Origin and Development of

Organ Systems
By
Araceli F. Surat, MAN
NCM 107 Instructor
Origin of the Body Tissue ( Primary Germ
Layers)
• ECTODERM :
– distinctive layer of cells that lined the amniotic cavity
– CNS , PNS, skin, hair and nails, sebaceous glands, sense organs, mucous
membrane of the anus, mouth and nose, tooth enamel and mammary
glands
• MESODERM :
– third layer of primary cells between the amniotic cavity and the yolk sac
– supporting structures of the body, dentin of the teeth, kidneys and
ureters, reproductive system, heart, blood cells and the lymph vessels
• ENTODERM :
– primary layer of cells that lined the smaller cavity (yolk sac)
– lining of the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneal cavities, lining of the
GIT, respiratory system, tonsils , parathyroid, thyroid, thymus and
urethra
ORGANOGENESIS
 Cardiovascular System

– 16th day : blood cell join the yolk sac to form the heart
– 24th day : heart beat
– 6-7th week : heart divides into chambers
– 7th week : heart valves developed
– 10-12th week : heart sounds heard over a doppler
– 11th week : ECG recording
– 20th week : ECG conduction is more regulated
Fetal Circulation
 Respiratory System
• 3rd week : respiratory and digestive tract as a single tube
• 4th week : septum begins to divide the esophagus from the trachea
• 6th week : lung bud extend down into the abdomen
• 7th week : diaphragm closes
• * if not – diaphragmatic hernia
• stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver may enter into the thoracic
cavity
• displaces the heart and the lungs
th
• 24-28 week : alveoli and capillaries begin to form
• 3rd mos. : spontaneous respiratory movement
• 24th week : surfactant formed and excreted by the alveolar cells
• Surfactant
» decrease tension on expiration
» maintains rsepiration outside the environment
» prevents alveolar collapse
» enhances alveolar maturation
» lecithin and sphingomyelin : ratio 1:2
» lecithin peaks at 35 weeks while sphingomyelin peaks before 35weeks
•
 Nervous System

• 3rd week : neural plate formed (CNS/PNS)

• 8th week : brain waves seen on EEG
• 24th week : capable of responding to sound ;
eyes exhibit pupillary reaction
• 32th week : moro reflex present
 Endocrine System

• fetal adrenals secrete estrogen

• fetal pancreas produces insulin
• thyroid and parathyroid works on metabolism
and calcium balance
 Digestive System

• 4th week : digestive tract separated with the

respiratory tract , intestinal tract grows
• 16th week : meconium forms
• * meconium – consists of cellular wastes, bile, fats,
mucoprotein, mucopolysaccarides, and portion of
vernix caseosa ; black or dark green and sticky
• 32th week sucking and swallowing reflexes mature
• 36th week : GI ability to secrete enzymes essential for
CHO and CHON digestion except for amylase and lipase
 Musculoskeletal System

• a. 2nd week : cartilage prototypes –

responsible for position and support
• b. 11th week : fetal movement seen early on
ultrasound
• c. 20th week : quickening
 Urinary System

• 4th week : rudimentary kidneys are present

• 12th week : urine is formed
• 16th week : urine excrete3d into the amniotic
fluid
• at term : fetal urine is excreted at the rate of
500ml/day
• oligohydramnios – fetal kidneys do not secrete
adequate urine
 Reproductive System

• at conception : sex determination

• 8th week : sex determined by chromosomal
analysis
• 34-38th week : testes descend from pelvic
cavity, scrotal sac formed
• preterm babies : undescended testes
 Immune System

• 3rd trimester : Ig G maternal antibodies (temporary passive immunity)

placenta fetus
• IgG peaks at 8 months
• IgG passive immunity from :
• 1. polio
• 2. rubella/German measles
• 3. rubeola/measles
• 4. diphtheria
• 5. tetanus
• 6. mumps/infectious parotitis
• 7. pertussis/whopping cough
• * no immunity to herpes virus
• * at 2 months after birth : starts to decrease immunization from DPT,
polio and influenza should be started