Grammar%–%Ways%of%contrasting%ideas page%142

CONJUNCTIONS%/%LINKERS
but can%contrast%words,%phrases%and% The$work$was$tiring$but$worthwhile.$
clauses,%within%same%sentence% We$were$half$dead$by$the$end$of$the$day.$But$
(informally%can%start%sentence) at$least$the$job$turned$out$well.

whereas% to%contrast%different,%but%not% He$can$eat$anything$and$not$put$on$weight,$

while contradictory,%ideas%
(while%clause%before%main%
clause)
although% introduce%idea%that%contrast%
even%though% with%idea%in%main%clause%
(even%if%similar%to%even%though%
though –%conditional%%meaning)%
though%is%postpositive%(after%cl)
whereas$most$people$have$to$be$careful.$
While$I$know$she$can$be$difficult,$I’m$very$fond$
of$her.
He$failed$his$driving$test$although/even0
though$he$had$practised$every$day.$
I’m$going$to$New$Zealand$$next$year,$even0if$I$
have$to$save$up$all$year$long.$
It$might$be$unpleasant,$though.

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Grammar%–%Ways%of%contrasting%ideas page%142

PREPOSITIONS%
despite% followed%by%noun%or%–ing% The$journey$was$very$quick,$despite/in0spite0of0the$
in%spite%of clause,%or%“the%fact%that…” heavy$traffic.$
Despite/in0spite0of0feeling$ill$I$enjoyed$the$party.$
Despite/in0spite0of0the$fact$that$he$hadn’t$attended$
class,$he$did$reasonably$well$on$the$exam.

ADVERBS%
however used%to%contrast%new%sentence%
with%the%previous%one.%%
placed%normally%at%the%beginning,%
but%can%be%within%or%at%end.%(not%
in%same%sentence)
nevertheless% more%formal,%normally%placed%at%
nonetheless beginning%of%sentence
This$is$one$possible$solution$to$the$problem.$
However,$there$are$others.$/$There$are$others,$
however.$/$There$are,$however,$others.
This$is$an$extremely$difficult$decision.$
Nevertheless,$it$is$one$we$have$to$make.$
We’re$having$problems$with$the$project.$
Nonetheless,$we’ll$finish$it$on$time
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Grammar%–%Ways%of%contrasting%ideas page%142

Complete%the%sentences%in%Ex.%3.

1. although/even%though %
2. but %
3. whereas/but %
4. however %
5. although/even%though

Modify%the%sentences%in%Ex.%3%that%could%use%despite/in%spite%of.

Sentence$1: % Sentence$5:%
•I$recognised$you$as$soon$as$I$saw$you,$in$ •In$spite$of/Despite$the$fact$that$I’ve$been$
spite$of/despite$the$fact$we’d$never$met$ here$twice$before,$I’d$forgotten$where$the$
before.% post$office$was. %
•I$recognised$you$as$soon$as$I$saw$you,$in$ •In$spite$of/Despite$having$been$here$twice$
spite$of$having$never$met$you$before. before,$I’d$forgotten$where$the$post$office$
was.
Language$Reference$p.$$180

Grammar%–%Ways%of%contrasting%ideas page%142

Find%and%correct%the%mistakes%in%Ex.%5.%There%might%be%several%ways%of%
correcting%them.
1. Despite%%%%%Although/Even%though/Despite%the%fact%that%
2. however%%%%%but/.%However,…%
3. However%%%%%Although/Even%though/Despite%the%fact%that%
4. Though%%%%%However,%…%
5. where%%%%%whereas,%but%
6. While%%%%%Although/Even%though/Despite%the%fact%that

Complete%these%sentences%with%your%own%endings: %
1.%%%I%%don’t%mind%going%to%the%dentist,%but…%
%
2.%%%I%realize%that%it’s%very%important%to%keep%fit.%However…
3.%%%Whereas%most%people%I%know%go%to%the%gym%at%least%twice%a%%%%%
week.%I… %
4.%%%Even%though%many%people%eat%better%food%than%they%did%a%
hundred%years%ago,…

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