INTRODUCTION: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

! Deflected Shape of Structures

! Method of Consistent Deformations
! Maxwell’s Theorem of Reciprocal
Displacement

1
Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
P

fixed support
∆=0
θ=0

-M

roller or rocker
support θ
∆=0
inflection point

+M

-M
2
 P
θ
pined support
∆=0

-M

3
 inflection point
• Fixed-connected joint
P

fixed-connected inflection point

joint

Moment diagram

4
• Pined-connected joint
pined-connected
P joint

Moment diagram

5
P

inflection point

Moment diagram

6
 P1

B C D
A

P2

M
+M
x
-M

inflection point

7
 P1

P2

+M
x
-M

inflection point

8
Method of Consistent Deformations
Beam 1 DOF
P

MA

Ax = 0 B
A C

=
Ay RB
P

B
A C ∆´B

fBB x R
B
B
A C

∆´B + fBB RB = ∆B = 0
1
9
 Beam 2 DOF Compatibility Equations.
w
∆´1 + f11R1 + f12R2 = ∆1 = 0
3
∆´2 + f21R1 + f22R2 = ∆2 = 0
4 1 2 5
0

=
w ∆´1 f11 f12 R1 ∆1 0
+ =
∆´2 f12 f22 R ∆2
∆´1 ∆´2 2
+

f11 f21
×R1
1
+

f12
f22
×R2
1

10
 Beam 3 DOF Compatibility Equations.
P1 w P2
θ´1 + f11M1 + f12R2 + f13R3 = θ1 = 0
1 6
∆´2 + f21M1 + f22R2 + f23R3 = ∆2 = 0

=
4 2 3 5
P1 w P2 ∆´3 + f31M1 + f32R2 + f33R3 = ∆3 = 0
0
θ´1 f11 f12 f13 M1 θ1 0
∆´2 θ´1 ∆´3
∆´2 f21 f22 f23 R
∆2 0
+ =
+

2
f11 f21 f31
1
∆´3 f31 f32 f33 R ∆3
×M1 3

f12 f22
+

f32
×R2

1
f33
+

f13 f23
×R3
1 11
Compatibility Equation for n span. Equilibrium Equations

∆´1 + f11R1 + f12R2 + f13R3 = ∆ 1

∆´2 + f21R1 + f22R2 + f23R3 = ∆2
Fixed-end force matrix
∆´n + fn1R1 + fn2R2 + fnnRn = ∆n
[Q] = [K][D] + [Qf]
If ∆1 = ∆2=……= ∆n = 0 ;

Stiffness matrix
∆ ´1 f11 f12 f13 R1 0
∆´2 f21 f22 f23 R Solve for displacement [D];
+ 2 = 0

∆´ n f n1 f n2 fn n R 0 [D] = [K]-1[Q] - [Qf]

n

or
[∆´] + [f][R] = 0 1
kij =
f ij
[R] = - [f]-1[∆´]
[fij] = Flexibility matrix dependent on
1 1 1
, ,
EI EA GJ 12
Maxwell’s Theorem of reciprocal displacements

1=i 2=j
1 EI
A B
f11 = fii f21 = fji
dx
f ij = ∫ mi M j
EI
Mi = mi
dx
= ∫ mi m j
EI

dx
A
1
B f ji = ∫ m j M i
EI
f22 = fjj
f12 = fij dx
= ∫ m j mi
EI

Mj = mj f ij = f ji

13
Example 1

Determine the reaction at all supports and the displacement at C.

50 kN

B
A C
6m 6m

14
 SOLUTION

• Principle of superposition 50 kN

MA B
A C
6m 6m
RA RB

=
50 kN

∆´B

fBB x RB

-----(1) 1 kN
Compatibility equation : ∆ ' B + f BB RB = 0
15
 • Use conjugate beam in obtaining ∆´B and fBB

50 kN
A B
300 kN•m Real beam
∆´B
50 kN
6m 6m
9000/EI
6 + (2/3)6 = 10 m
Conjugate beam

900/EI

300 /EI 900/EI ∆´B = M´B = -9000/EI ,

12 kN•m fBB Real beam

1 kN 1 kN
72/EI
12 /EI
(2/3)12 = 8 m
576/EI
Conjugate beam
fBB = M´´B = 576/EI,
72/EI 16
 • Substitute ∆´B and fBB in Eq. (1)

9000 576
+ ↑: − +( ) RB = 0
EI EI
RB = +15.63 kN, (same direction as 1 kN)

50 kN
300 kN•m
∆´B
50 kN
+

12 kN•m fBB x RB = 15.63 kN

=
1 kN 1 kN
50 kN
B
C
34.37 kN•m A
34.37 kN 15.63 kN
17
 Use conjugate beam in obtaining the displacement
50 kN
113 kN•m 6m C 6m
Real Beam
∆C B
A
15.6 kN
34.4 kN 93.6

M
(kN•m) x (m)
3.28 m 6m 12 m

-113 93.6/EI

Conjugate Beam

-113/EI 223/(EI)
281/(EI)
M´C
281 223 776
M 'C = ( 2) − (6 ) = −
EI EI EI
776 V´C 2 m
∆ C = M 'C = − ,↓ 4m 223/(EI)
EI 18
Example 2

Determine the reaction at all supports and the displacement at C. Take E = 200
GPa and I = 5(106) mm4

10 kN
3EI 2EI
A B
C
4m 2m 2m

19
 10 kN
3EI 2EI
A B
C
4m 2m 2m

=
10 kN

∆´B

+
fBB x R
B
1 kN

Compatibility equation:
∆´B + fBBRB = ∆B = 0

20
• Use conjugate beam in obtaining ∆´B
10 kN
40 kN•m 3EI 2EI
A B Real Beam
C
4m 2m 2m
10 kN

10 10
V (kN)
+
x (m)

M x (m)
(kN•m) -

40

177.7/EI
Conjugate Beam

40/3EI = 13.33/EI 26.66/EI

∆´B = M´B = 177.7/EI
21
• Use conjugate beam for fBB
3EI 2EI
8 kN•m A B Real Beam
C 1 kN
1 kN 4m 2m 2m

V (kN) x (m)
-
-1 -1

8
4
+
M x (m)
(kN•m)

4/(3EI)=1.33EI 4/(2EI)=2EI
2.67 8
=
EI 3EI
60.44/EI

fBB = M´B = 60.44/EI 12/EI Conjugate Beam

22
 10 kN
3EI 2EI
A B
C
4m 2m 2m

=
10 kN

∆´B

+
fBB x R
B
1 kN
Compatibility. equation:
∆´B + fBBRB = ∆B = 0
− 177.7 60.44
+ ↑: − +( ) RB = 0
EI EI
RB = +2.941 kN, (same direction as 1 kN)
23
• The quantitative shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected curve
10 kN
16.48 kN•m 3EI 2EI
A B
∆C
C 2.94 kN
7.06 kN 4m 2m 2m

7.06

+
V (kN) - x (m)
-2.94 -2.94

11.76
M 2.33 m
(kN•m) + x (m)

-
1.67 m

-16.48
24
• Use the conjugate beam for find ∆C
10 kN
16.48 kN•m 3EI 2EI
C
A B Real beam
∆C
7.059 kN 4m 2m 2m 2.941 kN

11.76
2EI
11.76
2.335 m 3EI
Conjugate beam

1.665 m
16.48
3EI
3.263
EI
3.263 6.413 −18.85
M´C= (0.555) − (3.222) = ,↓
EI EI EI

6.413 (1.665)/3=0.555 m
EI −18.85
∆C = M 'C = = −18.85 mm, ↓
1.665+(2/3)(2.335) = 3.222 m ( 200× 5)
25
Example 3

Draw the quantitative Shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected
curve for the beam shown below.EI is constant. Neglect the effects of axial load.

5 kN/m

A B
4m 4m

26
 SOLUTION

• Principle of superposition
5 kN/m
A B
θA θB
4m 4m

=
5 kN/m

θ´A θ´B

+
1 kN•m
×MA
αAA αBA
+
1 kN•m × M
B
αAB
αBB
Compatibility equations:
θ A = 0 = θ ' A + f AA M A + f AB M B − − − (1)
θ B = 0 = θ 'B + f BA M A + f BB M B − − − ( 2)
27
 • Use formula provided in obtaining θ´A, θ´B, αAA, αBA, αBB, αAB
5 kN/m

θ´A θ´B
4m 4m

3wL3 3(5)(8) 3 60
θ 'A = = =
128 EI 128EI EI
7 wL3 7(5)(8) 3 46.67
θ 'B = = =
1 kN•m 384 EI 384 EI EI
1 kN•m
αAA αBA αAB
αBB
8m 8m

M o L 1(8) 2.667 M o L 1(8) 2.667

α AA = = = α BB = = =
3EI 3EI EI 3EI 3EI EI
M o L 1(8) 1.333 M o L 1(8) 1.333
α BA = = = α AB = = =
6 EI 6 EI EI 6 EI 6 EI EI

Note: Maxwell’s theorem of reciprocal displacement, αAB = αBA

28
 • Use conjugate beam for αAA, αBA, αBB, αAB

1 kN•m Real Beam 1 kN•m

Real Beam

αAA αBA αAB

(1/8) αBB (1/8)
(1/8) (1/8)
8m 8m

4/EI 4/EI
1/EI 1/EI

Conjugate Beam Conjugate Beam

2.67/EI 1.33/EI 1.33/EI 2.67/EI
− 2.667 − 1.333
α AA = V ' A = α AB = V ' A =
EI EI

1.333 2.667
α BA = V 'B = α BB = V ' B =
EI EI

29
 5 kN/m
A B Compatibility equation
θA θB
4m 4m
60 2.667 1.333
+ +( )M A + ( )M B = 0

=
EI EI EI
5 kN/m
46.67 1.333 2.667
+ +( )M A + ( )M B = 0
EI EI EI
60 46.67
θ 'A = θ 'B =
EI EI
Solve simultaneous equations,
1 kN•m
+

×MA MA = -18.33 kN•m, +

1.333 MB = -8.335 kN•m, +
2.667 α BA = V 'B =
α AA = EI
EI
+

1 kN•m
×MB
1.333 2.667
α AB = α BB =
EI EI

30
 MA = -18.33 kN•m,

MB = -8.335 kN•m,

5 kN/m
18.33 kN•m A B 8.335 kN•m

RA 4m 4m RB

+ ΣMA = 0: 18.33 − 20( 2) + RB (8) − 8.355 = 0 RB = 3.753 kN,

3.753
+ ΣFy = 0: R A + RB − 20 = 0 Ra = 16.25 kN,

31
• Quantitative shear and bending diagram and qualitative deflected curve

5 kN/m
18.33 kN•m A B 8.36 kN•m

16.25 kN 4m 4m 3.75 kN

16.25
V
diagram
3.25 m
-3.75

M
8.08 6.67
diagram
-8.36
-18.33

Deflected
Curve
32
Example 4

Determine the reactions at the supports for the beam shown and draw the
quantitative shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected curve.
EI is constant.

2 kN/m

C
A 4m B 4m

33
• Principle of superposition
2 kN/m

C
A 4m B 4m Compatibility equations:

2 kN/m ∆ 'B + f 'BB RB + f 'CB RC = 0 − − − (1)

∆ 'C + f 'BC RB + f 'CC RC = 0 − − − (2)
C
A ∆'B
4m B 4m ∆'C

f 'BB f 'CB
× RB
C
A 1 kN
4m B 4m

f 'BC f 'CC
× RC
B C
A 4m 4m 1 kN
34
 • Solve equation
2 kN/m

C
Compatibility equations:
A 4m B 4m
64 21.33 53.33
− + RB + RC = 0 − −(1)
2 kN/m EI EI EI
B 149.33 53.33 170.67
C − + RB + RC = 0 − −(2)
EI EI EI
A 64 149.33
∆'B = − ∆'C = −
EI EI RB = 3.71 kN , ↑
21.33 53.33
f 'BB = f 'CB = RC = −0.29 kN , ↓
EI EI × RB
C
A 1 kN

53.33 170.67
f ' BC = f 'CC =
EI EI
× RC
C
A 1 kN
35
• Diagram

M A = 8(2) + 0.29(8) − 3.71(4)

2 kN/m
= 3.48 kN • m
C
A 4m B 4m
Ay = 8 + 0.29 − 3.71 = 4.58 kN 3.71 kN 0.29 kN

V (kN)
4.58
0.29
x (m)
2.29 m
-3.42

M (kN•m)
1.76
x (m)
-1.16
-3.48
Deflected shape
x (m)

Point of inflection 36
Example 5

Draw the quantitative Shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected
curve for the beam shown below.
(a) The support at B does not settle
(b) The support at B settles 5 mm.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4.

16 kN

B C
A

2m 2m 4m

37
 SOLUTION

• Principle of superposition 16 kN

B C
A
∆B = 5 mm
2m 2m 4m

16 kN

=
∆´B

+
fBB
× RB
1 kN

Compatibility equation : + ∆ B = 0 = ∆ ' B + f BB RB -----(1) : no settlement

+ ∆ B = −0.005m = ∆ ' B + f BB RB -----(2) : with settlement

38
 • Use conjugate beam method in obtaining ∆´B
16 kN
Real
Real A B
C beam
beam
∆´B
12 kN 4 kN
2m 2m 4m

24 ∆´B
M´ 16
diagram
16 32
24
24 72 EI EI
EI
Conjugate EI EI M´´B
beam 40
V´´B
4 2 EI
4 2 40 4
56 2m 4m 3 3
3 3 EI
EI 32 4 40
+ ΣMB = 0: − M ' ' B + ( )− (4) = 0
EI 3 EI
117.33
∆'B = M ' 'B = − ,↓
EI
39
 • Use conjugate beam method in obtaining fBB

fBB
Real A C
beam B
1 kN
0.5 kN 0.5 kN
4m 4m
4 2
4
m´ 3 3
m´´B
diagram
-2 v´´B 4 4
Conjugate −
EI EI
beam + ΣMB = 0:
4 4 4
4 2 4 4 − m' ' B − ( )+ (4) = 0
4 − − − EI 3 EI
EI EI EI EI 10.67
EI
f BB = m' ' B = ,↑
EI
fBB

40
 • Substitute ∆´B and fBB in Eq. (1) 117.33
∆'B = − ,↓
EI
10.67
f BB = ,↑
117.33 10.67 EI
+↑; 0= − + RB , RB = 11.0 kN,
EI EI

16 kN
fBB

+
xRB = 11.0 kN

∆´B 1 kN
12 kN 4 kN 0.5 kN 0.5 kN

16 kN
=

B C no settlement
A

RA = 6.5 kN 11.0 kN RC = 1.5 kN

41
• Substitute ∆´B and fBB in Eq. (2) 117.33
∆'B = − ,↓
EI
10.67
117.33 10.67 f BB = ,↑
+ ↑ ; − 0.005m = − + RB EI
EI EI
(−0.005m) EI = −117.33 + 10.67 RB

(−0.005)(200 × 60) = −117.33 + 10.67 RB

RB = 5.37 kN,
16 kN
fBB

+
xRB = 5.37

∆´B 4 kN
1 kN
12 kN 0.5 kN 0.5 kN

16 kN
=

B C with 5 mm settlement
A

RA = 9.31 kN 5.37 kN RC = 1.32 kN

42
 • Quantitative shear and bending diagram and qualitative deflected curve

16 kN 16 kN

B C B C
A A
∆B = 5 mm
6.5 kN 11 kN 1.5 kN 9.31 kN 5.37 kN 1.32 kN
2m 2m 4m 2m 2m 4m

6.5 9.31
V 1.5
diagram V
diagram
-9.5 -1.32
-6.69
M 13
diagram 18.62
+ M
- diagram 5.24
+
-6

Deflected Deflected
Curve Curve
∆B = 5 mm
43
Example 6

Calculate supports reactions and draw the bending moment diagrams for (a)
D2 = 0 and (b) D2 = 2 mm.

1 2 w 2 kN/m 3

4m 6m

44
 Compatibility equation:

∆´2 + f22R2 = ∆2

1 2 w 2 kN/m 3 Use formulations provided :

wx
∆ '2 = − ( x 3 − 2 Lx 2 + L3 )
24 EI
4m 6m (2)(4) 3
=− (4 − 2 ×10 × 4 2 + 103 )
24 EI
=

2 kN/m 248
=− = −6.2mm, ↓
(200)(200)
∆´2
Pbx 2
f 22 = (L − b2 − x2 )
6 LEI
1× 6 × 4
+

=− (10 2 − 6 2 − 4 2 )
f22 6 ×10 EI
×R2 19.2
= = +0.48 mm, ↑
(200)(200)
1

45
 For ∆2 = 0 For ∆2 = 2 mm
Compatibility equation: Compatibility.equation:
-6.2 + 0.48R2 = 0 -6.2 + 0.48R2 = -2
R2 = 12.92 kN R2 = 8.75 kN

1 2 w 2 kN/m 3 1 2 w 2 kN/m 3

12.92 kN
2.25 kN 4 m 6m 4.83 kN 4.75 kN 4 m 8.75 kN 6 m 6.5 kN

7.17
2.415 m 4.75 5.5
2.25 3.25 m
V + V + +
(kN) x (m) - x (m)
- - (kN) -
-5.75 -4.83 2.375 m -3.25 -6.5
1.125 m
5.85 10.56
1.27 5.64
M + +
(kN•m) x (m) +
- M + 3
(kN•m) x (m)
-7 46
 APPENDIX
Basic Beams: Single span

1 w

L/3 L/3 wL/2

wL/2
5wL4
384 EI
L

wL/2
V

- wL/2

wL2/8

47
• Find ∆1 by Castigliano’s 2 1 3
P
w

L/2 L/2
wL P wL P
+ x1 x2 +
2 2 L 2 2

w
M1 w
M2

wL P x1 V1
+ x2 wL P
2 2 V2 +
2 2

+ ΣΜ = 0;
2
wx wL P
M1 + 1 − ( + ) x1 = 0
2 2 2
2
wx1 wL P
M1 = − +( + ) x1 = M 2
2 2 2
48
 2
wx wL P
M1 = − 1 + ( + ) x1 = M 2
2 2 2

L/2 L/2
∂M dx ∂M 2 dx
∆1 = ∆ max = ∫
0
( 1 )M1 1 +
∂P EI ∫
0
(
∂P
)M 2 2
EI

L/2
∂M 1 dx
=2∫ ( )M1 1
0
∂P EI
L/2 2
0
2 x − wx1 wL P
=
EI ∫
0
( 1 )(
2 2
+(
2
+ ) x1 )dx1
2

5wL4
=
384 EI

49
Single span 1
P

P/2 P/2
PL3 L3
δ 11 = = f11 P → f11 =
48 EI 48 EI

L /2 L /2
L
P/2

V +

-
- P/2

PL/4

50
Double span
wl 4
∆ max = wl 4
185 EI 1 ∆ max =
w 185 EI

0.375 wl 1.25 wl 0.375 wl

l = L/2 l = L/2
L = 2l
0.625 wl
0.375 wl
+ +
- -
-0.625 wl -0.375 wl

0.070 wl2 0.070 wl2

+ +
-
-0.125 wl2
51
Triple span ∆max = wl4
1 2
w 145 EI

0.4wl 0.4wl
1.1wl 1.1wl
l = L/3 l = L/3 l = L/3

0.6wl
0.4wl 0.5wl
V
+ + +

- - -
- 0.4wl
- 0.6wl -0.5wl

0.08 wl2 0.08 wl2

0.025 wl2
M + + +
- -
-0.1 wl2 -0.1 wl2
52