B.B. Boxaapes HI. Kasamunxon IT. Coupux KYPC OBINEU ®U3UKU goons of KuaHTo, . ' Hsbaiue emopoe, emepeomunnoe Pexowesuzowano Musuwerepetsom o6pasosanuts Pocentexont Dexepaiit » xayectne yueGHoTO nocoGis ‘yueSnnn saneacint Mockna, “Burcu mixo.ta" 2005YAK 53 BBK 22.3 B81 B81 ssp i ok Fhe br cae Eee rates MITY un. H.3. Baymaua) Bounapes, B.B. ‘Kype o6met dbuauxy, B 3 xu. Ku. 2. Snexrpomarnermm. Bomopas omruxa, Keanrosax duauca: Yae6. n0coOue) B.B. Bounapes, HII. Kanammuxos, PP. Compan. — 2€ wa, crep. — M.: Bucur. mx., 2005. — 438 ISBN 5-06-004604-4 Kerra mpescransser cool! roucuerr semuall no aacerpowsrneriy, courase w eammonoh Guamce » pabrax aypce COWEN Quam JU yAEHTOS ‘eumsctom 37308 fon mepeoro rye yi, sano satowenme octomtx Cou sexrob exmrscxoro na, ta WNOXCHNE OCOME H Piccenon ancerpouarueram, nommonod ost w raarosol darn pa ‘enone socterooe romaceTeo Mpntepos 243%, paSGOP HOTOPH HOMOTA- cr yenoenmo copa‘ w upaoat nance ceuccrosTes>- toro pomemer sane ott ‘Ha cnocoty npeaccanscnaa mnyeaero sarepeane. speazaraead ype (@uounn moxuo massa» aByxyponmenims, Kaxsas 20CTaTOWO CHOmEAS TEMG Sits eco moans, cavase angina npocraae obpusou,& sere Gonee ae aoc) Copa, motel Xesntne 02a tepouo OLN ‘r'otnutcus"gocane Senos step tak Mepaat, Tat BTOpOrO YPOBRK ‘Batseuut Chsest, soropersYerpaicr Slams «jnonasiopsre ao, tomers Sumas wa Srtewnnae cannon aeanoae> [SEpati uxrepeax bropore pons: "fas enpoennes menue 300 vax $3 HER 223 ISBN 5-06-004604-4 (ku. 2) ISBN 5-06-004606-0 © OLVTI eanaremervo «Buscuas mom», 2005 pMaxeT AAMNOTO NINAMHA BACTEH cobcTEeANOCTHIO, Oparanas- sngatemersa «Bucs mom, x 6F0 penpostponauiue (socupoussereene) 06M cTOCOBOM (ben coraacis KagATEMBCTaA 3ANPeINEHO. OrJABJEHME Kparkas uctopus suexrpomarnerasma 4YACTB1 9TEKTPHYECTBO naa 1, Hoctosmnoe s1exrpu4eckoe nome » paxyyme 1.1. Baxox coxpanenus sapame 1.2. Boaumozelicrsue asyx TovequbIx sapaos 1.3. Saxon Kysona u npumusin eynepnosmmm . . . 14, Hanpaxemnocts sxextpmeckoro noaa 1.5. Horenumas sexrpuyeckoro nona 1.6. PaGora npu nepeseutenma sapana B ROCTOANHOM 2s1eKIpHECKOM 17. Cicioniie aun m sknnTOTeRIWa.TKAIe HOBepxAOCTH 1.8. Taormoctu sapaa 1.9, Queprust cucremst sapautos si 1,10, Snexrpuseckoe woe roewnoro sapana 11. Torok wexropa os. ss 1.12. Torox zextopa nanpaxeniocrm novia ToveHHoro sapate 1.13. Teopea Paycea 1.14, Snexrpieckoe nome Geckonesnolt pastlomepHo sapmxennott nujockocrH coven Y a 1.15, Dnekrpwieckoe none sapmxennol chepst - 1.16, Ocnonanie ypapnenua aextpocrarmen TPaapa 1*, Tocrosnnoe snexrpaseckoe none 8 naxyyme (npoxoaxenne) LIT. Qnexrpuyeckn amos — 1.18. Juexrpueckoe nowte cucrewa sapsiios wa Goasutux pacctoa- tax v ir 1.19, QuexrpHeckoe none echepustecka cunMerpwunlo pacnpenenen- oro sapaia 1.20. Teopema Ocporpascxoro-Tayoca . . . 1.21, Buwoa ypasuens snexrpocraraxn » subipepenmuansuolt hope uelts Sa 5 1.22. Queprua sntextpwiecxoro ont u 26 26 28 30 a1 33 38 39 40 2 4B “4 45 46 48 Bt 54 54 58 87 59 60 GtPana 2, Suexrpuyeckoe nose » yw9sexTpuKax 2.1, Tlonaprate u Henonapanie Mosiexy.tet 2.2. Tunom no sueuieM seKrpuyeckoM ome 2.3, Tloaapesauna aussiextpaxos 2.4. Teopema Paycca ait noaspusonannoctu * 2.5, Qneenpuneckas uaayxum : 2.6. [uonexrprrveckan pocmpmEBoCT H NpOHNAeMOC 2.7, Vpansienus sek TpocraTuxu Wis 3MamIexTpILKOB 2.8, Qnectpateckoe nove sapsxennioro wapa * 2.9, Youonua na rpamule pasqesta aByX AMavIEKTpUKOB [aaa 3. Tpononiusn 2 nocrosumom saextpwseckom nose 3.1. Pacnpenestente 3apsii08 8 npoxoannxax 3.2. Quexspiteckas emkocTs sapmaxcenmoro MpoponiaKe 3.3, Buxocr® mapa 34, Kowaencaropst 3.5. Thaocxutt xonaeweatop 3.6. Qneprus sapmxennoro mpononmuKca 3.7. Quieprus sapsexennoro KoxaeAcaTopa 38. Queprun seetputeckoro non 3.9, Coemumenus xouutencaropos T nasa 3* Tposoaumest n nocrosnom saexrpmiecxom nose (npoxosxenme) 3.10, Ttoceult xoutexcarop, samoamentit sleoasopomsi sosteKT- pakom é 3.11. Hnsmiapusecest xonmencatop 3.12, Ocsosuia saqava ssexrpoctarunn. ‘TeopeMa ciineTBeHiocTH 3.13. Srexrpuveckoe oe ToveNMoro sapana, pactlooxenHoro okoo SagensienHON nslocKocr# Txana 4, Snexrpayeckmii rox 4.1, Tornoe’ toxa, Cnata Towa 4.2. Saxon Oma suim yaacrKa wen 4.3. Coeammenua nposoasvKon 44, Qnextponsinxyniaa c.ta, 4.5. axon Ona ats nosmoft wert 4.6. Hpannna Kupxroda 4.7. Baxon Ibkoyna ~ JTeaua 64 64 66 68 69 n um 6 5 7B 80 80 83 84 85 87 90 90 m1 92 95 95 98 100 101 104 104 106 108 - 110 12 3 4 Prana 4*, Snexrpaseckuil rox (nposomenne) 4.8. Cisia Toka ~ noTox maotHocts ToKa 4.9. Ypasnesue neupepsissocris 4.10. Saxon Hxoycin ~ JTenua » audbepenmmaainon opie 4.11, Sanaga o toxe yrewxn xonreneatopa 4HACTb2 MATHETH3M nana 5, Jelicrone warmrrnoro moss Ha 2apaaur u ToKM 5.1. Cua Jlopenna 5.2. [pwxenne sapsrxennoll vacruuis 8 cHOpoHOM # rlocToRHHOM MarnitHom toe i oe 5.8. Jleferawe xarmienoro Hons Ha nposatan ¢ ToKOM. Cama Anmepa Pxapa 5*, [eicrome maramrioro nosst Ha sapaabi 4 TOKH (npoosixenue) 5.4. Konryp c Toxow 8 marmirnoM mote 5.5. Onpeenenxe oriomenms 2apaaa suiexrpona x ero macce 5.6. Odrberr Xoaza Pnasa 6, Tlocromsnoe marnatioe nome » naKyyme 6.1. Baxon Buto — Canaps ~ JTanctaca 6.2. Marmemioe none Kpyronore ToKa 6.3. Ocnowmnie ypannensin teopan nocromRHoro MaraHTHOCO OR 6.4. Marmmmiice nose Beckonewso mnmmtoro comenoua . . 6.5. Marmirice noste mpamoro toKa 6.6. Boannoneticrsue 10x08 T'.nana 6% Mocroannoe marnurnoe none » naxyyme (npotostwenne) 6.7. Pacter wnayKiniy MarMimHoro no: xpyToBOrO TOKS & 6.8. Pacer wtyKin MarirrHoro nom 1a OCH COMeHOWAA . . 6.9. Marmurice nose mpamoro oTpesKa c TOKOM . . 6.10. Teopena Croxca wo 6.11. Buwox sundpbepenuunsriecx ypansienit TeopmH nocromHHOro [aa na 7, Tocrosunoe marnutHoe none 8 neuecte 7.1, QaeetpMneckite TOKM B aTOMaX H MomIERysTaX ‘ 7.2. Hamarmmennocts nemectna, Hampsrxenocts MarautHoro 116 116 1g 120 121 128 123 128 104 wt 129 129 132 139 143 43 444 146 M48 150 151 154 154 156 159 160 164 166 166 1687.8. Hupxysiammna sextopa namarnuvenoctn * + 169 74, Hanpaxennocts maruurworo noms. . : 170 7.5. Marmmmies socnpyunenpocrs u warmirnax npoumiaexoets » - 171 7.6. Ocropmite ypastewita veopi nocTOAMMOTS MarmaTHorO Noa B pemecrBe 3 112 7.7. Marmurnoe none sanosiuentioro BeulecT#oM coneHoWia 173 78. Yenopus Ha rpanime pasaena aByx MarueTHKOD 174 YACTb3. OTEKTPOMATHETH3M 179 Taasa & Saextpomarnwrnas wanyxuns - - 19 8.1, Sakon Papazes u mpasusto Jenna +19 82. Snexzponooxyuian cna mzyxunn. Ypasnenne Maxcnenta . 181 8.3, Camommayxuus * é 2 185 8.4, Hagyerpnocts comexouns . - ® er.) 8.5. Queprua Marswrnoro nonR 6. ss ‘ 186 Tapa 8, Saexrpomarnirnas uunyxusis (nporomxente) - . 189 8.6, Buxpenoe anexrpuyeckoe noe w conewomne —. 180 8.7. Toxu ®yxo . . arc piok 190 8.8, Huayxrmnnocrs KoaKchanbuoro xaGena 191 8.9. Boauseias mayan 5 193 8.10. Ozu ic cnocoSos wsmepemma MarwirrHoll MEY INE 196 [nana 9, Qaekrpomarnntune xoneGanna = 198 9.1, Kone6arenuaiitt xowtyp. Papaounveckie xonebanna 198 9.2, Saryxaioue atextpomarmurrnnie xome6anna, 200 9.3, Bumyanesiie sexrpomaraucrmste KosteGania . +204 Papa 0*, Qnexrpomarnmtmste xoneGanna (npoxomkenme) — . 206 9.4. Hadebeperumansioe ypasuenue satyxaioumx orexrpoMariiT- mux koneGanuit . 206 9.5. Mudsbepenamasisnoe ypasenne mamyacmenmsx 9:Tek™poMarsit® Mbix KomeGannft. Pesonane Hanpaxenus a pesouanc toxa —.. . . 208 9.6. Meron xommaexcsix anmamrys, 213 9.7, Moicet® mepementoro ToKa m oe sd Papa 10. Qnexrpomarnwrnoe nose a 225 10.1, Ypapwenus Maxcnenna . . . 5 a PE 10.2. Taornocrs u noroK aueprun snekrpomarmmruoco nona . . . 227 [napa 10*. Quexrpomarmmrnoe nose (npoxomxenne) 10.3. Beatson ypanveniia nempepsiexoctu us ypasnenut Maxcsenia 10.4, Beto, coormomenwa, cpaSpparouleTo T.IOTHOCT® SHeprHit auexypomarnutuoro Hoa a sextop Ywtona ~ Tlofteranra 10.5. Konapuairiocts ypasuenut Maxcneata Puasa 1, Qnexrpomarnurusie som LLL, Boanosoe ypasnenne u ero peutesme 11.2. Tapmomiyeckas soma 11.3. Boames » npocrpaucrse * 114, ILaoexue snexrpomarnurine sonnet * % 11.5. ILaockas rapsonueckan satexrpomarnutiaa pose 11.6. Hnrestcussocrs som 5 11.7. Orpanxenne siexrpomaramtHolt sos ot rpanmust pasmiena, ay cpet MACTD4 BOTHOBAA ONTHUKA Taapa 12. Murepdepenums 12.1. Caowenute soa 12.2. Korepentuocns 3 2 12.3, Hurrepdepenuna cvera or nByx TovesuSIx HeTO‘NKOR 12.4, Hurepdepenuna cueta » ToRKIX mneMKax Paaea 13%. Lmdpacuna . 5 000 do RE 13,1, Mpanuun Prostrenca ~ @penena 13.2. Ppadreceut Nevo eaoxenna ropMounseckix ro-eSamih 13.3. Dudpaxuus csera wa xpyrtom omneperit 13.4. Anpaxnna cuera ma wen 13.5. Tnhpaxunonmaa pewerka Taana 14, Honspusania cnera 14.1, Toaapwsanus saexrpomarnurnolt nommst 14.2, Eerecrsewunift w nonapwsovanmnit cper 5... 143, Toaapnsaiua cneva npm onpaxeuun m npenomenm M44, Tomapusauua cvera ups anolinom ayyenpeoMsenu . 14.5. Hirrepepenmia nonapasosanusrx aysell 29 229 - 230 + 232 = 235 235 = 236 238 239 2 4 246 248 8. 248. 250 253 255 257 257 - 259 260 267 272 215 75 27 m8 281 284Taapa 15%, Baanmonelicrome cneta c nemiectnom 15.1, ZImenepens cpera 15.2. Snextporuan reopu ancnepeut 15.3. Cpynnopas cKopocts sommsr 15.4, Tlorsowente cxera UACTbS. KBAHTOBAS ONTHKA Taapa 16. Tenaonoe wsnysenne 16.1. Boawwonefteraue wany'enua ¢ peulecrsou st ero XapakTepHeTH- 16.2. Saxon panuosecuoro renoxore wany yeni 16.3. Popmy.ta TranKa Taasa 16%, Tensonoe usaysenme (nponomxenne) 16.4. Ocnemennocr nonepxnocrit KSOTPONHBIM H.1y'eHHeM 16.5. Suexrpomarmtrioe WaAY¥eHNe 8 HOMOCTH TBepsoTO Tena 16.6. Popmy.ta Pestea ~ Txcunca, 16.7. Bepoammoctb 16.8. Bsipon opuyns Taam 16.9. axon Credyana ~ Boapiptana 16.10. 3axon cnemennst Basa Paapa 17. ®oroms 17.1, @oronst 17.2, Borosdxbexr 17.3. Topsostioe pewrrewosexoe nsayrenne 17.4. Sdhebexx Kowmrrona Tapa 17%, ®oroms (npoxomxenne) 17.5. Hanenue eneva, Onsrrer JTeSenena 17.6. Tannenwe nysKa cvera 177, Tasnexme msotponuoro msayvenna YACTb6. ATOMHAS OUSHKA [Pasa 18, Boponcxas teopua aroma 18.1. Cuexrp wsywena atowta noxopona 18.2. Ilnanerapraa Monet aroma. 18.3. Onurrm Opanka u Tepua 18.4. Teopna Bopa = 286 286 286 292 293 = 207 297 297 300 303 = 304 304 308, 311 312 - 313 - 316 316 318 318 . 319 323 326 30 30 331 335, 337 337 337 - 340 2842 346 Tapa 19, Ocnops: xnarrosoll Mexammcn zs 351 19.1. Kopnycrynapno-nomionoft ayasmsat. Bormut xe Bpotarst 351 19.2. Boauopas ynxuus wee cunt os. 352 19.3, Oneparopst 8 xsawrovolt mexanuxe - 356 19.4, Ypannenue HIpemurrepa . . 358. 19.5. Cootomese neonpenestenmocrett er 360 19.6. CoGersennece ymimmmt # coBerBeamsie sHaenna onepatopos * 362 19.7, Craiwouapsnie cocroanna . 363 Paap 20, Mpoctme sagan xnantonofi Mexannxn 365 20.1. CnoGoauaa yacruna fname + 365 20.2. ZLnwxcnme YacTHUM B TONE KOHCepBATUBHOM cH. 367 20.3. Craiytonapnoe apixkenme 4acTHuli BIO» upHMOM B MO:e KOK- cepparinnolt cuter. 26 - 370 204. Mlacrua B norennmabHOl abe c BeeKoHesHO DHICOKHMH CTeH- kam. iP Ede . 372 20.5. Papsommsecxait ocustasrop en 376 [napa 20%, Mpocrme saqa4x xnanronoll Mexaaixw (nponomaenme) 20% 2 378 20.6, Tlanenme wactuubt Ha norenusasbmaxtt Gapbep . . . . « - «S78 20.7. Hacriuia s munke € Menponmaenbina crenKAMIK 387 P napa 21. Crpoenne aroma wi aes oe 6 800 21.1. Aros nomopoa » KnakTOBOM MexamHKe ae 390 21.2. TIpocrpascrnennoe xpawtoBanue des 394 21.3. Pupoxtarammnoe ortiourenme 2+ 395 21.4, Cum aaexrpowa we 5 Sn 5h a aaa 806 21.5. MuoroatexTpouate aToMbt oo 4 wo x we BE 21.6. Bexropniag soxest aroma * , 402 21.7. Onnvr Hlsepxa nt Tepaaxa : re 406 218. Dbbexr Beewana* . sees 408 21.9, Pewnrenonckue enexzps atoxon 409 Paapa 2 Monexyam .. 0... we ah a2 22.1, Xunurreckas cBs3b gig mean wee on x wo © aL 22.2. How somexynbi Bozopaa * as 413 22.3. Sueprua anyxatoMmol MomeKystat . . : 419 22.4. Kombnnauiosoe pacceamue cpera . . . . « « 422 94ACTh 7. @H3HKA ATOMHOLO A1PA Paap 2% Aromnoe apo 23.1. Cocran « xapakrepucrmxu atowmax step 23.2. Caoupousnomustt pacrast crits 23.3. uepraa cnssn 23.4. Pagwoaxtusnocrs .. . 23.5. Saxon paaoaxtmsuoro pacnaza 23.6. Arepuwie peaxuuan 23.7. Kanensnaa more sapa * 23.8, Jenenme taxensx wep 23.9. Peaxuuu tepmosstepaoro cuuTesa 425 425 425 = 426 - 427 428 431 432 433, 435, 436 KPATKAA MCTOPUA 3JIEKTPOMATHETU3MA Murape u Marae DoexrpweckHe H MACHUTHELe mBENUA TOAM HAGMORAIOT OveHD HONE naBHo, make He Silas, 410 97H ARNeNM CileAYeT TAK MaSBIBATh, Slutaps - oxaMeHesuraa céona zepenses, pocumx Ma Benue xHoro MHO- ro ser Hasan, JIhoa HaXoaMIN siraps 4 HcnoABSOBAME ero B KaNecTBe yxpauteuna, Eco 2f0t xaMeub norepets, 10 of mpKobperaer cxofteTBo mpl Tarusare x ceGe mBiIKHKH, HNTS, KyCOUKH Gynaru. Celiac 970 mBNEHHe Hastisaior sek TpHSaiutell HocpecTBOM TpeHua. pesuwe rpexH HasHIBANH alttaph a4exmponom, te. NpATATBAIOMIN K cee. Queue santo wapectno, 470 MarHNT Mpurarsinact K ceGe xesteoHBIe Mpes- erst. IIpapoausie Marine sions waxomun eme B perme spemexa. Lame cero HM HOMaAMAMiCh KYCONKH westesHOM PYM, Te. MAFHUTHOTO KesesHsIKa, nw Marwetwtra, cocrosmero wa kezesa (31%) u xutcmopoxa (69%). Sasne- ax 9TO pyabt Shit cOMapyxeuM B Apesuelt Teun HesasteKo oT ropoaa Maruecu. ostomy xyckM pysb CTa/M Masbiparb marmurranH, Cymecryer muewne, ‘ro 8 Kirrae 2000 wu 3000 ster nasax Marit 1e- ompsosazntch B katjecTRe ocHoBHO!! Nera KoMHaca, Taxol KOMIaC mpest- crapaaa co6olt Marni, HpHKpenstenHbtl K MLIaBAIOUeMy B BOILC KYCONKY KO- pat npo6kovoro zepena. Tleppoe yromuaaaue 06 enomEsonanAN MArHHCTHOHL Ccrpeakit 8 Mopentapaninr ormocerea K 1180 r B 1269 r, niosauoc commenxe -pannysa [serpo Heperpano ws Mapy- kypa "Iucsata 0 Marmite”, w KOTOpOM Ghisl ONHICaN HBECTHBLE B TO BpeMA MAPHITHRIE aRIENNa: TOMOCA MarHTS, BoaHMONeHCTBHE MEXAY MArHHTAMI, HaMarnMaupanue acestes4 1 Ap, CC paspiernen Mopemmananies nospactaer mrrepec K MarHuTitsN BCHISIM. Howwuaerca say'vente sevmoro MarneruaMa. Cocrasaaioten KapTet Marsit= huaoe cktonenmit, 7.2, nanpasewul na flopepxHocTH Ses, BONIS KOTOPHX yevawaninpaetcs crpenxa KoMmaca. Upyroe avexxpuecxoe mptenme ~ rpososax Mommuna ~ no HeBovie sacra ‘sano mozelt o6pautaTh ra ceba pnuManue. Ha Semute KaxyI0 cexyasy Te- ‘ro cnepxaer Most. [Jo cHX Nop MOsINMH HOCTaB:IAeT sOAAM OveH MOO GecrioKollcraa m mbrapiaaeT GoxBMiO! uuTepec. Monmua ~ 910 riranrcxmit aaekrpieckuit paspaa Mexkay oGsiakaMm sti Mexay o6zaKaMH H MOBEPX- noctbio Sesunt. Hspenika naGcuogaeres Tak Masninaewan mnpopas MOZINKS. ulTlepsaa naysnas paGora mo asleKTpH¥eCTBY M MarHeTH3My Cpenume vexa. Aura. Y xoponemnt Eausanerss, xoropyi0 mposna.t "weopownon”, cayaxur neit6-wemron nexnt Butbaw PasisGepz. Ox xa x80 amath er ctapute zpyroro, Goce wapectnoro Tenep® BuatbaMta To anna excrinp. 2Kurp onacno perma. H re ppestene ~ ne ucksuovenwe, To Aura ws noma » 10M 6pommr syna, Kaxsauih Moxer nit sui6pau ew. Muinwoxst anrmvan cranyr ee xepreanot. H moma cnemar xwTs. Tureltine sane- Neu U TeaTPM He McmMTHIBAIOT MenocTATEA B nOCeTHTe:IHX, BecemHToH Koponescxuit sop. Toxonom 218 TOpRECTR CHYAHT pastpOM HEMAHCKOR *wenoGemmMol spmanst” 8 Gurse, koropax mpowsoutna ® 1588 7. » more Jla-Maniu B raxoe spews Buarnant Pas6ept nocnaliner cBo10 2kUSICS Hay HREM HC cnenonaman. Ox way'iaer ceolicrsa auTapx m apyrax BeutecTs. Ha cob- ccrmemmbe epexcroa ot p TeYetMe NOTH ADAMUOTN sAeT MponONT MILOTON- cenemusie onsrris. Beero ua mponeneno oKo0 600 pasaiumstx omstros. Twit5- Gepr nmwer nepoyio naywnyID xHUTY To acIeKTpHNeCTBY M MarHeTHsMy. 27a Kura nox waspamniea "O MarHuETe, MarHuTMBIX Te1aX H Go.TsuOM warmnTe = Benue. Honan momonorMs, XoKAsANHaM MHOECTHOM APryMENTOB x OMI ‘rox” , 6nita onySsumxosana » 1600 r, B xamre onncanst mposenenmse canine TusnGeprom omirat 1 niiBonM, KOTOPHE, Mo ero MieKINO, CACNVIOT 3 9THX omits. Bee nonoxenis H yrsepasienna, mpmsenemmdte D Knute, ¢cbOpMy- imponamni na octose pesyanrarop omits. Hootomy xuary TiunsSepra cxt- ‘ralor mepsoll N¢-HacTomuleMy nay'Holl KIMTOHl, 8 XoTOpoM omiT npmuAT 3a xprepait norms. Kpyrocsersce mrasaune oxcmemmunu Marenaana 6x10 sanepureno 0 1521 rH no spemena Tuns6epra yxce Gbino masectio, 470 Sewsim HMeeT copay mapa. PamGepr waroropin aa Maruursoro weslesHAKa map — mep- ay! ones Jewian, Koropyio on nasbast "reppenol”, Te, marembxoft Se met, Marmurnoe none, cosanaenoe ” Tepperot”, oKASATOCE MOYTH TAKIN 2ke, Kak MarsinrH0e nox Gobo "Teppn”, Te. Bem Paspesan suum Marnur xa ze acta, TaBGepT momysHt7 58 KOPOT- xux Maruwra, xoropnie oGnaxam Text 2e cpofeTHAMM, TO H MCKOsIM arnt. Tax Pans6epr yerartoni.t, ro nomoca markmra nepacsienKME. TusisGepr osxpsizt, ero upit RarpeBaHini MarMiMTa, Korma Tewneparypa cra- Nopurzes Bike KeKoTOpoTo SHANEHINA, ero MaruUTUNe coltersa uewesaIoT. B acrosiulee npeNst 9T0 staxesne TestrepatypHt HasbiBawoT TOXKOK KiopH. TussGepr neppsis Bae B ynorpeGaenKe TepMan "2.texrpuseceut”. B cpoelt Kuure oM mime: "SueKrpiNeckwe Tena ~ re, xoropwe mpxTarusa- yores Taxin4 >Ke ofpasom, KaK sirraps”. Ha OcHORAMKNK MHOKECTBA OMITOB 2 TaaeGepr aeciaet HeckoabKo OMEN BAARHEIX AUT HayKH BiBOROB. OaNe HS eo SHBOWOE SaKOYAETCH & TOM, IO UPWIMACHU Te ANTapeM K MACH tom mueior pasmuanyio usw¥eckyte mpupory. C Tex nop amexrpwyeckue MAPHMTAMe sBsteMMST CTA HY YATE passtesbHO. ‘Yepes rput roa ntocze sisxoma 8 cper ero Kuurn TassGepr ymep or ayn. Tpene6peras yaonosmcrswam x pasmtesennavn, DiinGept MMoro ser Tpy- suustes, NpOBOAR cBoH OMIT. YTO xe SACTARAA.TO ero SAHHMATHCH HAYKOH? Kaxue wyscrsa om wemyratsan? Yero om xoren? Borarcrsa? Baactu? Caa- su? Her, Her. Her. Mpocto emy 970 6x0 murepecto. Ecnm cxasare Gonee BOSBLIMENNO, On HeMuTEIBALT 6slAropoaMylo Aaa SMaxAEL Teppast snexrpuieckas mammna Orto cox Tepuxe ~ 6yprosacrp Hemenkoro ropoga Marge6ypra ~ mpocaa- stem rex, ro w 1641 1. mo6perr nosayumsft acoc, mpi oMoutt Koop ro om ccymtectaaa ussectusift mart ¢ Tax wasnipaexcinn ”wareSy rex nosymapmamn”. Cryera mpwmepro ret apannats Tepaxe nocrpows ommy 19 NepBBIX S7eKTpHTECKI NAILIN, Te. YCTPORCTHO ANH paRAENEMNA B:1eK- pweckmx apse nocpencrsom Tpewus Tex. B 1672 r. om onyGameonan paGory, » xovopof Guia omicana nocrpoemtran mot 9exTpHecKam Mari ‘Dra MauIMHa NpeicrasiAra co6oM ulap, WSrOTOBAeHHBIM 43 cepBl MH YKpe- ‘urexnaat wa iceneawion ocx, IIpit spaltesi mapa noxpyP cH ero MO%eO Guino saekxpnsonars, Raripas siaxoNbw PyKM. IKcHepsMeRTHpys co cBoet svauimuoit Tepuxe orepsex weckomsko WOMK a.ReRPHNeCKHX ABIeH, QRH vm KoTOpix ~ aneKTpiaaMin Ten sepes nauIOte, Te. ox seferaNeN pac- nosoxermanx noBimaocri apyrax, sapsxeHmBix Ten. OH O6HAPYKA, STO sasrextpmposastce Te-10 Mowe? He TOKO PHTATKDGTS, HO M OTTSIEHDATD ipyrne rea. Tosniee 6xictk nocrpoeti Gosiee conepitentie sex TpHICCKKE TiposoaHHxx # HempononHMKH B 1720 n, aurick uoux Creden Ipett ycranopna, wro mp coe eMMH sapmxeHHEIK TEN MeTARTMECKOM NPOROAOKO! IuIeKTPHYECTBO MOKET epeaasarsca no He or oaHoro Testa x sipyroMy. TsK Gsut0 OTKPEITO ABZIE- me ssiextponponoanocta, Wecneaya pasaumuie tena, Ppeft pasnemiis ux Ha MpoBoqMMKH # NemposomHNKH suIeKTpHYeCTSa, JIpa pona snexrputecraa B 1734 r. hpanuyaceut yseubil [apas Dpancya Ipode wanucan co- ‘umeHie, 8 KoropoM yrBEpRAB, WTO cymlecTayIOT JNA posta svIeKTpHYECTEA, Onno snextpivectno om Hasna cmexasinnut, a sipyroe ~ eMoaaneun. Taxoe 13OTxpnitue on caes1at, mayest woanwoxelleTaHe MascIeKTpHSOBANMEN TpeHt- fen Test, Ox pasaemia relia, cTOcoBRINe SNeXTpHSOBATRCH MH SPeMH, Ha dupa xstacca. Cpenm Tea omiiore kaacca mpueyterayer crex.to. [loszoMy ‘Tiwobe nasvan saextpnyecTBo, comepauicecn B TAK TENBX, CTEKMANNDIN ‘Gurap» ortlocurca x apysomy Ksiaccy saextpuoyrouuxcn spexuew res, He- STONY SveKIPIecTRO, HomBLNAOIIeCCH B TAEUX Tenax, Goisi0 HASBANO cMO- caausim, hope yerawoei.t, 410 NaomeeTpHsoBaNNEe Tem Ms osuforo KIacca Beeraa OTTAAKUBAIOTES AYE OT ApYTa, &-TesTa MS PasHBIX KARCCOB APUTALH- Jletinencxaa Ganka lap Tepuxe eran nonyaspmsin dususecksem npxGopom. C xa mpons- Baar ONBITH H HABNKAIOT IOIOMA HORBLE ARAENIA, OTKPDIBEIOUHE HeH3- ecrnie pautee cpolicrsa sciextpuvectsa. Hirzepectift caiyuall upasowes 1745, w rostnanacxow ropone JTetizene. [pospeccop nefixencKoro yatBepet- cera Tluzep Mymenépyx nivtasiea sapamuere aaexTpirtectBom Boa 8 KOn6e, oTopyto o1t epxka:t B oxsoft pyke. B pony Oxia onyutena meawax mpovo- OKA, cOemIMENHIa CO CTEKAAHHLIM lapox, KOTOpHIt avleKTpH30BANICH pH ‘pauteu npuxocsosennasen pyxa. Kora Bona jloctarono "siaamexTpI90~ nanack”, MyuenGpy ceoGomaoll pyro womiraes nerranwith nponosioxy us xon6ex. TpuxocuyBuimes x nponocoxe, om nowyseraonaa” yaap most”. ‘Tax Guino ycraomseno, so » cocyse c nonofl, HasBaRtoM acddencnot Gan ol, auektpusectso MOK? HAKALTMRATHCA B SHAIWTETSHED KOmHECTBAX Tletinenexan 6artxa ~ 940 nepasall pyxorsoputil KoMLeNcaTOp, Te. Yerpol- ‘e780, cilocoBnie nakauLiubath H COxpanATS sexTpuNeckHe sapsxit. Crexs0 KonGst #BaKeTCA IBOAATOPOM, 8 BOA K PYKA, RepKaman KONGY, CCT O- xnaaKH KoneKcaT0pa, Tlenxencxan Gauika vax xe, KaK seKrpHIeckan maura Tepuke, exopo rasa Taxus xe uonyaapanst gueuueckmne mpxGopom. Mywen6pyx noay- ‘iin rpoMyio wspectiocts. C um anaKomites Tlerp Bemuxuft 30 peat npeSunanuix 8 Torani. Tooxe mtexxo Myuten6pyxy Herp nopysnit u>- roronitrb mpuGopsr asim Akamtewinr nay. Meza npoSyior nenonsaonars 91ek TpHYeCTRO HS neseHCKOR Gasket At evel BORK anuedTon. QJMM axTanitcxNA spas mbIraeTex HocpeIcTDOM SueKTpiiect#s OXKBUT® TPym MopentenHoTo Mcxpa # monaua Jhosn mo6sr passaesenua. MI nefiqenckax Ganka npaxomknresbitoe Bpe- Ma miocme ce wso6peresita cny2eu1a mpemuerom zim pasnzesenuit. Onbirht c Melt nposommritce we TomSKO B RBopaTOpHAX, HO MB APHCTOKPATHMIECKHX 4 caonax, H Ha spMapxax. Muorute xoream Yauseth etlezaue astexxptecKo- ro yapa iL axe HenbrvaTe ero ua ceBe. Tau, re MuOrHe DHANT TOAKKO saGasmite ‘boxycht, iB6paHHLIM OTEPHIBAIOTCS Tall MPHpOsD. Kora nopoct» 0 stefetexof Gate, a 3a nell cama Sanka nocrurm Geperos Amepukit, fo sanmrepeconastea aqepmKancKRA yuertitt Bencoxanonn ®panxsum. On Hasmsiaer sxenepaMentuposath © aseKxpiiecrsoM. Ppast- AME OSastcHILT aelicrane efbtencKOM GanKH m NOCTpoRN nepBstl TuTocEH xousencarop. Dror KonzeNcaTop npescTaniat co6ol se MeratHvecKie tactumes, pavienemnte cxoemt crexsra. B 1750 r. @pankionm s06pen rpo- MooTH0a, Xoropssi npasuumnee Goino Gxt nasbinare MomucorBoaoM. Caycrs ‘pm rome @pamk.ms oxenepiMenTansHo OKAIAN, TO MOMIMHA ecTs O7eK- [TDNYeCKe ABLTeHMe, a SIeKTpHeCKAH HCKPA, BOSHEKAIOUIAS Nps SaMK AHH nacTHM KOMMeHCATOpa ECT MaLTeNKAA MOSM. ®panxann cosnact kaectnenuyio Teopiwo crarueckoro au1eKTpHYECTEa. ro ot nse yrorpeGenme raxwe rep, ax "nozoMUTembME m OTpH- uore.nutil snexrpsrvecxne sapssi”, "ontencatop”,”paspsin”... B reopait ‘Ppaukuma coxepacastcs MMH IS OCHOBHIX SaxoHDS SclexTpoMarHeTHSNA — 9aKoM coxpanemia szieKTpHecKOrO Sapsia. Duexrpurecrno p Cankr-Herep6ypre. Tlepputit a1extpomerp Benweu pycckut ysemsit Muxasia Bacuitsenns JToMowocon piec saxer- nor! nina Ro Amore O6.1aeTH HaykH. OrexrpHtectnS TAKE ENO OREM ua mpenseron ero sitsepecos. roft reste 6t:t8 noeaausena anceeprares Mat xaiua Bacntsepia non Hasbanuent "Teopia sektpivectsa, MareMarHse- cw puspenenuaa anzopom M. Jlowonoconsm”. Ht Gotta coamana Teopns arMocihepvoro Slekxpwsieema, corsiacko KoTapolt SslekTpHeckHe apsibi bosMuKaior 8 axmocdepe UpH TpeHllK BOCKONALLIX H HIICKONSINIEX HOZOKOB soaayxa. roll teopun mpuxepxNBaIOTCH H CoBPeMeNTEBTE YeHBE. Bo spestena JToouocosa xaSunerom chursmxn s Cankr-Ierep6yprexoh axasemum wayk saperonar ero spy Teopr Busnscense Paxwan. Ont 6st seraaackull newest, oxmi xa tex, Kone "AINMEA.NH” wo-38 FpauENSE 2 pa Gori » axanewun. B xa6unere ¢buaiks 6ii00 MHoro onexTpHeSKHX mpi Gopon, HeKoropsie 2 KOTOpEIX OLIN WaPOTOBMTeHE coanaTeTeM stetlAeHCKOA Sauku MywenSpyxout. Puxsat u Jlostouocos nposomiti pascimtsie OnE ¢ orm mpxGopax. Braroaaps Puxsany owexrpirveckie omsrris mpespa- Tuck B TO¥HYO HayKy. B 1752 r. o& w906pest svlekrpoMenp, HaBannl HM “onesrpmvcckim yxasatenew”. passa, Heianectuo 68tn0, Kako uMeHO venasinny wanepset ToT ykasarests. [pwGop mpencransi coGOM paco0- “xenmyo neprnkanouo xesTesnyI0 cmefigy, x epxnemy xowsy xozopott Gra npwessana memonas minh. Kora x suelike mpmkacamice aapsxemiimn 16reaoM, HET OFKONATAcE OF amsteHiK Ha HeKoTOpulll yrov. To suaxenuD store yraa Moxto 6HIT0 cysuT © UpHoGperaeMom sIMMefiKoM NovenuHaTe, xotopsrtt Torta Haauinan "9nextpusieckot cxoll”. Torn6 Paxman Bo Bpe- Mal rposns, xorsia off MpOBOMLA ONLITHL ¢ arMocibepHtiM aviekTpuecTBOM. Be- poxtHo, NpHINHOM CMepTH BATCH paspA WapoBOtl MomHMH. B 1756 r. wemenkat wane Opauu Qummyc, raxxe enyaxcnpuinll » Cans TlerepSyprexott akagewuu Hays, MocTpoKUI Bosstyuésifl KONIEHCATOP H OKA 381, ¥70 cTeK.0 B JefiAeHcKOM GaxiKe HIM B TlOcKoM KoueHcaTope @paK- amma we o6s1auaer CpollcTBOM HaKAMAUBATE 9vIeKPHYCCTBO, & HpOCTO HB:15- etca usonaropom. Ox Toxaal, 470 B KavecTse USONATOPA B KOHeHCOTOpe MouHo HCHOAEIOBATE H ApYTHe BeMlecTsA, B 1750 r. Sruuyc ony6mKowan paGory, 8 Kotopol onucast cxenyroutf onsit. Ecam x onoMy 13 KoHUOB 6ponsonolt suuetixn npuOsMsHTS HaosIeK- “TpHSOBANHylo CTEKAAHHY!O MAMOUKY HAM cepHEAlt INLIMAAP, TO Ha xTOM KONE “mmefixit nosmukaer srexTpHYeckiil 9apsl, sHax KOTOporo MPoTHBONO-OKeH SHaKy sapaia Ha NOIWOCHMOM Tesle, a Ha ApyTOM KoHUe BOSHMKNeT SapAT ‘roro ake saxa, Tlowemy Hanpsokenue usMepsior B pomBTax? B1TTS rp. wramsauckuh dpwamx Aneccanapo Bosra noerpowa upx6op, aspannialt uM ateKtpopopos. zo 6x10 svekrpwyeckam Mauna, B KO- ‘ropolt cossiasamiee ioepeacHOM penta H HAKANLIMBALTICE BeKTPHYECKHE sapaast, Caannnsn eran 8 910M upaGope Got ape mann. Opsta 2 cypry%a, @ apyran 3 Merasaa. Ipx spenun cypryta xowaubel! wxypolt pouexoniia ax svexxpusaunia. Hora sua sroro ucnomsonastt RY! omy. Sate sapaxeunual cyprys MoaxociLAM x Mera:-INNeCKoM TUK, na Xoropoft npx oToM MILIYHUpOBALINcs aa1eKtpHYeckne span. TIpnKocHo- enutem Mabie SKCHepIMeHTATOp CHNMALI ¢ MLIKTE SApAAK OIHOTO 3HAKA. Taxum oGpasou, mamta okasnpaacs sapmxeunow. Tlopropax sty mpoue- Aypy HecKONBKe pas, MoxWo 68110 NOKOMNTD Ha nMuTe sita‘HTeBHIH NO pemmunie siekrpuveciiR sapat, Qexrpodop caesar Bombry wapectit. pa nostouu sviexrpobopa m ycosepuencTBoBausioro HM 2:TeKTPoNeTpa Bosra acciezosa.t euxocta xonmenceropos. B 1778 r. on auies cooTHoue- ice, ceasbibatoutes eMKocTD, 2apsL M NOTEHING:T H9GAPOBAROTO EPOROAE- xa, 9ro Bosra ave a ynoxpeSmienne tepagia "uanpracenne” # mpesto%i21 cammuny wsaepeniia 9t0f nemusuubs, B wactosuice epems Nenomsyi0r py Tyo eminmuy Heupaxertis ~ goer, koTopas Hasna Tax 8 vecth BoosrH. 16 Saxon Kysona Co apenenem usMeiered ommouente nccrenonaTestelt K S1eKTpR'ECKHN. omsrzas, Onl yike He paccarpunaioren TosIBKO Kak saGabMise mB:1eHa HpH- posts. Quexxpueckue npuGopsi cranopaTcA Gostee Tovttantt t pasHlooSpas- anit, Toxsanetca ReoGxoxHMoct OT KavecrneHHBIX RCCTEOBARMI epe- ont i KosHeCTBEHREIN HOMEpCHIEIM 2.eKTPHMECKUX MesHIUHH Mt YCTAHO- eHmo cBASBIBAIOUIAX IX MaTeMBTHNeCKHX CooTHoMeHi, BosKUKANOT Kave- CcTnenbe Teopmu s1extpicieckux sparen, B Hactomutee spema or# zeopmt norepaaw scaxyio uenoct», Oawako B cBoe BpeMm MHoTMe 3 HHX HOME onpeltesieniice SHateHte, TAK KAK YxasBInAMK HYAHOE Hanpaniente HeCAe- snosaat. B 1761 r. s Cauwr-Merep6ypre 6si1a ony6nmxonatta paGora Suutyca "Te- opts suexzpuaectsa i MarneTma” , » KOTOPoft oH BuicKEsa MpennOOKe- hae, 470 ciu1a nsamMoneficrais ByX HeGosIbINNX SapaAEEEX Test MponOp- Motabua npowssesienmo Hx Sapsiios M oBpanifo MPonOpHNOKA:tLika KBANpA- Ty pacctossKa MexAY HIME. B 17847. panuyackut noenmutt mnxcexep Mapas Orioct Kysnom aanep- ms cack WeeslenosaHa CH1, BoSMMKaIOMUEX MpH saxpysassunN wT. Ox yorantonut, 470 cia F 3akpYSWRAHNS MHTH 3ABNCHT OT BEMECTEA, 13 KOTO- oro ustorosewa HNTB, To ova MPsMo MponoptinoNeTbKA yrAy y SAKPY UE atti WiETK YeTBepTOM creme ee aNaMeTpA H OGparHo MporoptMoHarTsHa sunme [rate patie ‘2ro orxpsrtwe npuseto Kysiona x HonoMy OeMS TOYHOMY MeTOAY wMepeHaL cua mocpencTBoM cpaBHeHHs wx ¢ cHLIOM, KOTOPAR BOSITNKAT pH 3aKPYH- vawus suru, Kynon nocrpoun mpn6op saa wsMepetst cit, HasBaMiiAit UM kpyrumsusiom pecan, Citaasta of ucnosis30pas aToT MpKGop Ala WsMepe- ‘ina CMT TpeHNs MeKay THePAAIMM TesASAL H XWIKOCTAMIL. B 1785 r. mpm nomoumt xpyriuismanx secos Kyou oTKpsin ocHosHof 9a- Koll 9:tekTpOCTaTHKH, COmacHo KOTOPOMY cis1a BaamMoneHiCTBHA ABYX He- Gomenimx Sapazoe MponopuNOMaNbHA Hx BesIMMHAN K OGpaTHO MpOTOpIN- Haba KBasipary pacctosuua Mexay Mint. Tenep Kak OMY MPILTEKHOMY UKONBHNKY sHaxoma dopmysia =p LQG Pete Hlo-seaumony, sro Guna nepnag opmysta, Jamucannas B TeopMo a:1eKTpO- WTeppsiti ncrounux amexrpuecxoro ToKa B 17801. wransancenft nporbeccop axaroman Jywnkn Panbnan, way4as Ctpoetine nepsiolt exeTeM npentapmponannoft naryurku, cay talluo saMeraL, ‘ro nlox zeflerswem paspauta sitextpiveckol MamlAii MpontexonaT cyopox- MMe coKpalenHus NanoK Geguolt aaryurks. Hoamiee zakcxxe cayuattno acts Bane OGtapyAHN, TO COKPAMICHHA MBI AAFYuNKH MpOMCXORAT, KOTAK Mepnmsi OXOHUAHKAM EpMKACaIOTCR AByMA PaSHOPOAMBIMH MeTAM-TANIE, CO- quien pyr c xpyrow. Tax xax pasiee coxpaneHiit MEIUUL HaBmIOA- alc uM mH aTexrpuveckost paspaste, TanbBaHl MpHEN K BUIBOAY, ITO TUX OMBITAX OM TaKKe Meer eN0 ¢ aseKTpHeCTHOM. HI oH He oumNca, Ontaxo on oum6oxno nomaras, “TO HCTONHMKOM suIeKTpH'eCTHA sB:LeTCR opranuas xxusotuoro. Toxpatoce aaxe TaKce Maspanute ":KUBOTHOE 2.1eK- ‘puvectso”. To pesyinsraram cnoux onsinop Pamtbnann nanuca.n xpaxcrar "06 9nexTpuveckMx cHTaX B MYCKyTaXx”. Aneccanapo Bosra, nposwran rpaxrax Tappan, pela nostopirs ero onset. Bombra o6parita bumMarwe Ha yowany'Eti 6 Tpakraxe (ax7, TO noxepripanie zanok AAryunKH MpoHCKOEIO TONBKO TOMA, Kora K HAM Mp RacaTHch MByMA pasTiHboMM MeTasUIANH. TO HaBesIO e7O Ha MICE, TO MpHHHa BOSMKMOBeHMA steKTPHYECTBA 3aKIIOYEHA ROBCE He B MYCKYIIAX Alaryurkm, a pasHopoanocTH Merazvtos. Ilo ero MueHMO, JtTylIKA catyAH- na ctw wezMEaTopoM s1TeKTpHYECTRA, Bowsta npwcrynaer x saiyManHesM OnKITaM ¢ oveHb Mazof Manekxol 1a Youex: TaKWM weBepoRTHEM KasAICK eMy OxWaeMEIH peaystbTaT. Onl Ge- Per Jie MoneTH #3 pasMIX MeTANIOB H KaaeT HX ceBe B por ~ oAHY OL YSBIK, 8 ZpYTY10 ~ Ha ASBIK, COesMAAIET MONET MPoRoNONKoMl w OMY AeT bo pry siakoMnill nkyc amexrpuvectsa ~ TOT cautsitl BKYC, KOTOPHill OI sHLO- ro pas omyutan, paGoraa c maumHol Tepuxe 11H co cBOKKE 3cleKTpOdopoM. DIO BKYC MOAHO NOYYCTEOBATS, NPHKOCHYBIINCH HISIKOM K ABYM KORTAK- ‘ram Garapetixn. Cymecrnenmunen » ommirax Bossa 6410 70, 0 Bkyc 8:1eK- ‘TpHecTBa OMYULAICA BCe Bema, MOKA coeTINeNNte MpOROTOUKOH Moser eam BO PTY, & Me KPATKOBpeMeHHO, KaK 8 OMBITAX ¢ MantMHOR TepHKe utexporpopom. Baoxnossenmll ycneumnn pesyaibrarann cpomx ommtos, Boxbra 130° Gperaer neppiit! wcTO“HUK suleKTpHYecKorO TOKA, KOTOPEM CTATH HASbIRATS “ponsos croa6”. Boasra cnoxkit a cronGux Goree era {uHKOBEIX M cepe- Opamubix Kpyxko¥Kos (cHavasta 970 OMI MoHeTEt), NPOTOAUB Mem:ty HH Mat Gyary, cMovemyio nogcosien¥olt nosiofl. 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NOWTY IH 'B cBOe pactopsmkeRWle HCTONMEKK NocTOsHHOrO TOKa, KoTopHifl Tora HaSbI- BAH ratbpamnveckno suextpiiectnom. Hso6petewna Bombra 6st 10 s10- crouneTBy ovetth Buicoxo ouleHents ero coppemesmuxanen. C wunH stHoTo 9KC- nepumewsuponat, Cryer Hexotopoe spea GLH OTKPHTHI XUMHNECKOE, ‘reMionoe MarHHTHOe eNCTBHA 9.1eKTPHIECKOTO TOKA, Quexrpusectso u Hanoseon B nocaepenomomtontol @paxiyn snepnne B MEpE NOABHANIEL y~eNDIe- npospeccona:te, r1aBHBIM SaHtTHEM KOTOPHIX ObLTa HaY"HTaM ReATEMTBHOCTS, 4 Me mpenonasaiwe n uikomax w yaunepewterax, Hanomeox Bouanapt — mumeparop Ppanyus ~ Grist noxposwreem yuenscx, Bo mpeena ero mpa- BileHuA Haysite HOCTIPKEHRS NOOMIPALINCS, TaaHTAMBH y'eMBIe WeCTHOBA- ch, ocbitacntch 6ularasnt # Harpasian, Sa sbaarouutecn Hays paBorht YHeMHIM jaxce NpHcHaMAsINC® 280PANCKHE sans. 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Kora mexay wapuxayn nuSparopa comasasiack uckpa, cpasy xe MExy ‘urapixasew pesonaTopa SaMeMasiHes cslaGt¥e HeKOPKH. Dro sxeKTpOMArHIET- Be BOAMB Teperloci.nu SeKTpHMECKRA MMMYARe Yepes MpoCTpAHCTSO OF suGparopa x pesottatopy. Tepy poset anoro akcuiepunentos 2extpo- MarsiTHEnM BonuaMM. Ox HaGsuoas orpaxerue BoM, Hx mpesoMmenne, unrepdepermno m ronxpxsauiuo, Hsaepw cxopocrs smexrpomarmunatix ost # JoKasam, "70 oa paBna ckopocTH ceTa. Oxcrepunerrar Pepa y6e- _aiLTesibilo eRAeTeNECTHORATH B TloTBsy Teopun MaKcBe-l7a m onpoBeprasik “pyre reopau anexrpomarnerusma. Hetepecio samerurs, «ro Tepit - e- ‘loBex, OTxpsisunih svlektpoMarmuT#bte BON, ~ Geist ysepeH BUX MpakTH- ecko neupuroamocta, On slaxe Hamicast michMo B jIpesiexcxyi0 Masary XoMMepUH o HeOBXONAMOCTH SampeT#T» Mcc.TeNOBAHHA Qu1eKTPOMArHHTHEAX BoE ¥a-3a wx GecnosIesHOCTH. Mone 4 wacruusr. Uactaua nam posna OcHopanne nonsruem KstaccueckOll Mexaumxn apsiaerca MatepiaHas ‘rouKa, Bro eet Teo, KoTOpoe uMeeT Maccy, HO He Meer pasmepon. 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[o- _ABIIAC BOSMOKMOCTH OOMACHATE K mpesicKasbiBaTh paszumnEte cpuswTecK He aysientna m npexionpexenatr» pasnoo6paomsre cpoflcTBa BeuLecTRa. 24 K navaay XX. qusuxa aoctura vaxux yowexon, #10 B yaax mexo- YophIX caMoySepeHHBIX LIM AOREPUBLIX MpesCFABIETe-TeM MHBILIHESORANHOTO oGeerBa BOSHMK:Ia HLIIOOHS HpesMepHOro MOTyIIeECTBA Ye:TOBeYeCKOTO pa aya, Ha Topxxecrsemmsrx coBpaMiiax aBy'a.TH TAME C7OBA: Ha "HCTOM #262 saneplennoll Teoperateckolk ¥SHKH MOKHO YRILIeTH TONBKO JIB WK TPH neGomunnx o620%Ka. Kasacioce, ero B d¥sHKe He ocTaOcH HepeMleHtHBDX nnpoBsrons, @ uaceores TO:LKO WeeKOsLS NACTHLIX BOMPOCOB, KOTOPKIE BOT BOT nattayr cnoe pewenute. Ho oxasatoce, 10 aerkHe O6ntauKa Ha. IHCTOM HeGe tupuniceamt 6ypio, KoTOpAA cHLABKO HaMeHHLIa MpesCTaBLIeHLIs O CrpoeHNE Ma- repiit, Okasadiocs, 0 sslekEpoMariurTuoe HD.ryteme mors c:teayer pace ‘MATpHBATE He KAK COBOKYTHOCTS SOAK, a KAK cOBOKynHOcTS wacTwH. SH SacTimgs Haase (POTOHAMN, RAM KBAHTAMH IGaIyseHMNa. Oxasatoce, 410 suekTpon iors nexeT ceGa Tax, KaK GyRTO OH He waCTIMA, a noma, rH npecrasstenua o cpoficreax novell MacTIN erm» ocHoBy Kono HayxH, Koropyio Haspann xnasrrosoft hirKoR. Yaaua conyrersyer Tpynou06u10, Ho He 970 ~ re1aBHoe Kero aenaer orxpsrrua? Kzo ~ re "evactammyuxn”, Kotopsin goctaerea pagoct conepumt® orkparrue? Boe on ~ neumkue TpyxexnmKH. “acto Guinaito TaK, 470 MHOTOMeTAMe TpyaSI H MBICAHE yXeHOTO MpHBOAMTH €TO HO. nopor orxpsirua. Ho sto orkpnTHe conepmatoch Yb panthile apyTHMt, 6o- nee YARSLINBLIM Y*teHIM. Caywasiock TaK, ¥To KaKoe-s1N60 HsOGpeTeNHMe MAK OTKpBITHe AesTasiocb B pasKioe Bpems pasamumsiun yuensima. Ipuem mpx- HCIBAIOC 210 seaIlHe WacTO COBCEM He TOMY OTKpHBATEsTO, KOTOpBiHl Obi LhepBBIM LIM SaTpATILT Ha eTO cBepulenue Gomme TPYAA, CpECTB, Ny WeBHBIX cow Ma, Tlocpexcraom es1oneveckoro pasyma TIpxpona nosiaer camoe cea. C oroll TOUKM SpeuM He TAK YX BAKHO, Me HOU HOCHT TOT HIM MHOfl 3aKOH Mpupoxus, Basxno, 70 970r saxon oTEpHIT. IIpagia, ecre aiemne, 70 a KollLi Mpupoah He oTkpainaiorcs, a aaores » aap. Hayxa « mpousperenna NekyccTMA ~ ocHoRHte COCTARIAONUMC KYSISTYPM ~ 970 EIMHCTHEHAEIE eH hoctit, cossianiniie YestonevecrnoM 2a Rce eka ero eyulecrBonanus. EcTb ene ayxostiie weamocta, Ho 0 1X son Tak YacTo SABuIBAIOT, B otoft Kure OTMeeHEL TOABKO OCHODUBIE BexK PasBHTTHs MayKH OG 9:TeK- puvectse MarneT#aMe. YiloMsnyTH TOABKO caMBIe HIBECTHBIe KMeWa It caubie oasurTenbabie ovkpiiTHsl. Ho penHNecTBenHCe K upeKpacuoe saMue, aguIBaeMoe S71ekrpOMArHerIFoM, HOCTPOCHO He TONDKO TPYABAUE BeLTHKHX Yawumimuix yuenux, Muorue w uiorne Tpy2eHtMKH Naykut, uMeNs KOTOPHEX MAJIOMSBeCTHM LIM COBCEM He HORECTHRL, BIOKHIM YaCTb cBOeTO TPYAA It raanrra 8 CrpouTenberso sToro swaHMA.YACTb 1 SJIEKTPUUECTBO THABA 1 MOCTOAHHOE 3JIEKTPHYECKOE MOVIE B BAKYYME 1.1, Sako# coxpavenna sapaza Oanolt us xapawrepucrmx s7eMewTapHbIx 4acTHUL CAYAUT 9TeKTPHYECKHA sapay. Cyuectsyior pa BHAA suekTpHYecKEX Sapanos. I[IpsnAto omit SapaIM HASHBATS TOAOKHTETBHBIMI, a ApyrWe ~ oxpuutaretoMEINN. Sa- pi sementapnoft Yactiniua Moxer Onn pasen 0, +e wm —e. Benmamna ¢ = 1, 602-10-}? Ka eorb ax nasmpaesil sucsenmapurct aackmpurecrutl sapad. Ecny sapaz tacrinih paBed #y20, 70 ee wastinator westrpactbucft. B npormenone cay'ae TacrHuy HaaKnaioT sapwoxentiott. Hanpumep, ovteKTpoH e€~ cawTaetea OTpitarensHo sapsoxettitolt seMenTapnoll vacruuefl: ero 98- pan panen —. B coczap arommoro anpa BxonaT avieMexrapibte wactilis, Haspipaesbie HyKaoxama, K HyKsowaM oTdocaTcA upoToust Heltrpors. Tiporon p uneet sapax +e. Heltrpox n apagezca weltrpanswol vacramell. ‘Taxa o6pasom, aipo aroma meer nonoxuremsunill saps +Ze, rae Z — umes10 conepxaulbixca B HeM MpoTOHOD. "ATOM cOCTORT 19 QRHOTO Apa K HECKONDKHX BpAULAIOUINIXCA BOKPYT He~ ro amexrpowos. Meno svektporion B arome paswo sucay Z mpoToHon B ape. Tlo onpeerenmio aapad cucmesim vacmuy pasen aseeOpauvecxot cyst ie aaexmpureckuz sapadoe amuz sacmuy, TlostoMy avon» 110M saBARETCH neftrpaabusia. B nexoropsix cayyaax mpm crosikHosenut aroma A ¢ Kaxof1i60 apyrofl nacrunet B (gto Moxer OsiTb, Hamputep, oaekTport, ¢borow wm apyroft aro) Of aroMa MOryT OTLeANTBEA OM HH HecKOMIBKO (n) BteXTPOHOS, Brot npouecc HasmisaeteR wonusayued aroma. OGpasonapityiocs mpi 970M NacTMUy HasBIBaioT ROAoNCUMeADNDIM UONOM, HI N-KPATHO KONMSOBARELIM. aromom. Sapa nomomurenbHoro HoHa pases +ne. Hanpmnep, mpw orpaise ‘or aroma A oxmoro a:iexrpoita e~ oGpasyerca nox A* © sapsmiom +e: APB At +e +B. 26 Tipu cromknopemm wona At ¢ seKtpoHloM ¢~ MoxeT sHoB» o6pasoBaTEcH netixpaznbineal arom: At Hed Dror mponece uasbinaerca penomBunayuedt Vuworaa weftepasisiiatl atom Moxer saxparurs ssiextpox. Ips sros o6pa- ayerca Yacrumla A~, Massisaenan orpuuaretbitin oHoN Ate aay. “TlroGoe reno (cucrenma YacTHm peutecTBa) COCTONT B OCHOBHOM 19 aTOMOB, nonon m ozxenbunx anextponos. Ilootosy sstextpHrieckuit sapAa. Tes1a pasen cyMMe sapaioB WoHon m omektponos. Eean p 370K cymme Gyaer mpeo6aa- Jlats aps NoNOMTeNbHEX HOHOB, TO SapA Tea Gy.ieT HONOR UTE. Ecam 2ke eysmapmutt 2apan oxpulaTesIbusix HonDR OTAe ABH 9.TeKTPOHO Gyner no BeAHYHHe Gonsine Saps4IA NONOKWTEBHBX KONOR, TO Tem BysteT apmxeno oxpuaTetbHo Bxoaauute 8 cocras paccmarpinacmoit cHcTeMb NACTHULE MoryT aKTHIBHO nsamuoreftcTnonarh Mex.ty coGoll. Cuescranem oTmx BoaMMomtefterBRR Mo- fy? GBT XHMIIYecKHe peaKWMH, HOMNSAILIA, PexOMOMHaNA I sIpyrMe mpo- Uecett, B pesysabTATe KOIOPHX NoMeNeTCA CocTaB acral. DateMeHTapuste ‘wacriiua yuacrByior & mpoueccax HIANMOTO Mpespauienu onNMX ACTIN R apyrue. Hanpusep, éboros ssicoxolt sueprun (7-xeaurr) » ssiekpu4eckot luone atomHoro stapA iI 81eKTpOHA MOKET MpeBparHTecH cpasy B ABE 32- ponkenubte NactHUB: 9seKTpon €~ x nosixpon e+ (sapaz nosmrpora panen +e). Dior upoulecc Hasninalor pox/ReNMeM STeKTporIHO-NOSHTPoMHOM mapat uM yenonno samieisaror Tax: XtyoXte tet Tipx cronkioneni oeKrpowa x WosHpoHs IpOMCXOANT HX BSAMMMHOE yauI- sroxeuse (aHimrustauus) m OGpasovanute apyx 7-KBanron: eo tetyty Tipm nommanim, pexomGuma10r, pox.tenim ut axicirnasms 3:1eKTpoHO- NosirponHOR apes, 2 TaKXKe, KAK MOKaSHIBAeT OMT, HB NOG sApyTHK oneMeHnapunix Npoweccax BHILOAHRETER IaNOM COZpANENUA saexmpuvecko20 sapada, cornacso KoropoMy oma (cysouapueth) sapaz act, Bory TAN uurx Bo BoamNoxeReTEHe, PaBeH Sapmly WaCTH, OBpasOBABLINXCH B pesyiti- rare storo psaunoaellerBit. CnereMa uastinsezea aaexmpuvecku wsoauposanvot, ecmM epes t0Bepx- woct®, Kotopaa ee orpaHusinsses, Ne NepesiocaTe SapaxeHme YaCTIE. 7Caegeronent saxona coxpasienn sapaa svemetTapuBix mponeccax sB:18- ees 3axoM copanenut 2apsda SACKTPHECKH HSOAMPOBANTON CHCTENU: NO-- at Sapam Q a1eKTpHYeCKH HO.HPOBAHHOR CHeTEMBI CO BpeMeHEM HE Ho meunerca. B cncreMe Mory? mporexarh pasate mponece ¢ yyacrHes sapsoxemmx wacran. OTH acTHIDI MOFYT fepeMeularbex B HpoCTpaNcTBe non aeHicrenest pasamsiscx cin. Ho, eco cucTeMa mBIaeTCH S1eKTPHIECKH ‘somposantioll, 70 6e sapastco BpemeneM ue MsMenAerCst Le=rgy, (13) rae Q; Qf - sapaus: sacrim, pxonmummx » coctan cHcTeMBr B paszmmBe MoMeHT BPEMEKI ty K tz Enumimelt sapsaa s CH eayxurr xyaon ( Ka). Ora enummna sispaxaercs ‘epes exMNMUY CHB TOKA awvnep H ceKYHAY, KOTOPKE ABAMOTCR OCHOBELIME Cl [Q Sapsoxenmbie wactuubi cosmaor » mpocrpaxeTse Boxpyr ce6a ocoBtalt IL matepunt ~ avtextpieckoe noe. Tocpexcrsom ®toro novia sapaani Bsa MonefictayIor pyr ¢ Mpyrom. SaeKtpHecKoe nome, comanaeMce o”HHM ‘SapanoM Hamm CHCTEMOM 3aps10B, MOKHO OOWApYAHTS Mo ero NeRCTAHO HO pyro apt, Koropui Hassipaior npoOusis Paanea chaoui, B KOTOPOM MpesIMeTOM Hoye sIBIeTCA CognADAC- Moe HETOMDIDKHDINH SapsuIAMH MOCTOMHOE SueKTpHYECKOE NOMe, HaSHIBA- cerca sacrmpocmamuxot. 1.2. Bsaumonelicrnue apyx Towewnbix sapazoa ‘Tor dhaxr, «10 Teo necer » ce6e nex rpwneckwit saps, Mower Burr 06- MapyxeH, ecTM K 9TOMY Tey MOMMeCTH Apyroe SapmxeHHCe Teo. OnsIT ToKASIBAeT, NTO OAMONMENHBIe 9API-IN OTTATKUBAIOTCR, A PASHOHMEHMAIE npitarmeaiores pyr x apyry, HaxGonee upocto onacnipaeres nsamcoell- crewe mexay asyna towewnsin sapaiaamt. Tovexnien oapxdos nasnaior Sapmaxetntioe Teo, pasMepaMn KoTOpoTO MOXKHO Mpete6pe%b Mo CpaBKieMto C PACCTORRHeM 0 ZpyTHX SapAReMIAX Te. Pacemorpin spa Tovewnbix sapaa Qi Qo, NonoxeHHa KOTOPEN B Mpo- pares sappy werropeael®, ax 7, (pee. 11). yes Fi ect» cutna, ¢ Koropolt sapaa Qe nelicrayer na sapag Qi, a Py; — cna, nett croyrouas na capa Qa co cropontt sapan Q;, Turarembubie nsmepeni, nponentensie Kysioxou, Asnepow 1 upyrunM HccsedOBaTesIANH, MORASS, ‘ero ciiia psamvoreltevEMa Sepaiion MpomopHonaTbHAa DEANE STHX 9p {20 m o6pexHo uponopusoua-tbua KBaupaTy PaccTORMMEA MeXAY HANH. J107 ‘AKON Hoc Magpantte Jaxon Kyaowa, Mavenariteckin Bixpaxenien 970- 28 ro oaxona sensiores opaynst Foe BO fF _ Uae 12 Fu me, RS’ 1 Greg RS! ey wae Re=h-h, R-sonysm neropa FR, ne. paccroanue mexay sapasianis; Eo = 8, 854-1071? Ka? HE um? ‘Tak HagbBaeMad 9aeNmpuxeckad nocmosnnad, HIM JustexmpenecKas npo- nuyaemocms eaxyy.ta. Puc. 1.1. K Gopayaupoase aaxona Kyaona Hs skcnepumenTasbHbIx 1aHHEIX B MovHOM cooTBeTcTBHH c dopmystot (1.1) eaeayer, ro: 1) cums ssaunonetcrons 3apsxop YAORsIETROpAIOT Tpe- swewy saxony Hoiorowa; 2) extopet anu cnt Kesiumeapm nextopy Fe anpanenti nxom suman, coeamumoutet sapaxbt; 3) mony cx o6psrn0 Npouopunowasausi keaapaty paccToamua R wexcay sapsxana Fole|Ful=l@a2l \Fal=|Fal= 723. (1s) Momno moxasars, 10 xyowoncxme cust (1.1) apamores Koncepsatie- tion, & cooTsercrayiouta i nOTeMUIaciMaM sHeprix ssanNozetleTBIEA ox To¥eNMEX sapazoR Q:Q2 4reoR a4) 291.3. Saxon Kyaoua u npuauun cynepnosaman Paccmorpunt renleps cuctemy 43 N tosewnux sapssios Qj, me Komep 3a paaa i=1,2,3,..., N. Haftaem cuay, ¢ kotopoft sa cucrema xefferayer na npobunil roveuktull saps g, nomeuienus m mposnomsnyro ToKy P npo- cerpasterna, Tlyers #% « # ~ panuye-nexrops: sapaitos Q; mg coorserctsexHo (puc. 1.2). To saxony Kyzoua ua sapan q co croponta sapana Q, xefterayer cnas Fa OR 15) Fiz foe (18) oe R=t-% ~ sexrop, coemmmmoumtt sapams Qi mq; Ri ~ Momyab wextopa Ry, te. Pacerommte Mexkay 9tuNi sapaaant; R= |F- | = Ve — as +0 - WP + - AP (1.6) Puc. 1.2. Cua, ¢ xomopoit supad Qj Getemsyem na npoGuwtt sapad q Kanes saps cicrewnt zelicrayer 4a upoOreit saps c wexoropol cH.oft (puc, 1.3). Bestop cam F’, ¢ Kotopolt nea cuctema sapazios selterayer Ha apna qy Paver bexropHol cYMMe KY:NOHOBCKIX Cx, eNCTEYIOUNIX Ha 9TOT ‘apaa co eoponis KaxuHOrO HO 2apsiton Q; eMeTeNst: (7) 30 Yeo yinepacseue HOCH HadKaNHe apunyuna cynepnosuyue, Puc. 1.8. K gopayaupooxe npunyuna cynepnosuyun, 1.4, Hanpsxennocre saexrpuyeckoro mona Tipu uaysemm ssaunoseftcrona suiexrpieckix 9apszi08 osmKaeT no- nipoc, Kaxut o6pason 970 RauMoselicreMe ocymecTaaseTca, KaK OMAN 3a- pam Moxer efleruowarh na apyrofl, KOTAA MEXAY MHAOE Her HICYEIO, KPOME uyctoro” poctpawerBa, Onur noxasisnaer, "10 pH WaMleHENHN NosloxeMUS OaKorO HS SapAOB ‘wytolt "nouwysernyer” 220 uaMeneMHe He MHOSeRO, @ ZIM cnyCTA He- kotopoe Bpesot, Dror cbakr HaBoANT Ha MIC, TO cymecrayer "HeHTO”, hocpexcruoM ero Sapsyibi Bsainwoselicrayior, M970 "WewTo” pacmpoctpa- \hietea w mpoczpaucrse © Hexoropolt cxopoctsi. ro "uewTo” wasBiBAloT vaexmpureckiiat noacat, Qaekrpideckoe none ect ocoGwitt BA MaTepHt, nepestaiouutl vepes mpocrpaxtcrso noonelleTBMe oaNoro sapana Ha 1pytofl aewTpiteckKoe Noe aBLideTeA HeWsMeHKNM CHYTHHXOM KAXCIOTO 201eXTPN- ‘yeexoro sapaa. [poctpancrso soxpyr sapraxenoll iacrHUsi "sauoztHeHo” Swiekrpitecknot Howtem, KoTOPoE OKPY>KAeT ee, KaK opeot. [Ipyrunar e7oBa- ut, sapaacemine WACTHIDE COOTAIOT SOKPYT c#6M svieKrpHYecKoe nose. Cy- HiTh 0 HAAMUHH uIEKTPHYECKOFO HOM B HANNON TONKe NPocTpaHcTBS MomHO tnxo no ToA citte, ¢ KoTOpoM rose AeHleTaYeT Ha OMEMIeIMLAM B 2Ty TOSKY potnat aap g epetiaent tenieph siazextatitecxoMy oniicanito Ssexrpiueckoro mo: JLia store citavana asia na onpeneteHna wa MareMATHeCKOR TeopH ttoan, Hyer p Kaxkdof TowKe mpoczpaxcrba 9ajlaNa cxanspHas pemeaita f. B atom caysae rovopar, ‘0 saaakio cxazispxioe rosie. Habis ¢108a- Mit, cKampHoe nome ects ckanapHas ynxuna f = {(#) paauye-nextopa F npowssomsuoh towKH P npectpasieraa. Aviasorwsso BexTopHoe none @ 31cor pextopuas yukuus 7 = G(#) paruyc-nextopa #, ne. nexzopuoe nome cmtaerea sagaintM, ecm 8 KaxLIOll ToWKe npoctpatieTBa samait BexTOp @. Tons f= f(#) ud =a(F) naasinmores nocmasrnuun, ecm semana f 1 @ ue sasucat ot mpenten. Toxcrasus stipaxenne sas cnn (1.5) B opsryay (1.7), salient, 20 cata, c koropolt mpoxssonsman cucTema sapazos Q, xellerayer na mpoGubt sapau g, HloMeutermn# » TosKy mpoctpaxcrsa P(#), =D tee a8) Bestop ee a) F@=F a9) maspinacteR Nanpasicenkocmbr suexzpusieckoro noax B To“Ke P(#). Co- rnacko stomy onpesiesewmio nextop B ects custa, ¢ Koropoit sxexrpieckoe howe neflcrayer He exIMMINEIM NOTOKNTe:tbiB Sapa, HOMEWERKGAT 9 TOS xy P(#), Bextopuoe none F=F() ocylitecrBageT MazeMarieckoe onucanue aviekxpaieckoro 10:1. Ws oupezenemta (1.9) x saxowa Kyaona (1.5) cxeayer, ro nanpsoxen- oct ssieKrpsieckoro nlons TowewHtoro sapaza Qs QR 1.19 ane. Rp (ug) Pasaean enay (1.8) a span ¢, nonysm pasewerso aay koropoe suipaxaer coGoll mpunyun cynepnosuyun (c1oxenms) 21eKTpHe- ‘CKHX Mose: HalIpsEKeHHOCTR aeKTpHHeCKOTO MOA CIICTEMBE SAPAOB B IPO msBosIbHOft ToaKe P npocrpalicrba pasua BexTopHOl cyMMe Hanp=mxKenHOCTe! SneKTpHYECKHX HOVIeM, COMIARAMBIX KOXKARIM 3APAIOM CHCTEMEL B OTZEIE- 32 1.5. Tlorenmman anexrpuyeckore not Hyctm sanano cxastapnoe nove f = f(#). Bextop, aexaptosss xoopmuna- 1a KoToporo paBHBt MpousBosHtEIM of 8B oF or’ By’ ae? uaonsaior epaduenmoa yneumn f = f(#) m oSosnavavor grad f, nam Vf: Of, Of =, Fe wend f= V/= Seid I+ GE, (1.12) mae 7, j, F - emumnese opts, onpestesiaiouime Hanpastenne KoopaMaTiEix ocelt 8 suiGpartoft nexapTopolt cucTeme xoopaumar, capon V (na6sa) o60- suagaer simettuaitt oneparop, onpememtsensilt cbopaty.nofl +2742 oy? ae oe Bexropuoe none cum F = F'(#), sefterayiomen wa neKoropywo ¥a- rH, HaSIBAIOT KoNcEepaAMUENOLM, eCsTH cYUeCTBYeT cKaApHAR YHKUKA U =U(#) raxaa, 110 F = - gradu (1.3) pu ovom cbymxme 7 Toxaxxem, ro cicta (1.5), € Kotopol roves sapa Q, mellerayer Ha npoStt saps g, sRseTCR KoHCepRATHBHOR, [IIH 3TOrO MpesIMOMIOAHM, TO NoreHMa.neHas sHeprHst ssanMoxelicTANA xByx SapAOD Qi Hq onpesenAeT- en chopmy.roit IQ Gre, Ri Buster cpannenr stot dyuxuwn. Hex # suay sasucwmocts (1.6), ne~ ‘TpyaHO Mposeputh, 4To YaCTHAs npowsBorNas a(t )e- ae Re) ~~ RF Anasormmo purmicamores “actusie MPoRSBOREEIE no y wz, C yweTos oTHx dbopneyst rostysi papenterso 1(#) nasninaior nomenyuaannot snepewell 4acrK- uF) (44) = and th = OE =F (1:15) daw 33“Taxwne o6pasoM, 0KABaNO, HO KyZOHORCKOS CHLIOBOE HONE ABAETER KON cepoarusnnikt, a TOTERMNAILHAR SReprHs wsaMMOTeRCTBAA ABYX TOMENMEN Sapaizos onpexenaeres ¢bopmyston (1.14) Tipeo6pasyem upanyio ~iacth panencrha (1.7), koropoe suipaxaer cobolt npnmum cynepnosmenn, npx nostoust spopmyase (1.15): F =D R=- > edi =- grad (1.16) Beawania U(#) =O UF) (1.17) crm nomenyaabnan ouepeus eoaustodeemous Toveroro saps g ¢ CHETE- oR sapacios Q;. Tentep» papeucrs0 (1.16) mpmmusiaer nua (1.13). Ho eroro MoxKEO sax10unTb, 170 cxsia F’(#), ¢ Koropol mpousnonbiaa cKcTeMa Me TOMBIKHBIX sapacion zelfcTBYeT Ha MipoOkul SapAA ¢, NoMeuLeNM m TORY P(#), seaserca KonceppaTHBHoh Ceanapnas dynxtut oF) = oe (1.18) nagbmaeres aomenyuaaea ssextpmieckoro Rona, Tlorennia.s ne sasncat or nesmnnst mpo6woro sapaza g. Duauvecknl cater novesusara: ¢(F) — Snepras nsamyonefterDiA exuHTHOTO MosoxuTemBHOTO SAPRAN, MAXORAIe- roca» TowKe P(7), c cucreMolt 2apaion, cosmatoiiix sutexrpm¥eckoe nos. ‘Gamerus, ito contacto opaysiaa (1.14) w (1.17) norenusasoman oxep~ rt onpenestena Tax, stro mpi Crpenttennit pacetonminl! Ry Mexay 2apAA0m g sapsutann Qj x Geckowemocti noTenuambHaM aepris CEpeMuTeH x Hy- muo, Tlosromy norexnna y Ha Gombunx pACcTORNNSX OT CHCTEMBE SApMAIOD Jnonmen, noobie ronops, OBpaltareca B HY1. Enuiiuelt norenurana » CH snseren noses (B ): [yp] = B= Moe/ Ka. Tlo onpenestenmo (1.18) noremura noza, cosaanaemoro TowewmM 8apA- stom Qi, Synet (1.19) CP) = Tees Re Tlogexanne cymay (1.17) » bopmyay (1.18), ¢ yserou (1.19) nomysm pasen- =D wl), (1.20) cy kovopoe Tanke Bkipaxkaer npHAIUIN cynepnostum sclekTpuNeckiX Howell is onpenenenit (1.9) w (1.18) caeayer, 10 FoaF « U=a (a2y Hoacrasus 91 piipaxenua B pasencrso (1.13), putes x coorwoureniHo e grad y, (1.22) kovopoe yerananmnaen cnsiab MEXAY BYES XapAkTepMCTHKAMH 2eKEpHNE- Koro noua ~ HoTeRUMAIOM H HanpsXeRNOcTBIO novia. BexTopHioe panencTBo (1.22) skpusanentHo cucTeme mpex ckamapuBix pasencTs rae Ee, Ey w B, ~ xoopmmarss serropa E” wanpmxeniocts suexrpwiecxore Conacio ‘popmy:nam (1.28) exmona wssepent waupsicexnocs ® CTT [E]=B/™. Tiycre saaano nexzopuoe none @ = (7). Berrop, ofoanavacseut rot a, xovopsst» aekapronoltcicteMe Kopitar onpexenaercn dopmy.zol 535 Va=| oe \T za (O02 _ 902) 7, (Bay _ ae ) i+ (Be) 3+ (Ge E) E29 uungntnaerea pomopos nexropa a. Herpyamo noxasar® ToxMeCTBO rot grad f= 0 (1.25) ue f = f(F) ~ npowsposistoe exanapace nose. Byaem cutrars roxsectse (1.25) cxazapioe ose noTemmutatoM 371eK- tpuecxoro noma: f = y. Toma, yurrsinaa coorsomense (1.22), npwxonnM K ypasnenmo rot E (1.26) 35‘Bextopiioe 1021, porop KoTOPOTO paseH Hysno, Hasbinasor essurpeenia. Ta ‘kine o6pas0Mt, Nocrosute SileKTpHNCcKOe Tle, Te, MOvte, comtanae Moe He HOgRIDKHBIMH SapAULAMM, saIKeTCH GesmnxpenBsN, 1.6, Pa6ora npu mepememensun sapaia B HOCTOsHHOM 9s1eKTPHYeCKOM TrosIe To onpererenmio paGora npu Gecxonewo maton nepemenwersnn di sacra uss nom sellcrovem cust F bAaFaF (1.27) Ha coxewnsill saps q, ABWKYUINICK 8 NOCTOMMOM SNeKTPHICCKOM Noe, welicryer cua ~a grade (1.28) Tipu avout dbopmysta (1.27) npeoSpasyerca x Buy $A =qE di =-4q grady d? (1.29) Becxonemo sraoe npupaniene dp norexuuana, pannoe pasnoctit ero ouostemif 8 xsyx GmnaKnx TouKAR, ompeseaseren wasecTHOM dbopMy.tO! J nacbpepenmmtasia PYHKUMH HECKOJIbKUX NepeMenAbIX: a op be det Ged gede, (130) dp = p+ d#)— oF) cam we sasucit o7 apester ‘Yanrtsinaa, sto necrop Seckowesmo Masioro nepenement d#=do-itdy-j+dz-F, ‘a roopammarsi nexropa grad y onpezenmores dbopuy.tol (1.12), nafiaen cxa- “naprioe nponssenexme sTHx nexropon gadp-dé= aes ays Bas (st) Or oy oz Us cpanenna swrpaxenutt (1.30) w (1.31) suato, 20 do=gndp di (1.32) Tipu 9x0o dbopuyay (1.29) moxeno sammcars Tax. A= -adp (1.33) Iyer sapaa ¢ nepememaerca ws towku P, B touKy P; Biloub HeKoropolt xpusoit L (pc. 14). Copepumesast ups som saexrpayeckott canon F° paGora 6ymer sispaxarsest KpUBO.IMBeRARIM ANTerpa:TOM e he J 6A. (1.34) a Hoxcranns aaspacenne (1.33) » ary popmyeay, noayeme (o(%)- o#)) =a, (1.88) we Ap=m-m eel) ~ pastlocr noremua.t08. Hts chopmyaes (1.95) cxnenyer, so mpm hepenteuienm™ 9apata To MpowsBoctBHO- my sanknynomy Komtypy C' pa6ora pas- sha nyono, Tag aK B 2TOM cory"ae TONRH awa.ta Wt KORMA MYTH commasIANT f 5A ‘Quemenrapnas pabora 6A = qE di, ostomy pavevcrso (1.36) moxno (1.38) Puc. 1.4. K ompedesenwo pasiomn (87) Kprsoammesinsttt wxrerpas, crosunalt s zexoll wactit 9Toro panencrsa, masBi hactes! qupryasyuet! nextopa E", a cago pasene7#o suupaxaer coGo! Te0- eMy 0 UMPKyasuMW BexTOpa ManpwReHYOCTK MocToANMOTO acIeKTPHICCKOTO hon, Koropaa yrBepxKsIaeT, 470 LpKYIAMEA BeKTOpa Eno MpowsBoaAsHO- My saMKHyToMy Komrypy pasta Hy.to, ecuIM szteKTpHecKoe Nose cosaeTCA enompanxHEna 3apautan a7.1.7. Cunossie aunun SKBUTIOTeHUMAsIBHBIe TOBepxHOCTH Shuwia » mpoctpanictse, b KaxZoll TOAKe KoTOpo!l Bexrop HanpaaeHHOcTA ona Aunseten K Hell KaCATeNbHLIM, HaIbIBAeTCA cuacsod AuNuell ateKTpH- eckoro noma (pic, 1.5). Conacko stomy ompeestenitio Gecxone-tH0 matt sneer d¥ cnnosofl autan cosmameapen sexropy uanpacenncena E’ » ute cKno# TouKxe P sto AMHHM: aye Sanncay yenonse KontumeapHocTH BeK- ropos di x E, nonysua ypannerne cu -ropofl sunnne (1.38) Cunonite inns rloctosnoro aateKrpm- Puc. 1.5. Cuaoone snnuw z eckoro noua HnKorma me GuIsaioT 33° aacayzaina, Onn nasuuaiores na sapanax ojvoro ailaka u saKaHaMBaIoTCA ‘Wa sapayiax mporimononoxworo sHaKa Hin "yxonnt” Ha GeckoHeYHoCTE. Tlosepxnocts, & Kaxoll Touxe KoTopoll MoTeHNHAM MpuauMtaeT OstHO Ht 70 Ke sHaeHHe, KAIEIBAETEA oxeUNOMENYUAADNoM HOBepXHOCTHTO. Ee ypaBe- ue: ¢(F) Paccmoxpmst sine Geckoneso 6:183- ane rowxn An B oxpmmoreniutanswoft onepxsioetst (pc. 1.6). Beckowes- Ho Manbuit nextop AB” \woxno o70x.xe- erewns e nexropon dif{dz, dy, dz}. To onpenenesio sHavenna noreRnman & rouxax An B 6yayt ea = pa. 3n0%HT, Geckoneano masioe mpupamiene noTeH- uaa, coorbetcrayionlee nupanierin0 di pasuye-pextopa, paso nys10’ dp =0. Henomsayx stipaxenne (1.32) guia anddepemoiaa dp, nostysaem ypanuerte Puc. 1.6. Gxounomenyvaronas nosepzuocms u cusosan suntiA gradg-d?=0, wan By-d?= Hs nocmeanero panenteTna nurrexaer, wro nextops Ey u d¥ oproronam mm, Hosein rosoxenue Toakn B Ha sksunoresumasiof noBepxHoctH. 38 Tontopmm orm xe paccyxxnemms ana TowKH B’, sHoBe mpunem x TOMY xe pavencrny. 910 osniaiaer, v0 vextop B's oproronasten sksKMoTeMIMaSHOH HoBepXHOCTH B To¥Ke A, TaK KaK OM OpToroHasien zNOGoMy exTopy dF, nav Haomeatyca 8 TouKe A W atemautemy na 9TO! HoBepxHocTH. ‘TaKitM o6pasom, UpHXOAIM & BLIsOAY, WTO cHLTOBLIe AMM HOCTORHHOrO SAIeKTPHYECKOTO O18 optoronasisnat sksiOTeRHMAmBHEIN MOBEpXROCTAM, 1.8. [nornocrn sapana Bo muorux cay'aax Towewuste sapazst Tax "rycro” pacnonoxensi » 1Ipo- cxpasctse, a HX “MeO Tak BeNHKO, ¥TO MoxHO cuHTars pacnpesemenue anexrpaueckoro Sapsiia mpakrwieckm Henpephibnbim. ‘Taxoe pacnpeneste- ve ®apsua onvceibaetes CKasiap- not ynxuned o(#), Koropas nase haerea ofiestuotl nzomuocmeio 28 pana. Tlyerm dQ — snexrpuecenit sa- paul, SaKmoveHEEH B MALTON Ob ewe dV, xoropeiil apnetca oxpect- uoctbio Tok P(#) (pute. 1.7). O6>- fewmtaa miotnoeTs sapaia B To¥Ke P ‘Th otmomente sapana dQ « 06% ewy dV. To onpexenemno dQ= oF)aV (1.39) = Paccarpmnas 970 Buipaxcene, MOm- no noma dasiiecknft cmptes1 08% fewito mztoruocTH sapasia: p ecb saps 8 exMHAHOM OFueMe. Tloausift sepa Q 8 HexotopoMt o6sexce V panen cymme svtewerrrapHnix aapsryon dQ Mm nuipaxaetes mrrerpa.ton 10 sTOMY OBBEMY: a= [nav (1.40) Puc. 1.7. K onpedescnwo ofaesott naomuocmy sapsda Hanpmxennocrs GE” noaa a noremunan dp, coszapaemute sapazom dQ 3 roake P'("), onpexenaiorea no bopay.rast (1.10) m (1.19), Tax KaK OGveM AV seam sapam dQ ¢ Sociol ToMNeeTHIO MoxHO cwHTaTE TOYeNHEIM: RaQ Tne, RP" a 4Q Trek (1.41) 39Commacko mpasUMMy cyneprosMuEM HaNpwKeHHOCT No.Ia M HoTeNMMAA D nouke P/(F*), cosnanaenie Bcemit sapamamm paccsarpuBaeMoft cmcTeMt, panniet oOweMMLIM HTerpa.iam oF Hoayenmsrx BEIpaxeni i (F' — #) of) dV a o#) dV ae [t Tre é Sapam woryt Guire pacupenetenss nexoropemn o6pasom a Kaxcoll-11Go nosepxuocrn. ‘Takoe pacnpentenenue onickinaior locpestcrsom noseprnocm- ofl naomnocms sapsixa a. Dra seca ecth oTHoMeMe sapauta dQ, pac- nnpenesenoro ta HeGombWoM ScteMettTe Nlopepxwocru, x mous dS 2ror0 anenettta. To omperestexito dQ= ods (1.42) Pacnperenense sapailos Ha Hexoropolt uHWM OUNCHBAIOT mpm ToMoNUt aunednod naomxocmu aapszia X. Ora veniiuna ects oTHouene sapaa dQ va HeSomuios orpeake stam x aaue dl sroro orpeska. Tio onpentetenmo dQ = ddl (1.43) Hanpmxennocts noremmian nosia, cosasaestoro sapsitamil Ha NOBepx- Nocti nam xa zinUI, MoxkHo KallrH mpi noMoMe Gyopayat (1.41). Jaw soFo BOMUX crleayeT nogcTasuTh sapsime (1.42) nam (1.43) mpontzerpupopart Homysenube BBIpaXeHHA No HovepxMoeTHE INH mo ZMH. 1.9. SHeprus cuctemsi sapazoB Paceworpam enctemy, cocrommyio us NV toueansix sapaion Qj. Cormac bopmysre (1.4) aneprus ssaumonelicreics abyx wa 9THX 3apsI00 ¢ HoMepantt in j Oyner 9 Wa = teks (44) re Rij ~ pacerosine mexay 217 sapaays LNi# 5 Oxepisino, x0 Wy = Wii (1.45) Tlosmas steprua cucresat pasa cyume snepruft Wij pasaumsix nap 3a- paaos. Tp cysmexponasuat paspaxcemnit (1.44) weo6xoanmo Homepant i 1 j [Mpwaapars TosbKo TaKwe SHa‘ieHt, pH KOTOPBIX sHeprua BsauMoneltcren, 40 coorperersyiouas ostof x roll ke nape sapsstos, Gyater BxONMTE w oayvteH- yo cyMaly TOmBKO OM pas. DTOTO MORHO OCTINYS, HOTOKHB, K MPHNEPY, uepautt nuxeKe # wesute sroporo j. TIpm sto Hosa sweprin ciereMst 6yaer Naw Wwe DO Wy = Wit Mist. t Mint i ots Waa + Waa oct Wan + ot Wein Hora yxo6uo cysmmponars suepran Wij no ncest noswoxi sHaent- at mazexcos. Tora p nOny'ennylo cyMMY Stepria osmoll x TOM me NAPS ‘apasos potter naxas, [oozomy nosmon sueprux Gyaer pasta nonopie roll cymost: OS my= (1.48) im 1 Wea =i (Wis t iat vec Wi + Wan + Was + + Want sheet Wena + Wena tt Wein) Tioacrasuat nezmsmms (1.44) » cywary (1.46) mpeogpasyen noaysensioe boipanceume cmemyronutn o6pas0st: 4 Q; 1 Qs PDO) ie Ry 2% x Tre. Ry 0) St im 1 w Cymaa, > CH 24 Tre Ry cor noremmad ¢;, comtanaemuil neem sapsciamn Q; CHcTeM, xpoMe 2aps- a Qj, B TouKe, rae waxaaMrca nocaexNa. ‘Tenept dopmy.ty (1.47) MoxkHO saunca 18K Lae (148) ‘Beau sapax pacnpestesien nempepstsiio Ho npoctpaticrby ¢ o6vemHod nsIoT- noctuio o(#), 10 cyuacy (1.48) cneayer samenut® oGvemmsim usrterpa.ton ce + [mea 5 fomanar. (2.49) : ‘ al1.10. Saexrpmeckoe nose rovewnoro sapana Ans maxemaru4eckoro onmcata sex TpwecKoro OAs, coaabaeMtoro os sunt TOVEIHEIN sapsitom Q, yAO6H0 HOCTpONTS HPaMoyromTbHYIO seKapToBy ceTeMy KoopAMMaT Tak, YTOGM ee HarfasI0 OKASALTOCH B-TOUKE, Fle HAXOIIT- ca ator sapag (puc, 1.8). B-raxos caysae dopmyaia (1.10) ner eneayroutee Mupaxetive 4.1 BeKTOpA HaNPsKeHHOCTH SAeKTpIIeCKOTO Hon B MpoH- BoaHoH Toxxe mpocrpaxersa P: (1.50) tae 7 = pannyc-vertop Towkn P; r — ero Moaysib, Te. paccTomme oT sapata Q 20 ton P. Bexrop Es zwo6of rowxe upocrpasicraa Manpasten aos mpsMoll, KoTOpas Coe ger ory TOUKY c SapaznoM Q. HostoMy ci OBAIMH THEHMSIMUE :1eKpHLeCKOFO HOLA TO- emoro sapssia. Q anamoren npausie, po XouIAMIe wepes TONKY, Me pactlosiloxen aTaT sapan (prc. 1.9) Mayme £ nexzopa B’ » rose P o6paaso "1pontopnyomasten napary pacerosiita r oF sapara Q zo »toft rosKu: Puc. 1.8. Hanpsowennocms noaa moxenozo sapsda E(r) «ee (151) ml E Toremunan ¢(P) saextpuseckoro 10- a8 to%Ke P, o6pario mponopnuoHasien % pacctoammo r or sapssia Q 0 sro 70% Neg a Puc. 1.9. Hoae movexnozo sapsda (1.52) 42 Tax Kax NOTeHIUMas B TAHHOM caY'IRe SABKCHT TOAKKO OT pACcTOANMA T, OH Gyer MpHHUMarb OuMO H TO Ake SHaNeNe BO BCEX TOYKAX, pasHoyAaTenMN orsapana Q. JIpyrisn c:towasut, skRMOTeHUMAnemEIM HoepXBocTsMH y= aiyt céhepht pasaumuaBtx paanycon rc HeHTpaNt 8 TONKe O, te Haxomwrea sapan Q (pue. 1.9). 1.11. Torok sextopa Tyces 8 upocrpancrse unetorea sertopoe none E’ = E(). Tloexpo- ne nexoropyio wonepsnoct» 5 (pe. 110). Oraetust wa wef upoxsnomsayio rouxy Pw "sispexen” BoKpyr Hee Geckonesio Masbiit snement 90! O- pepxtfocn, iowa» koroporo pasa dS. Toczpom ensues exp, neptenaimy.nxpmn x pacentarpnbaeMony a7eMelrry HonepXHOcTHt, W BBEEM as (1.53) Bextop # naawpaercn edunwenot nopma- anno k onepxnocr#t B TouKe P, a seetop dS — cexmopusat 2aeaerano. nosepx1o- Ckanapuioe npomanesteune pextopa E, onpenenennore 8 rouKe P snemenra no nepxiocty dS, ua nextop dS nassinaer- ex nomorom sexropa B’ yepes ator sae herr novepsviocrn u oGosuaynerea rex; UC: 1-10. K onpedeacrave nomoxa eexmopa E dy =E dS =F dS cosé, (1.54) tue 0» yrox Mexcay sextopaan Bw i Us sxoro onpezestemta exienyer, 10 10 ok débg aapnent oF opneusanan 9.te- Meira HOMepKHOCTK m BexTOpHOM no:Te F Pacenorpane wacrmse caysan, Ko- aan Sr eel) ae, 2) oproronamubt n 3) asramapasirent- uta (pac. 1.11). B neppom cnysae norox a3 _ dy, = Ex dS, 0 szopost de, = 02 pyc, 1.11, Homox eexmopa B rpetbem dbp, 3 153. sasucum om opuenmayun ouemenma noseprnocmu 48Pastesmse rosepxocr® S Ha Gecxoneano Maawe actu. CyMMupyst noT0: ku nextopa B” yepes 91m suemewrapite Wacta, piles K MopepxniocTHOMY uurerpaay ton fuse~ [Bae [Bas, (1.55) Koropuilt naskiBaeTeR nomoxoat Bexropa E” epes nosepxuocts $. Horox ~ aureGpanteckan veruunia, 3Hax KoTOPOH saBicuT Cr BUGopa Kaupamrenua pexropa nopmactn i. Bait ovepxHocT® sTerpmMponaiust SAMEHyTA H OrpaHMMDaeT HeKOTO- puttt o6nent, To rotox nextopa H’ uepes sry nonepxnocrh oGomtataercn TAX: oa ftB (156) Tipu ovo ncersa npeanonarseren, wz0 pexrop # ranpaasien napyay. Taxot BeKTop ff HasbiBaeTCA 6xewnell NopAoaDo K HOBepxHocTH S. 1.12, Horox nexropa HanpawxenHoctH noua Towesmoro sapaza Hanpwxennoct» saeetpiveckoro tions ro¥eWoro sapsuta Q, Haxosse- Foca » HaNene HexapTosott cicTembt KoopmuaT, omMcsibacrca dopmy:tol (1.50): F=-%.. ay Trev Bursucan norox toro wekropa iepes novepentoeTs cept pasmyca rc wert ‘7poM » matae Koopaunar (pwc. 1.12) Bauman sextop nepuetimxysinpen K HoBepxHoctH cbepst prow P(#) x nampasen napyary. Ipe 10M BeKTopHfh eMeHr HOBepxHOCTK (1.53) npmmuwaer om Poe: 1.18, K owwuesenue nomoxa nanprocennoemu naan mF monexnoeo sepade xepes eBepy B=Fas. (158) 44 Hoxeranast auapaxenus (1.57) 1 (1.58) 8 bopuyay (1.56). Hone neenon- sux mpeoSpasosaau noay-nnt Q Q @ wee friar P82 om MoxHo noKasarb, ‘To NoTOK HekTopa HanpancenocTH 9u1exrpHECKOrO noma Toesoro sapata Q Yepea MpoUsbostbHyI0 samnnyTy!© novepxnocre S, oxparuinaiouyio saps, taxxe pasen Q/e,. Ecau axe sapax Q naxonres oe bie tonepxnocrt S, 10 norox nexTopa E” wepes taxyio wonepxtoct paves nnyano, Taxita O6pas0m, mpuxomins x doopayate 2 cca sapnn naxoauren muysp4 S; ea f EB =) * (1.60) 0, ecm sapas, waxoauea xe 5. 1.18. Teopema Tayeca Paccmozpaat upousno.niyio excremy sapaion Qi K MpowseomsHy10 1o- oGpaxcacnyio saaknytyio nonepxnocrs 5. Tact sapssion Moxer oxasaTbcs bie soll nonepxnocT#, a apyras Yact — snyrp#, BUNNCAMM WOTOK BekT0~ pa E kanpwxenmocrn mona, cosmapaemoro Beem SapajamH cucTeMM, 4e- pes nosepxnocr» Sn manpanxennt snleumeR! Hopmacin, Cortacuo mpixuiny ceyntepnoamun nonelt sexrop E’ papen cynme xampsoxentioctett By none rouewnsix sapazon Qj. Tostomy notox nextopa E moxwo mpenctasutb B site cya a= fEB f(EA)e vfas i octooemna ops (1.60) ome yreepaaune, Yo 1s 20a MEET, Estat manne one peng spare Ie naan Ald KOTOPMX coorBeTcrsyIoMAl saps Q; pacnonowen BHyTpx S. Kax anti vg otHx muzerpaton papent Qi/zq. SaMeuits Ne paste nya mirrerpamst a Qi ff, upanem Kk meopeme Iaycca f FB-Lya (ery 49Corsracno srolt teopeMe NloTOK BeKTOpa HalIpAKEHHOCTH .1eKPHNECKOTO N10- 39: epeo npomapostbHy!o AANA Ty¥O HoRepAKOCT S n HaNPARLTERIAN BRENT opataau pane anne6paneckoll eye aapaon, naxoamutxen sityspi 9708 TonepxwiocTH, e-TeHHOM HA SNIEKTPHIECKYIO NOCTORHEYTO Eo B cayuae, Korua 2apsix pacnpesened 8 npoctpaicree HlenpepbieHo ¢ o6'- ‘exmott naotHoctsio e = o(#), cywMa mpanoft Yacrit pavencrsa (1.61) x0mx- a Gurr samenena unterpanom (1.40). Ipx 970m Teopema Paycea Syzer =, few fou, am rae V — acts mpocrpantcrsa, Jak moveHtias BHYTpH HoBepxHoctH S. Teopenty Fayeca ueecoo6pasxo upmMewar» TOMLKO Tora, Kora HsBECT ‘MMI HaN|pansteMis BeKTOPOB WALpHMKEIMOCTM 9IEKTPHYECKOTO OWA B UCCAe- alyeMoil oG.1acra mpocrpasctsa. 1.14. Snexrpw4eckoe none Geckonesnolt papiomepHo sapmxensoll naockocTH Tlycrb saextpaeckmi saps, pactpenesen panHoMepHo c moBepxHocTHoft inotucersto ¢ no Gecxouewio nnockoers, Tax Kale PSCCMATpunoeNan ca crema oS1adaer 3epKaJIbHOM CHMMeTpHell, CHAOBMe ANHMM 91eKTpueckoro hos aovoaita Gute apne, MepienaycnpHeaK K STOR MuOCKOETH, X oaysu nexopon Ew rowxsx P x P’, pacnonoxenuix ua pasuix pacero- auuinx or nitocxoctm, noma Gurr pasist (Puc. 1.13). Puc. 1.19. Mose sapsorennott naocsocmu ‘Tenepe neoSxonmao HalkT Moayb wexTOpa HanpsxeMNOCTH auIeKTpHGe- exoro non, Dro MoxHo culesarb, McnomEsya Teopemy Taycca, Mocrpons 46 Aekaprony cHCTeMY Koopmiuar Tax, WTOGsI Haasio KOopmMMaT HaxONW:TOCE hua sapsxeniol naocKoeTH, a ocb # 6u4sIa elt nepmenimKy.tspua (puc. 1.14) ‘ ‘| OF 6/0 = Puc. 1.14. K suvucaenuro nanpaocennoemu noas, cosdaoaeoz0 saparcennott naoewaemeso Tocrpomm mnicviento mpsxcol ratHHap, o6pasyloulas Kovopore mepmes- kysiapia paccmatpunaemoll sapsrxentoll M1ocKocTH, a OcHORAHNA pactto:10- {xen cHMMeTPITIHO 9TOH TLAOCKOCTH, W BHAT NOTOK BeKTOpA E” yepes NosepxHocT» sToro MKMNIpA B MaNpaswteliN BHeUMet KOpmam. ToToK reeropa B vepes Gowosyio noveprnocns uiMIApA pAeH Hy.n0, Tax Kak secropat Z” m ff na neh oproronanins. Tlotoxu ‘epes ocHoBeiin paBust pyr apyey » cay sepxamuot cannetpau cyerens. ‘Ta xax sapexcennan ise Secatsetnn sora aes Cal pace upeeropst Ep atm toxkax oamaxoset. Kpowe 1oro, uerpyzwo BueRD, 70 exropis Eu if na ochopasnax uuvumtxpa xonmeapass. TooroMy noroK nexropa E’ vepes ano #9 ocuonanut S; 6yser [PDs [Eaas= fo as= by fas= BA, rae En ~ mpoexnits nexropa tanpaxentioctH Ha sextop ii sueumeft nopwact K ocuopannan tutARApA; A—nNIOMIAA OcHOBAKKA. ITpx 370M om noTOK no seell noxepxsoct# nanmpa JED a2 A 3 47Tro teopeme Payeca 9x0r noTOK AOMKeH GITb paveH 3apyisly BHY'TPH UALAMA Japa, aeHeHNOMY Ha ¢9, QYOT SapAN HAXOANTCA Ma YaCTH MLIOCKOCTA MLIOULA- bio A, BuIpesaenoll mutMpoM, H pases oA Mpamenaa teopemy Paycea, osly'iaem pasentcrBo (2.03) ={ Be npn 2>0, e=(_f om iz Tipu tox Ey=E B cxay coormomennt (1.23) Gye mers ypasnenua Be dy ae az Ze- m9 KoTopsnx eneayer, 470 p= Bex teonst. Kax mito us sroft opm, noveda:t sexrpHeckoro rox » saiHost cayitae sanicit Toabko oF 2. ToatoMy sxsumioTenmmacbmBna MoBepxito- ‘cian noma, cosmamneoro sapaakeHtno® MnocKOCTH, ARAAOTCA N-OCKOCTA, rapastensmie soft nnockoctH, 7, mitocKoeTM, K KoTEpHIN KoopsUATHas oct 2 nepnensuixy.tspna 1.15. Dnexrpwieckoe nose sapmKeHHOH ccepsr Hafiaes nanpakennocrs u noxeHusas eKrpweckoro Ho.14, cosmaBaeMo- 10 sapaxon Q, pansiomepxo pacpeneneniitin iio HosepxHoctu cibepst. Tax kak 3apsul pacnpestenes cibeptecki cHMMeTPHYHO, CosMaBAeMoe HAM HONE raxae Gyset ccbepnvecku cunmerpummnm, Moctpount Jekaprony cHcremy oopauitar Tax, 4TO6u ee MavATO copnasio ¢ HewTpoM O cdpepss (pac. 1.15). 48 B raxoft cucteme Koopanner cipepeckH cusMerpwuHoe BexTopttoe Hoe F =F (F) onmenssoeres eopuynoh E(#) = 20) = (1.64) te E(r) ~ npoexutal pextopa E” na paauyc-nexrop 7. Corstacuo soft dbop- Mysle BeKTOp HanlpsuxenHocrn sueKTpwecKOro No B sOGoM TouKe P(F) Ronaumeapen paauye-sexropy #, a ero ModYstb 3aBMCHT TO-IBKO OF paccTo- duu tno wewtpa O. Hs opm (1.64) eaeayer Take, 70 cxIOBME ‘hima ona ect npantie, npoxosmMIne Yepes Havauto Koopausar, TIpH STON SKaMNLOTeHMacbHBLe HOMepXHOCTH aBAMOTCR cipepaut ¢ HewTpoM D tauate xoopaitiar, a sagitemsocrh oxesiuraa oT Koopamsar toxKH P Byner oie puseckn cxnaeerpainio ywentelt Bre P=), E ‘re, noremmuan Gysler saentcen» To7BKO fon mosyain 7 paauyc-newropa. Tlancra- nosxa 37oft ynxim 8 bopmysty (1.22) nnpuoamt x Bbipaxexmo (1.64), B KOTO- pow dp BO) =~ a, (1.65) Popsy.ta (1.64) onpesenser nanpanae- uve nextopa B. Tpoexumo E(r) st0- ro pextopa Ha pamuamsuoe manpanne- time moxHo aitrx mp nowoutn TeopeNbt Taycea, JL store caeayer surancat® Puc. 1.15. K evwucacnuro anpancennocmu noas oc aapsoicennoll coepr nor0K @g Bextopa E vepes nonepxsocth S eaepst npoxssoubioro panyyca r, HeHtTp KoTopoll copniaaer ¢ HeNtTpOM O sapaxenuon ecpepst. Hpm 910M paauyc r Moker Kax Menbune pantuyca sapsacenncit ecpepst, Tax 4 Gomeune ero (puc. 1.15). Bexropunilt snewenr nonepxxocra céheps: oncnisaerca poipaxcenitent (1.58). Hoyeraoska store ptspasxenia 1 sbipaxcesur (1.64) » cbopmysty (1.56) mpi hoaWT x eneayiomeny peaysnstary: bp =p mee f rhaie Hof as = B(r)4xr? 49Tpmenms reopemy Paycea. Een pannyc r ccbepur $ menbine panyca R sapmxennon cepepet, 70 span suyzpit cepa S Gyner panex nysno, Best axe paamye r ecbepur S Gomme paginyca R, To nem Sopmxennan cihepa oKa- xeten suyrpa cohepat S, Taxum o6pasom, Teopema Paycca (1.61) mpunonrr x pasencrsy 0 mpe r 0, noxasan wa puc, 1.16. Er) Puc. 1.16, Sasucunocme wanpaorcennocmu noas om pacemoanun r er) Trek a i Puc. 1.17. Sasucumocme nomenyuaaa om pacemoanua r 50 Herpynsio nponepmts, ro nenpepisuast bynKuus y = g(r), nowcrawosKa koropoft opayaty (1.65) upusoaur x HafLiennot sasucumocru £ = E(r), lr) = (1.67) oil es eH Tpadux Gymenm (1.67) wo6paxcen na pu. 1.17 Honysenmie sasicuMocri nosnosmior yiBepxaars, w10 oeKTpHYECKOe tone siy'tpw pasHoMepHo Ho HoBepxHocm# sapsoKennoh cibeps oTcyTCTBy- oF, a aie a10fl ethept 9neEIpINEEKOe Hoste TaKOE 2e, RAK OME TOYENMIOLO vapacta 1.16. Ocnonuste ypasHeHus a1extpocraruKn Tloctoaunoe suiexrpiieckoe none Mower Gait ontcawo HoCpeneTEOM Bex ropuoro noaa E = E'(#) uaw cxanapuoro nona y = (7). Drm dynam ‘MoxkHo MaftTH MM HOMOWUL ADYX CCHOBIHIX 3aKOHOD 2u1eKTPOCTATHKH ~ 3a- xona Kystona a npnmia eynepnosinum, Tax, nanpumep, wampmxeroct® saexrpaveckoro noaa E 5 npowssostbHoll To¥Ke npoctpanctBa MOxKHO BE- since 1o ¢bopmyatan (1.10) a (1-11) Ei Em, Fe=gte. (88) Korophie ssipaaxcaror coGOR 9TH SaKorts. Saxon Kynorta m upiiuat cynepnosnuin npxposstt x ypawnenuas (1.19) (1.20) 4191 noremrata g sitextpwecKoro Hoa el?) = 30 e(*) i (1.69) koropnic nosnosaor uafiTit NoTeHUMA HOA 8 ApoNSBOsIBHOM To4KE mpo- crpaiterpa, B rex cayaax, Konda 91eKTpHYeckue Sapaus! pacnperenenst enpepsBHo 8 MipoctpalicTee, Ha HoBepXHOCTH Ha BOM IMO, BMeCTO CYMMIIPORARUA B MPHEMUIe CyMepmOSMN c.teA¥eT UpOMSBONKTD WHTeKpH- posamue. 51Ms saxoua Kysioxa w upumuina cynepnosumn BHITeKAIOT RiTerpAsIBHBLe ypaseuus (1.37) u (1.62), ne. Teopea o HupRYsANMM BeK-TOPA HaNpDKEN- oct ssiexrpudeexoro nox u reopena Paycca: fre few. (1.70) KOTOPHIM JOMKHO ysloBIeTBOpHTS SeKTOpHOe Hone B = B'(#), onncursar0- tee noctommtce aZexxpuueckoe roste. Hurerparbibim ypasnexus (1,70) coorsercreyir apa aupepennmany- E@ wax ypasuewua 220 nocromiuoro sneetpavecxore nona E° divE =! (um nae cunoa div E o6canauaer cymmy npousnosmrx or mpoexuuttt Be, By, Be ekTopa nlanpmaemiocrH No KoOPAMHATaM: 7 = Che , OBy , OB div = Fe + Ge Se = (1.72) Fro Bupaxenme HassiBaIoT Gusepzenunedl noxtopa E’. Ypapenua (1.71) o6pasyor cuctemy, xovOpa® HosHocTHN onpenenser ocromuoe anexzpHteckoe Tore B BAKYYMe. Bro osmaact, 47O JIA 3a Aanwon bynxiunn ¢ = o( 7), oMMeHBAIOMER pacupexeesHe 2apa0B 8 NpO- ctpancrse, 9 ypasnenmil (1.71) Moxso naitrw xanpaxennoern 5’ = E'(#) Sek Tpirteckoro moa, cosaaBaeMoro STAN 3apsslaMH. OTO MOAHO citetaTy eaeaytoun o6pesom. Beaty toxaectwe (1.25) nexropuas yiiues (1.22) EG ~ grad pF) ‘ABagoTCs pellleHNeM nepsoro 9 ypasHienufl (1.71). Tonerapin 910 nuupaace. ‘le #0 siopoe ypaBxeuue, npiutem & ypasHemmno aaa noTemmmaa ¢ = o( #) (1.73) 52 oye CHMBOmNeCKoe BIpaaKenKe hastinaior onepemopos JTanaaca, a ypannienwe (1.73) ypaonenuest Myacco- ua. Beatt wexotopas 4acT» mpoctpatictsa cpoGaama or sapasios (@ = 0), 70 ypanstense (1.73) nepexoawt » ypannenue Jlanstaca Vip= Haxomstenue 43 ypanweuutt Hyaccona wim JTannaca ébymxnum y = o( ®), xoTopaa onicsipaeT pacnpexevienue NoTeMaHaa % EpoCTpANCTHe, HRIAETCH ‘oaWoM ws ocKOMMEEX Sajta4t 9. TpOCTATHE.THABA 1* NOCTOAHHOE 9/IEKTPMYECKOE MOJIE B BAKYYME (aponosrxenne) 1.17. Daexrpwseckuit muon Joa papieix no veamome # mpormsononomtx no sHaxy sapaaa +Q a =@ o6pasyior snektpireckn sumo, (pxc. 1.18). Hocrpoms mpawoyron- uy AeKaprosy euctemy Koopamiar Taku o6pasoM, 4z06n sepia —Q wa XoMNICH B Haxa.te KoopzMar, a sapax Q~ Ha ocx z. Tyce (ects BexTop, coenunemtontat sapauiet —Q m Q. Puc. 1.18, Qaenmpurcenutt Junaste Tlo saxony Kysiona notenmtan gu nanpaxexuocrs Enos, commana emoro sapsstom —Q, B upouspombHolt rouxe npoctpanicrea P(#) 6yayr QF Fer Amanonmno notenuiat py m Manprxennocrs E'y woax, cosaasaemoro sa parom Q, 8 touKe P(#) 6yayt j2—2 vO)" Teele __ al 4neq|#—T 8 E.G) Corsiacto npanuuny cynepnosmum norenmaa p uw uanpaxensocts E’ nos, cosmabaeworo abywa sapaaan, Gay ppt, P=FL+E,. 54 "Varu opasom, aoaysny eneayiomme BMpAXeMs ATF MOTeHMMAIA a hpaxesHocri nom, comasaeworo jutnosem, # TowKe P(F) a Q Q el?) Wear Tea (1.74) Bey = 2} __ _ a (175) Greg (PoIp) | Teeors Cuiopixe sin satextpHecKoro Mons, cosmasaeworo sapamanin —Q ¥ +Q, noxasamss wa pc. 1.19, Ypabuewsa ovux acini Goin noay ent 3 pesyasrare peutenuat cuctemmtsutddpepenmatbutsx ypasnenns (1.38). Puc. 1.19. Cusoave aunuy sacrmpuveckozo noas, cosdaeacaozo deyaus moverneisty sapadanu Q u—Q ‘@opmyait (1.74) u (1.75) npmmenaior Boxee mpocrolt ant, Korma paccTox- nue | wexay sapasiannt —Q n +Q muoro Menbute PaccToMRR r oT EHO 20 rouxu P, 8 oropolt mcenenyerca conntanaemoe nm rome (I tet (1.80) nae Ry = | — Fi, 7 ~ paauye-nexrop sapsna Qi, Tia toser npoctpanctna, yaanenmarx Ha GONE PACCTORRNS OT cit crew, Bumonasietes yeronme rj

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