Nouns age -ence Verb Noun Verb Noun break breakage confide confidence cover coverage depend (independence pack package differ difference post postage exiet endetence store storage insist insistence wreck wreckage obey obedience occur occurrence Adjective Noun a ae short shortage persist persistence z recur recurrence Verb Noun ieee youn absent absence kas epee (dis)approval (incompetent (in)competence anal (in)conveniont (in}oonvenience Pura evident evidence ental innocent dismissal intelligent proposal (impatient (im)patience rehearsal eee os pemce violent violence renewal revival survival cod Adjective (injaccurate Noun (Gnjadequate annoyance (indecent (in)deceney (is)appearance (inefficient (inefficiency attendance Gn)frequent (in)frequency disturbance immediate immediacy endurance infant infancy entrance intimate intimacy ignarance (idliterate (illiteracy inheritance pregnant pregnancy performance private privacy reliance redundant redundancy resemblance secret secrecy resistance urgent urgency (in)significance vacant vacancy {inytolerance Noun arrogance distance (un)important (un)importance (inrelevant (in)relevance reluctant reluctance 116Word formation list @ -dom -ity Adjective Noun Adjective Noun nara Garena (un)able Gin)ability free freedom Gn)active (in)activity wise wisdom complex complexity credible credibility Person Abstract noun curious curiosity King Kingdom (un)equal Ginequality star stardom (un)familiar (un)familiarity ferocious ferocity. ful Gin)flexible (in)flexibility (in)formal (in)formality Noun Noun (Quantity) generous generosity arm armful hostile hostility cup cupful immune immunity fist fistful intense intensity hand handful major majority house houseful minor minority room, roomful (im)mobile (im)mobility spoon spoonful objective objectivity (un)original ae : personal personality hood (un)popular (un)popularity Person. Abstract noun prosperous prosperity adult adulthood (im)pure (im)purity child childhood (in)secure Gn)security father fatherhood (n)sensitive Gn)sensitivity man manhood severe ‘severity mother motherhood similar similarity neighbour neighbourhood* simple simplicity parent parenthood (in)sincere ‘woman womanhood stupid “neighbourhood eatlective) part of a town or city where people live Ginyvalid Adjective Noun is likely likelihood 2 Verb Noun A advertise advertising Hey, build building Adjective Noun gather gathering anxious anxiety like liking notorious notoriety live living sober sobriety meet meeting vorious variety record recording say saying, set setting suffer suffering 117BD Word formation list -ment «ship Verb Noun Person Abstract noun achieve achievement champion championship (dis)agree (dis)agreement companion companionship amaze amazement friend friendship amuse amusement leader Jeadership announce announcement member membership argue argument ‘owner ownership arrange arrangement partner partnership commit commitment ‘Stor Scholarship* content contentment a develop: development lee ccmeorente) disappoint disappointment ‘scholarship discourage discouragement money given to someone to help pay for their embarrass embarrassment studies em (unemployment - ; = (as ner - =a pee money given to someone/an organization to help Seat ee terainmoas pay for something, eg an event excite excitement . govern government Adjective scan] Emsprove improvement hard hardship invest investment involve involvement judge judgement/judgment ett ‘manage management Verb Noun measure measurement diagnose diagnosis move movement ‘emphasize ‘emphasis (re)pay (re)payment punish punishment A refresh refreshment -sion replace replacement Verb Noun require requirement i a retire retirement eats collie als convert conversion treat erode erosion exclude exclusion —— expand expansion include inclusion Adjective Noun persuade persuasion (un)aware (un)awareness supervise supervision careless carelessness close closeness (unconscious (un)consciousness ese deaf deafness Verb Noun eager eagerness compare comparison Gin)effective (in)efiectiveness (un)friendly (un)friendliness great greatness hard hardness hopeless hopelessness (un)selfish (un)selfishness serious seriousness stiff stiffness thorough thoroughness tired tiredness useful usefulness weak weakness 118Word formation list @ ation th — — Adjective Noun adap’ adaptation administer administration a a apply application aa length combine combination ae eee compile compilation ae a consider consideration ee a expect expectation Lay aati explain explanation = identify identification ie you imagine imagination Verb Noun inflame inflammation ‘grow growth inform information inspire inspiration interpret interpretation ga observe observation prepare preparation Verb Noun present presentation close closure publish publication compose composure (dis)qualify (dis)qualification depart departure realize realization expose exposure resign resignation fail failure vary variation please pleasure proceed procedure Pied sign signature Verb ‘Noun accommodate accommodation (re)act (re)action Adjective Noun associate association difficult difficulty collect collection Gis)honest (dis)honesty complicate complication ann poverty compose composition safe safety (dis)connect (dis)connection (un)certain (un)certainty contaminate contamination demonstrate demonstration Verb Noun direct direction discover discovery evolve evolution enter entry hesitate hesitation imitate imitation inhibit inhibition investigate investigation (de)motivate (de)motivation operate operation perceive perception predict prediction prescribe prescription receive reception recognize recognition reduce reduction repeat repetition (dis)satisfy (dis)satisfaction (re)solve (re)solution subscribe subscription substitute substitution 119ED Word formation list People -ant -ian Verb Person Noun Person apply applicant electricity electrician assist assistant history historian confide confidant(e) library librarian consult consultant mathematics mathematician contest contestant music musician defend defendant politics politician inhabit inhabitant occupy occupant ist participate participant Soa = bicycle cyclist car environment environmentalist Veb Persea’ motor (car) ‘motorist r i nature naturalist, novel novelist , psychiatry psychiatrist ative science scientist specialism specialist pee Ligne violin Volinis represent representative -or -er A ae Verb Person Verb Person = a employ employer ‘Set, collaciot Jecture lecturer communicate communicator ‘manufacture manufacturer compete eommbediar Present Presenter conduct conductor read reader contribute contributor research researcher demonstrate demonstrator ee ae distribute distributor instruct instructor invent inventor spectate spectator 120Word formation list @ Nouns formed with up, down, in, away, out, back up: out- upbringing outbreak upkeep outburst uprising outcome uproar outline upset ‘outlook upturn output outset down. downfall et downpour breakout downside checkout downturn handout knockout 1 lookout payout breakdown turnout workout income back input comeback insight drawback intake feedback setback -away getaway oF hideaway background runaway takeaway Miscellaneous Verb Noun Verb Noun, (mis)behave (mis)bchaviour sell sale(s) choose choice succeed success complain complaint think thought die death try trial give gift weigh weight know Knowledge sen laugh mer poleciive, eum less loss high height prove proof receive receipt respond response 121BD Word formation list Adjectives -able -ible Verb Adjective Noun Adjective accept (un)acceptable access (in)accessible advise (in)advisable flexibility (in)flexible afford affordable sense (n)sensible* agree (dis)agreeable Verb Adjective apply (in)applicable 5 nis appreciate appreciable comprehend (in)comprehensit coca ‘aalappronciable respond Gi)responsible avoid (un)avoidable * sensible: bear (un)bearable showing or having good sense eg Cycling with a believe (un)believable broken arm is not a very sensible thing to do. ‘compare (in)comparable es : e ble: consider (in)considerable a . . a unconscious - (un)desirable eg He was found drunk and insensible. dispense (in)dispensable faced GabReepectabie b not caring about or unaware of ae, unimaginable eg She seemed insensible to the dangers involved. irritate irritable note notable -al notice noticeable es pay payable Noun Adjective predict (un)predictable accident accidental prefer preferable addition additional prevent Preventable alphabet alphabetical regret regrettable behaviour behavioural rely (un)retiable contre central remark (un)remarkable culture ccltural respect respectable ecology ecological understand understandable emotion (un)emotional work (un)workable environment environmental Noun Adjective exception (un)exceptional comfort (uncomfortable ceperiment) experimental fashion (un)fashionable eee ay knowledge knowledgeable fntention intentional re econ medicine medicinal Latee a Er method methodical value valuable/invaluable* ne moar nation national invaluable: occasion occasional extremely useful. eg invaluable advice/experience/help occupation occupational origin (un)original parent parental person (im)personal practice Gm)practical profession (un)professional sensation (un)sensational society social temperament ‘temperamental tradition traditional universe universal 122Word formation list @ -ial -ate Noun Adjective Noun Adjective benefit beneficial accuracy (in)accurate commerce commercial adequacy (in)adequate controversy (uncontroversial appropriacy (in)appropriate face facial consideration (inconsiderate finance financial fortune (unfortunate industry industrial moderation (im)moderate influence influential manager managerial * matrimony matrimonial patie residence residential Verb Adjective secretary secretarial administer administrative substance (in)substantial argue argumentative territory territorial compare comparative consult consultative San imagine (un)imaginative So inlorm (un)informative Verb Adjective prevent preventative ignore ignorant provoke provocative aa cana represent (un)representative rely reliant resist resistant signify (in)significant tolerate (in)tolerant nat Verb Adjective appear apparent confide confident depend (in)dependent differ (in)different insist insistent obey (dis)obedient persist persistent recur recurrent Noun, Adjective absence absent (in)eompetence (in)competent (inconvenience (inconvenient evidence evident (in)trequency (n)frequent innocence innocent, intelligence intelligent (im)patience (im)patient presence present violence violent 123HED Word formation list -ive -ingled Verb Adjective ‘The following verbs can be used to form participle act (in)active adjectives a adopt adoptive eg worrying/worried appreciate (un)appreciative alarm, amaze, amuse, annoy, astonish, bore, assert (un)assertive confuse, convince, depress, disappoint, disgust, attend Gn)attentive embarrass, entertain, excite, exhaust, fascinate, stiract (un)attractive frighten, frustrate, increase, interest, irritate, communicate (un)communicative motivate, move, refresh, relax, satisfy, shock, compete (uncompetitive surprise, terrify, threaten, thrill, tire, worry i in)conelusive ee len The following -ing adiectives are commonly used ees (uncooperative with the nouns in brackets. create Verb Adjective ae close closing (date) ooaide consult consulting (room) coed recur recurring (illness, nightmare, eae problem, theme) ane nun running (water) Cas support supporting (actor, actress, oD evidence, role) explode explosive express expressive extend extensive cous impress (un)impressive Noun ‘Adjective inca) ae (dis)advantage (dis)advantageous Bas eee, ambition (un)ambitious oeend eines anxiety anxious Peimte peruast caution cautious possess possessive P court (is)courteous produce (un)productive aera ae oe ee danger dangerous ae ace disaster disastrous ar creer glamour (un)glamorous ae ot )resnestire hazard hazardous pepo carseat humour humorous prezalate speculative luxury luxurious succeed successive ae al support (un)supportive ae = Noun Adjective nerve nervous aggression (un)aggressive number numerous effect (Gin)effective poisonous expense (in)expensive i Gi)retigious secret Seciite ‘saspicion suspicious sense (in)sensitive os Adjective infect infectious vary various 124meaning pain Peace point power price relent resource respect sleep speech stress success taste thought time truth waste wonder worth youth ful beautiful careful cheerful colourful deceitful delightful eventful faithful faulty grateful hairy harmful helpful hopeful meaningful painful Peaceful powerful resourceful respectful skilful*/skilled* stressful successful tasty*/tasteful* thoughtful* ‘truthful useful ‘wasteful ‘wonderful youthful -less/un_ful careless cheerless* colourless countless effortless endless uneventful unfaithful faultless flightless ungrateful hairless harmless heartless helpless*/unhelpful* homeless hopeless Jobless meaningless painless pointless powerless priceless* relentless unresourceful disrespectful unskilled sleepless speechless unstressful unsuccessful tasteless thoughtless timeless ‘untruthful useless worthless" cheerless: used mainly to describe the weather or a room which is not bright or pleasant helpless: unable to do anything to help or protect yourself unhelpful: not willing to help other people priceless: used to describe an object which has a very high value; it is worth so much money that the price cannot be calculated (compare with worthless below) siclful & skilled: both can be used to describe a person who has the necessaty ability, experience and/or training to do something well. eg He's a skilful footballer. This work was done by skilled crafismen. skilled: can also be used to describe a job or piece of work that requires special skill and training eg Nursing is a skilled job. tasty: used to describe food with a strong and pleasant flavour tasteful: used to describe clothes, decoration ete which is attractive and shows good taste thoughtful: a to describe a person who is quiet and serious because they are thinking about something b to describe someone who thinks and cares about the feelings and needs of other people worthless: used to describe an object with no value in money (compare with priceless above) -ic Noun Adjective allergy allergic drama dramatic optimism. optimistic pessimism pessimistic science scientific strategy strategic 125HED Word formation list Adjective cautionary literary revolutionary Adjective imaginary (in)voluntary -ory Verb Adjective advise advisory celebrate celebratory contradict contradictory explain explanatory introduce introductory migrate migratory oblige obligatory prepare preparatory satisfy (un)satisfactory supervise supervisory Noun, Adjective friend (un)friendly life lively time (un)timely 2 Noun Adjective chat chatty cloud cloudy ease easy fault faulty fog fosey frost frosty grass grassy guilt guilty hair hairy hill hilly mist misty mud muddy rain rainy rock rocky sleep sleepy sun sunny wealth: wealthy 126 Verbs -ate Noun Verb alien alienate assassin assassinate difference differentiate value evaluate Adjective Verb active activate captive captivate dominant dominate valid validate en- Noun Verb act enact circle encircle courage encourage (discourage) danger endanger force enforce list enlist rage enrage ‘trust entrust Adjective Verb able enable large enlarge rich enrich sure ensure ify Noun Verb class classify example exemplify glory glorify identity identify note notify (dis)qualification (dis)qualify Adjective Verb clear clarify just justify pure purify simple simplify solid solidifysen Adjective Verb black blacken bright brighten broad broaden dark darken dead deaden deaf deafen deep deepen fat fatien flat flauien hard harden high heighten long lengthen less lessen loose loosen red redden sed sadden sharp sharpen short shorten soft soften stiff stiffen straight straighten strong, strengthen sweet sweeten thick thicken light tighten weak weaken wide widen worse worsen Noun Verb threat threaten ize Noun Verb jaracter characterize climate acclimatize computer computerize criticism criticize emphasis emphasize maximum memory minimum moisture moisturize pressure pressurize revolution revolutionize standard standardize summary summarize symbol symbolize sympathy sympathize Word formation Adjective Verb commercial commercialize familiar familiarize formal formalize general generalize item itemize modern social special specialize stable stabilize visual visualize Verbs formed with up, down, over, under, out up- update upgrade uphold uplift uproot upset upstage down- downgrade download downplay downshift downsize over- overcome overcook overeat overestimate overexpose overflow overhear overheat overload overlook ‘vverrate overrule overrun overshadow oversleep overspend overstay overstretch overtake overthrow overuse overwork 127ED Word formation list under- underachieve undercharge undercut underestimate undergo underline underrate understate undertake undervalue out. outgrow outlast outlive outnumber outplay outrun outstay 128