Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Introduction
Winglets are considered as a powerful means of improving fuel efficiency for modern
aircraft. It defines the small fins or vertical extensions at the end of the wing known
as wing tips. Winglet improves the aircraft efficiency by reducing induced drag which
is being caused by the vortices generated at the tip of the wing. This type of device
(winglet) usually increases the effective aspect ratio of the wing without increasing
the structure loads drastically. From several experiment it is seen that around 25%
part of the conventional aircraft wing (without winglet) actually produce no lift but
increase drag due to the wing tip vortices.
1
Md Saifuddin Ahmed Atique, Undergraduate Student, Department of Aeronautical Engineering,
Military Institute of Science & Technology (MIST), Bangladesh, Email: saifaerospace@gmail.com
2
Md. Abdus Salam, Professor & Head, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Military Institute of
Science & Technology (MIST), Bangladesh, Email: head@ae.mist.ac.bd
3
Asif Shahriar Nafi, Undergraduate Student, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Military Institute
of Science & Technology (MIST), Bangladesh, Email: asifnafi@ymail.com
4
Nafisa Nawal Probha, Undergraduate Student, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Military
Institute of Science & Technology (MIST), Bangladesh, Email: probha112266@gmail.com
Both experimental and computational approach shows that an aircraft that use the
winglet is much safer from the attack of induced drag than the aircraft which does not
use winglet. For computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation purpose here a
comparison will be made between the wing models of Boeing 737-800 aircraft which
does not have any winglet with Boeing 737-800 real wing model which is blessed
with conventional designed winglet. Solid Works flow simulation was done in this
experiment with a view to finding out the positive effect of mounting winglet in
conventional aircraft wing.
2. Literature Review
The concept of wingtip device was first introduced by English engineer Frederick W.
Lanchester. He patented the endplate concept in 1897 and his research results
demonstrated that significant amount of induced drag could be diminished by placing
vertical surface at the wingtip under high-lift condition. Although it was a promising
approach to induced drag reduction technique, the benefits of this concept was
suppressed because of large generation of profile drag at cruise condition.
Unfortunately, there wasn’t any major contribution in the field of winglet concept until
World War II. Dr. Sighard F. Hoerner, a German aeronautical engineer developed
“Hoerner Tips” which was used in Heinkel He 162 jet aircraft. In 1952, he published a
technical paper regarding drooped wingtips also called as “Hoerner Tips”.
Now-a-days winglets are used in most commercial and military transport jets
including the Gulfstream III, IV and V business jets, Boeing 747-400 and McDonnell
Douglas MD-11 airliners, the McDonnell Douglas C-17 military transport and
Embraer aircraft.
However, one of the major technical challenges still exists regarding incorporating
winglet to the existing wing designs because of precipitating large profile drag which
is of great research interest. Beneficial factor in winglet performance is largely
dependent on wing design as well as the design of winglet itself. Basing on this fact
3
there has been many modifications of winglet and these are conveniently being used
by commercial aircraft manufacturers.
Span (cm) 30
2
Surface Area (cm ) 230.842376
Aspect Ratio 3.898764237
Taper Ratio 0.159
Root Chord(cm) 7.880016
Tip Chord(cm) 1.250009
M.A.C.(cm) 3.960027
All dimensions, parameters and calculations here are done in CGS (Centimeter,
Gram, Second) System of units.
Choice of Airfoil:
We have chosen the Boeing 737-800 airfoil. Three different types of airfoil has been
used which are relevant to real Boeing 737-800 wing. The root airfoil, midsection
airfoil and the tip airfoil were different and were customized for different chord
lengths. The airfoil used for winglet was the same as the tip airfoil.
Designing 3D Wing:
For designing 3D wing model lofting tool was used. Due to the choice of customized
airfoils it has become possible to createa complex wing surface. Carbon fiber
composites were used as wing model material. Composite materials provide high
“strength to weight” or “stiffness to weight” ratio. So, weight savings are significant
ranging from 25-45% of the weight of the traditional metallic machine design. It
also has improved friction and wear properties. These have given us better chance
for accurate analysis.
Figure-5: Half Wing model without winglet with dimensions (in cm) (Top View)
6
Figure-6: Half Wing model without winglet with dimensions (in cm) (Front
View)
Simulation:
Thermodynamic parameters:
Result resolution was set to high as we need more accurate result. Finer mesh was
used near the wing body for increased accuracy.
T = (20.05 + 273.15) K
= 293.2 K
Substituting the values in ideal gas law:
Moleculer weight × P
ρ=
R ×T
gm dyne
×
29 ×1013250 gmmole cm2
¿
8.3145× 107 × 293.2 ergs
×K
Kmole
Here in at figure – 9and 10it is noticed that if there is no existence of winglet at the
end then Vorticity is near about 19157.10 (1 / s) which is quite high and responsible
for curl flow behind wingtip region generating massive induced drag.
Figure-10: Vorticity strength that 4˚ AOA, 0.60 Mach simulation for wing model
without winglet
But from Figure -11 and 12it is seen that due to mounting winglet the Vorticity
strength at wingtip has been drastically reduced to 9873.282 ( 1 / s ). So the airflow
trajectory is far smoother and far straight than compared to the previous one.
Figure-12: Vorticity strength that 4˚ AOA, 0.60 Mach simulation for winglet
mounted wing model
For analytical simplicity half wing model has been considered for both winglet
mounted and without winglet analysis.
Result for lift after simulating for 0.60 Mach at 4˚ AOA condition on wing model
without winglet:
Table -1
Iterations: 310
Result for lift after simulating for 0.60 Mach, 4˚ AOA condition on winglet
mounted wing model:
Table -2
Iterations: 333
1
Total Drag = (cD0 + kcL2) ρV2S
2
1 1
= ρV2ScD0 + ρV2S kcL2
2 2
1
L = W = ρV2ScL
2
2W = ρV2ScL
2W
cL =
ρV 2 S
1 1 4W 2
Total Drag = ρV2ScD0+ ρV2S k 2 4 2
2 2 ρV S
1 2 k L2
= ρV2ScD0 +
2 ρV 2 S
2 k L2
From the above equation Lift dependent drag/ Induced Drag, D i =
ρV 2 S
12
As our flow simulation condition met the subsonic criterion we assumed k = constant
=1
Using the induced drag formula calculated D i for model wing without winglet
is:
Table –3
Using the induced drag formula calculated D i for winglet mounted model wing
is:
Table –4
ρVD
Reynolds number is given by ℜ=
μ
For 0.60 Mach Re = 402.64× 106 where standard values are assumed.
Table –5
After setting up a winglet at the tip of Boeing 737-800 model wing; for Mach number
0.35 the reduction of induced drag was 40.13% and after that it decreases
continuously up to 0.50 Mach number and this it was about 3.47%. After that again
the reduction in induced drag was increased and at Mach number 0.60 and 0.65 it
was about 11.30% and 18.84% respectively. So at a steady and level flight condition
at 0.65 Mach the reduction in induced drag which we obtained that was beyond
doubt the debt of mounting winglet at the tip of conventional Boeing 737-800 model
wing. Figure – 14shows the graphical representation of this phenomena.
5. Conclusion
.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation shows that mounting a simple
winglet at the tip of the aircraft wing can reduce the induced drag significantly that is
always desired. Though this theoretical concept was established by the flow
simulation over a same model aircraft wing when one of them was equipped with a
winglet at the wing tip & another one is not. Result obtained from flow simulation
describes here that, if angle of attack, thermodynamics and other parameters are
being kept constant then a conventional Boeing 737-800 model aircraft wing having
winglet will significantly generate less induced drag than compared to a conventional
Boeing 737-800 model aircraft wing having no winglet. This can be considered as a
great achievement with aerodynamics point of view. Simulation was done at 4
degree angle of attack (AoA) and it shows that induced drag reduction is maximum
at 0.35 mach and minimum at 0.45 mach. From 0.5 to 0.6 mach reduction in induced
drag was not too much significant but a potential result is obtained when it fly at 0.65
mach and the reduction in induced drag that was gained at this mach number was
sounds promising. So, from here a well conclusion can be brought that an
aircraft/aircraft wing having winglet, mounted at the tip of the wing will definitely
generate less induced drag than compared to the aircraft/aircraft wing having no
winglet provided all other the parameters (angle of attack, thermodynamics) are kept
same
End Notes
[1] Mesh refinement level defines how fine mesh is generated for fluid flow analysis.
The higher the level of refinement the more accurate is the analysis.
[2] All the symbols in the equations used in this paper bear conventional meaning.
References
Bertin John J., Aerodynamics for Engineers, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2002.
Maughmer M. D., Tmothy S. Swan and Willits M., “The Design and Testing of a
Winglet Airfoil for Low-Speed Aircraft,” AIAA Paper 2001-2478, June 2001.
Roche La. U. and Palffy S., “WING-GRID, a Novel Device for Reduction of Induced
Drag on Wings, “Proceedings of ICAS 96, Sorrento, and September 8-13,
1996.
Smith M. J., Komerath N., Ames R., Wong O., and Pearson J., “Performance
Analysis of a Wing withMultiple Winglets,” AIAA Paper-2001-2407, 2001.
Whitcomb R.T., “A Design Approach and Selected Wind-Tunnel Results at High
Subsonic Speeds for Wing-Tip Mounted Winglets”, NASA TN D-8260, July
1976.
Yates, John E., and Donaldson, Coleman dup, “Fundamental Study of Drag and an
Assessment OfConventional Drag-Due-To-Lift Reduction Devices,”NASA
Contract Rep 4004, September 1986.