NAME: Abdullah S RRN NO.

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WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES AND MULTI-STATE CPUS

WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Wearable tech is one of the fastest-advancing sectors of the wider technology industry, now
outpacing the development of smartphones.

From the basic fitness trackers and highly-advanced sports and smartwatches, to virtual and
augmented reality headsets, wearables are everywhere.

The new age of wearables tap into the connected self – they're laden with smart sensors that
track our movements and biometrics, often using Bluetooth to sync wirelessly to a smartphone.
Others also rely on Wi-Fi connectivity and standalone mobile 4G LTE data connections.

Wearables use sensors to connect to you as a person, helping you to achieve goals such as
staying fit and active, losing weight, being more organized or tracking your overall mental and
physical health. In the case of VR and AR heads-up displays, they’re providing a wealth of
new entertainment and educational opportunities, as well as enhancing the world around us.

How do you wear them?

The early generations of wearables saw devices clipped to our bodies, as the prime focus was
tracking movement through motion sensors. However, advancements brought a wide-range of
powerful sensors, which require direct contact with the skin. Thus, the tech gravitated to other
body parts: the wrists, fingers, chest, forearms, ears, eyes, forehead, temple and anywhere else
you can think of (yes, even those parts).

Smartwatches

Smartwatches are wrist-worn devices that connect to your mobile phone to act as mini-
windows onto your digital life. The mighty Apple Watch now dominates the landscape. It
brings notifications and calls from the iPhone screen and tracks your physical activity. There’s
independent GPS for location services and an LTE model.

Beyond the Apple Watch, Google’s own Wear OS is the equivalent for Android phone users.
Watches like the Skagen Falster 3 offer slim design and great for men's and women's wrists
alike.
Consumer health

A huge growth area for wearable technology is consumer health. We’re not just talking about
improving fitness here. The insights from medical class sensors in consumer wearable products
are already saving lives. The FDA-approved electrocardiogram (ECG) in the Apple Watch can
detect signs of A-Fib, while it’ll also check for an irregular heartbeat at regular intervals. The
fall detection tool can alert the emergency services/contacts if you take a tumble.

Related: ECG wearables explained

It’s tools like these that are broadening the appeal of wearables to new audiences. The Dreem
2 headset – which is seeking out FDA approval – is taking on chronic insomnia with cognitive
behavioural therapy. The company says 80% of its users experience relief after just six weeks.

There are wearable blood sugar monitors, blood pressure monitors and even sweat trackers
that’ll tell you when you need to hydrate. The Flow headset is certified to treat depression,
while L’Oreal is selling the My Skin Track UV patch, which indicates your exposure to
damaging UV rays.
Fitness trackers

Fitness trackers remain very popular among people who want to track progress through heart
rate, steps and estimated calorie burn, while receiving some smartphone notifications.

They’re perfect if you don’t/want super-advanced metrics provided by sports watches, or don’t
want a mini smartphone like the Apple Watch. They also offer longer battery life than
smartphones.

Fitbit is in on the act with the excellent Fitbit Versa 2, which is heavy on health features with
blood oxygen tracking and top-notch sleep tracking.

Other Apple Watch rivals are going their own route. Samsung uses its own Tizen OS on
wearables like the Galaxy Watch Active 2.

things are getting cheaper. Xiaomi has dominated fitness trackers and is looking to repeat the
trick with the Xiaomi Mi Watch, and Amazfit can't stop undercutting the competition with the
likes of the Amazfit GTS and Amazfit T-Rex

Sports watches

For those active types who love running, cycling, swimming or even golf, a dedicated sports
watch should be at the top of your wearable wish list.

These devices should have GPS (don't be suckered into one that doesn’t) with heart rate
tracking and associated insights. This data can provide another level of information about your
chosen sport, and take your training to the next level.

The Fenix 6 series is perhaps the ultimate sports watch, and features all of the top features from
the company's running, trekking, outdoors, swimming and golf devices – and features tracking
for every sport imaginable.
There’s a full colour display and on board maps and Spotify offline syncing. Options like
the Polar Vantage V and Suunto 9 Baro are great for those seeking a high-end training watch.

The best sports watches run upwards of £500, but there are options at friendlier price points.
The Garmin Forerunner 45 still delivers accurate GPS and represents incredible fantastic value

Head-mounted displays

They’re generally classified into virtual reality and augmented reality categories. Some straddle
both.

VR

VR headsets, like the higher-end Oculus Rift, HTC Vive and PlayStation VR, block out the
rest of the world. They’re connected to a PC/games console and present a computer-generated
virtual reality to fool your brain into thinking it's somewhere else entirely.

Sitting in between those and the cheaper VR headsets are the likes of the Oculus Quest and the
upcoming Vive Cosmos. Both offer high end VR experiences in a standalone setup.

You can experiment with VR by inserting your smartphone into a Google Cardboard headset
for around $15. Google Daydream and Samsung Gear VR headsets offer greater quality for
under $100, while the Oculus Go offers affordable standalone virtual reality experience, free
from a smartphone and a PC.

AR/smartglasses

Augmented reality headsets and smart glasses enhance the real world by placing virtual
elements in our line of sight. So a large projector screen could appear to be on your living room
wall, or a game of Minecraft could be happening on your dinner table. If you’re walking around
a city, you could see restaurant recommendations or turn-by-turn directions.

Microsoft’s Hololens headsets and the range of third-party Windows Mixed Reality devices
lead the way, but there are a growing range of smartglasses that perform the function in more
recognisable form factors. The Eyesight Raptor and Solos glasses for cyclists, for example,
enable serious riders to keep their eyes on the road and keep track of all their stats, maps and
weather.
Hearables

The fastest-emerging segment of the wearable market is hearables, which are worn in the ear.
The most popular example is Apple’s AirPods, those true wireless earphones that offer quick
access to the Siri voice assistant. Similarly, any pair of head/earphones that interacts with a
voice assistant like Alexa and the Google Assistant is considered a hearable device.

There are also live translation tools like Google’s Pixel Buds and the Waverley Labs Pilot,
smart hearing aids like the Nuheara IQbuds Boost, and the Lifebeam Vi headset for on-board
virtual run coaching. The Bose Frames for example, combine bone conduction audio,
augmented reality visuals and access to smart assistants all in a pair of sunglasses.

MULTI STATE CPUs

To understand multi-state CPUs and the technological advantages that they possess, one must
first take a minute to understand how CPUs currently run and the differences between the
current and proposed systems.

Currently, CPUs run in a binary-state environment, meaning that they are solely capable of
recognizing data that is represented by a sequence of 1s and 0s. For instance, the binary
equivalent of the letter “A” is “01000001”. One of the drawbacks of binary code is that a one
character letter such as “A” has to be converted into an 8 character string in order for the
computer to recognize it. To further illustrate this point let us take the word “binary” and
convert it into its binary equivalent of
“011000100110100101101110011000010111001001111001”. This increase in character
string length is a major obstacle in increasing the processing speeds of today’s computers.

Bring in the Multi-state CPU. Instead of using the traditional two states to represent the
information, they will use a number of states; most likely ten to begin with for the numbers 0
through 9. This will mean a major breakthrough in processing speed. As stated earlier, any
character is represented in binary code as an eight digit string of with each character
representing two possibilities. Therefore the number of possibilities for a string is
2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2 or 256 combinations. Compare that to a multi-state CPA, where each
character has 10 possibilities and we can attain a number of combinations far greater than 256
in only a three character string: 10x10x10 or 1000 combinations. Using three character
strings instead of eight means that the word "binary" could be represented in 18 characters
rather than 48, roughly just over a third of the size. This binary would vastly reduce the
amount of time that the computer has to spend going through the process of translating the
characters in binary, and then back again later. However, this is only the beginning, the
ultimate goal of multi-state CPUs is to have it so that they can understand other characters
such as letters and punctuation marks without having to first translate them into their
equivalents.