Pengertian Kurikulum

PErkembangan kurikulum
 Bergantung pada kepercayaan filosofis yang dianut
 Berkembang sejalan dengan perkembangan teori dan praktek pendidikan
 Bervariasi sesuai dengan aliran atau teori pendidikan yang dianut

Interpretasi Kurikulum
Peter F Olivia menemukan ada 13 definisi:
1. That which is taught in school;
2. A set of subjects;
3. Content;
4. A program of studies;
5. A set of materials;
6. A sequence of courses;
7. A set of performance objectives;
8. A course of study
9. Everything that goes on within the school, including extra class activities, guidance &
interpersonal relationships;
10. That which is taught both inside and outside of school directed by the school
11. Everything that is planned by school personel
12. A series of experiences undergone by learners in school
13. That which an individual learner experiences as result of schooling

Oemar Hamalik menemukan 6 definisi:

1. Suatu program kegiatan yang terencana
2. Hasil belajar yang diharapkan
3. Reproduksi budaya (cultural reproduction)
4. Kumpulan tugas dan konsep
5. Agenda rekonstruksi sosial
6. Currere (arena pacu/lomba; menekankan pada proses pacuan/lomba di mana
kapasitaas individu diberdayakan dalam merekonseptualisasi otobiografinya sendiri)
 Definisi kurikulum dapat dibedakan dari luas sempitnya cakupan muatannya
 Dalam arti sempit; kumpulan mata pelajaran/bahan ajar yang harus disampaikan
guru
 Dalam arti luas; lebih menekankan pada pengalaman

Contoh definis ahli

Caret V. Good’s Dictionary of education:
“a systematic group of courses or sequences of subject required for graduation or certification in
major field of study, for example, social studies curriculum, physical educational curriculum…”

Hollis L. Caswell & Doak S. Campbell :

“all the experiences children have under the guidance of teachers”

Hilda Taba:
“a plan for learning…” yang meliputi elemen: statement of aims and specific objectives;
selection and organization of content; certain pattern of learning and teaching; a program of
evaluation of the outcomes”

Ronal C. Doll :
“the formal and informal content and process by which learners gain knowledge and
understanding, develop skill and alter attitudes, appreciations and values under the auspices of
that school.”

Daniel Tanner & Laurel N. Tanner:

“reconstruction of knowledge and experience systematically developed under the auspices of
the school (or university), to enable the learner to increase his or her control of knowledge and
experience”

Albert L. Oliver menyamakan kurikulum dengan program pendidikan dan membaginya menjadi
4 elemen dasar :
1. The program of studies
2. The program of experiences
 3. The program of services
4. The hidden curriculum

Pendekatan lain
Kurikulum juga dapat didefinisikan dengan membedakannya sebagai tujuan, konteks dan
strategi.
 Purposes (tujuan; What it does atau should do?) contoh; tujuan kurikulum adalah untuk
mentransmisi warisan budaya, mengembangkan keterampilan berpikir reflektif pada
siswa dll.
 Context (konteks/latar belakang), contoh : kurikulum esensialis (essentialist curriculum);
kurikulum berpusat pada siswa (child centered curriculum), kurikulum rekonstruksi
sosial (reconstrucionist curriculum)
 Strategies (strategi, proses, metode, teknik pembelajaran) contoh curriculum as a
problem solving process, as group living

Sumber:
Olivia, Peter F. 1992. Developing the curriculum. Harpercollin publishers. New York