me for a singly symmetric section bent
about the centroidal j-axis perpendicular to the symmetry
jc-axis, such as for the hat sections in Figure 5.1b, as
TM
0^ = 0.6-0.4^) (5.14)
\1V12/
TM
-1VL
fa)
I Bending Moment
j
!
-*
(h)
TM
TM
Cemroidal axis
V •>
Shear center axis v,
h
1
J7
\
11
Dnit'tirm Load
11
<]/iinil length
Vy
(b)
use with Eqs. (5.8) and (5.9). The loading was located at the
tension flange, shear center axis, and compression flange.
Three different bracing configurations were used, ranging
from no intermediate bracing through central bracing to
TM
Element subdivision
ri brad ng points
///}/
LiiLeral deflection
of fAtmtr t;ftTiter
E'lan
(a)
Element subdivision
and bracing points
s//S/
T
a a
L;ite.! al
of shear earner
PltlJS
(b)
TM
TM
Purlin
Purlin
(a)
m 1,
A ^-*-^ ^^ ^^
bL
TM
\ " i i
"T inward
- outward |
Lateral
deflection
ot'centroid
Twist an ale
Lateral
deflection
of cenrroid
Twisr
FIGURE 5.6 BMD and buckling modes for half-beam: (a) element
subdivision; (b) BMD; (c) buckling modes.
TM
M,
(a)
(b)
TM
12.5Mmax
b }
2.5Mmax + 3MA + 4MB + 3MC ^ '
10MA
Mc=\ 36MJ
for 2.78My > Me > 0.56My (5.18)
Me forMe<0.56My (5.19)
TM
Elastic
\ Buckling [Me)
0.8
\
Parr II
0.6 Yielding (M y )
,£
'j
S AISI-19%
0.4
AISI Mc
0.2
Eurocude 3 ,.
Part 1 3 *>• Rtl
I I 1 I ! I 1 I I I I I I I I
TM
TM
TM
T
17,1 10.4 15.2
(a) (h)
FIGURE 5.10 Longitudinal stress distributions at central cross
section of beam models: (a) C-section, (b) Z-section.
TM
(5.2D
The pbf/2, term is the torque resulting from the prying
force. The rbw/2 term is the torque resulting from the
eccentricity of the restraining force from the shear center.
The qbf/2, term is the torque resulting from the eccentricity
of the line of the screw fastener, presumed at the center of
the flange, from the web centerline. The term qds in Eq.
(5.21) is the torque resulting from the eccentricity of the
shear center of the C-section from the web centerline. Since
the forces in Figure 5. lid act through the shear center of
each section, the value of mt must be zero if the section does
not twist. Hence, the different components of Eqs. (5.20)
and (5.21) must produce a zero net result for mt for
untwisted sections.
For the Z-section, the value of r in Eq. (5.20) is given
by Eq. (5.22) for a section which is untwisted and braced
laterally:
r = -^ (5.22)
*x
Using Eqs. (5.20) and (5.22) and assuming that the value of
—Ixy/Ix is equal to bf/bw, where the x- and j-axes are as
shown in Figure 5. lib, so that the sign of Ixy is negative, then
the second and third terms in Eq. (5.20) add to zero. Hence,
the first term in Eq. (5.20) (prying force term) is zero if mt is
zero. Consequently, since it can be shown that the second and
third terms in Eq. (5.20) cancel approximately for conven-
tional Z-sections with the screw fastener in the center of the
flange, the prying force will be small for Z-sections before
structural instability of the unrestrained flange occurs.
TM
U: q+n i IPP
V
(h)
J gbr
Cd)
FIGURE 5.11 C- and Z-section statics: (a) deformation under
uplift; (b) forces acting on purlins (a); (c) static equivalent of (b);
(d) static equivalent of (c) with forces through shear center (S).
TM
I J
x^'
(ii) (iii)
(a)
d) D model
(b)
FIGURE 5.12 C-section twisting deformations: (a) distorted (D)
section model; (b) undistorted (U) section model.
TM
model
TM
Sheathing
T^
-h
Torsion Vertical Bending
Stage
(a)
Flange
element
Spring Nil Conventional
K bending theary
with I computed
Ibr [ivisred secrion
W(7)
(b)
FIGURE 5.14 D model of C-section under uplift: (a) deflection;
(b) models.
TM
151
TM
A „! JL L
(b)
FIGURE 5.16 Idealized beam-column in D model: (a) forces and
restraint on flange element; (b) plan of assumed deflected shape.
TM
5.4 BRACING
As described in Section 1.7.4, bracing of beams can be used
to increase the torsional-flexural buckling load. In addition,
non-doubly-symmetric sections, such as C- and Z-sections,
twist or deflect laterally under load as a consequence of the
loading which is not located through the shear center for C-
sections or not in a principal plane for Z-sections. Conse-
quently, bracing can be used to minimize lateral and
torsional deformations and to transmit forces and torques
to supporting members.
For C- and Z-sections used as beams, two basic situa-
tions exist as specified in Section D.3.2 of the AISI Speci-
fication.
(a) When the top flange is connected to deck or
sheathing in such a way that the sheathing effec-
tively restrains lateral deflection of the connected
flange as described in Section D3.2.1
(b) When neither flange is so connected and bracing
members are used to support the member as
described in Section D3.2.2
A full discussion of bracing requirements for metal roof and
wall systems is given in Section 10.4.
The formulae for the design of braces specified in
Section D3.2.2 are based on an analysis of the torques
TM
I'm
.^ Shear
"" center
(a)
A
x. y are
central da I axes
TM
TM
CyCy Fj
Neutral
uxs
--F v
(b)
_y
___Nfutra1_
axis f f < Fu
Strain Stress
TM
TM
AISI specification
0.8
^1.273 Cutoff
My
0.6 tor AISI
Constant MumenL TCJKLS Specif icatinn
+ ERW
0.4 * Fabricated
• Fabricated (Slender)
0.2 Cantilever Tests [Welded Uases)
« ERW
0,0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 4tt)
D F
TM
t i t t mi i t t i t f t inn
Lateral 4 torsional
brace
= L L ^ I2ft6in Ly = Li = 12tt6in
I . = 25t't
M H = L2qL"/12W
Mc = 15qL 2 /128
BMD
1
1
t
f -5-———^
Av 1 1
in
^
o
' ~1 ~T
X r=R + ^
1————t- h
V\
\ Shear —•- -• t
v
center
Solution
I. Area, Major, and Minor Axis Second Moments of Area
and Torsion Constant of Full Section accounting for
Rounded Corners (see Figure 5.20c)
TM
d = D- r + =0.378 in.
= — = 0.342 in.
2d) = 0.848 in.
/ 7 \2 / 7 \2
3 h X
= 2t 0.04m - '| + 0.637.)
\^ /
8.198 in.4
^(| + r)+ M (0.363r)
= 0.793 in.4
t3
J = — (h + 2w + 2d + 4w) = 0.00102 in.4
3
II. Warping Constant and Shear Center Position for
Section with Square Corners (see Figure 5.20b)
a = H -t = 7.94 in.
b = B-t = 2.69 in.
c = D--= 0.595 in.
TM
a262*
12
2a36 +3a262 +1126c3 +8ac3
+48afrc2 +12a2c2 +12a26c +6a3c
x
6a26 + (a + 2c)3 - 24ac2
= 10.362 in.
x0 = —(x + m) = —1.854 in.
B. Buckling Stresses
= - = 0.967 in.
+ i. (Eq. C3.1.2-13)
'
GJ
1+ = 12.23 ksi(Eq. C3.1.2-10)
GJL2
TM
_
2.5Mmax + 3MA + 4MB + 3MC
(Eq. C3.1.2-11)
F = = 24.50 ksi
ASD Qb = 1.67
=
o~r^ = 2'541
TM
TM
TM
165
TM