4 Reinforced Concrete Design

Strength of Rectangular Section in Bending

Location of Reinforcement

Behavior of Beam under Load

Beam Design Requirements

Working Stress Design (WSD)

Practical Design of RC Beam

Asst.Prof.Dr.Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
 Location of Reinforcement
Concrete cracks due to tension, and as a result, reinforcement is required
where flexure, axial loads, or shrinkage effects cause tensile stresses.

• Simply supported beam

tensile stresses and cracks are

developed along bottom of the beam

Positive
Moment
BMD

longitudinal reinforcement is placed

closed to the bottom side of the beam
 Location of Reinforcement

• Cantilever beam
- Top bars

- Ties and anchorage

to support
 Location of Reinforcement
• Continuous beam
 Location of Reinforcement
• Continuous beam with 2 spans
Figure B-13 : Reinforcement Arrangement for Suspended Beams
Figure B-14 : Reinforcement Arrangement for
Suspended Cantilever Beams
Behavior of Beam under Load
w

L
εc f < f c′
Elastic Bending (Plain Concrete)

εc f < f r = 2.0 f c′

εc f < f c′
Working Stress Condition
C

T = As fs
εs
Brittle failure mode
εcu= 0.003
Crushing C

T = As fs
εs <εy fs < fy

Ductile failure mode

εc < 0.003
C

T = As fs
εs ≥εy fs = fy
Beam Design Requirements

1) Minimum Depth (for deflection control)

oneway
L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10
slab

BEAM L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8

2) Temperature Steel (for slab)

SR24: As = 0.0025 bt b
SD30: As = 0.0020 bt t
SD40: As = 0.0018 bt As
fy > 4,000 ksc: As = 0.0018
4,000 bt
fy
3) Minimum Steel (for beam)

As min = 14 / fy As

To ensure that steel not fail before first crack

4) Concrete Covering
stirrup





Durability and Fire protection

> 4/3 max. aggregate size

5) Bar Spacing
WSD of Beam for Moment
Assumptions:
1) Section remains plane
2) Stress proportioned to Strain
3) Concrete not take tension
4) No concrete-steel slip

Modular ratio (n):

Es 2.04 × 106 134

n= = ≈
Ec 15,100 f c′ f c′
Effective Depth (d) : Distance from compression face to centroid of steel

Cracked transformed section

strain condition force equilibrium

compression face εc f c = Ecε c
C
kd
d N.A.
jd

εs T = As f s
b f s = Es ε s
 f c = Ecε c
1
Compression in concrete: C = f c b kd kd
C
2
N.A.
jd
Tension in steel: T = As f s
T = As f s
f s = Es ε s
Equilibrium ΣFx= 0 :
Compression = Tension
1
f c b kd = As f s
2
Reinforcement ratio: ρ = As / bd
fc 2 ρ
= 1
fs k
Strain compatibility:
εc εc kd k
= =
ε s d − kd 1 − k
kd
d f c / Ec k
=
f s / Es 1 − k

fc k
εs n = 2
fs 1 − k

k = 2n ρ + ( n ρ ) − n ρ
2
Analysis: know ρ find k 1 2

n fc 1
Design: know fc , fs find k 2 k= =
n fc + fs 1 + fs
n fc
Allowable Stresses
Plain concrete: Steel:
f c = 0.33 f c′ ≤ 60 kg/cm 2 SR24: fs = 0.5(2,400) = 1,200 ksc

Reinforced concrete: SD30: fs = 0.5(3,000) = 1,500 ksc

f c = 0.375 f c′ ≤ 65 kg/cm 2 SD40, SD50: fs = 1,700 ksc

Example 3.1: f c′ = 150 ksc , fs = 1,500 ksc

134
n= = 10.94 ⇒ 10 (nearest integer)
150
f c = 0.375(150) = 56 ksc

1
k= = 0.2515
1,500
1+
9(56)
Resisting Moment
kd/3 Moment arm distance : j d

1 kd
C= fc k b d jd = d −
M 2 3
jd
k
j = 1−
T = As fs 3

Steel: M = T × jd = As f s jd
1
Concrete: M = C × jd = f c k j b d 2 = R b d 2
2
1
R = fc k j
2
Design Step: known M, fc, fs, n

1) Compute parameters
1 1
k= j = 1− k / 3 R= fc k j
1 + fs n fc 2

R (kg/cm2)
fc
n
(kg/cm2) fs=1,200 fs=1,500 fs=1,700
(kg/cm2) (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2)
45 12 6.260 5.430 4.988
50 12 7.407 6.463 5.955
55 11 8.188 7.147 6.587
60 11 9.386 8.233 7.608
65 10 10.082 8.835 8.161
Design Parameter k and j

fs=1,200 fs=1,500 fs=1,700

fc (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2)
n
(kg/cm2)
k j k j k j
45 12 0.310 0.897 0.265 0.912 0.241 0.920
50 12 0.333 0.889 0.286 0.905 0.261 0.913
55 11 0.335 0.888 0.287 0.904 0.262 0.913
60 11 0.355 0.882 0.306 0.898 0.280 0.907
65 10 0.351 0.883 0.302 0.899 0.277 0.908

1) For greater fs , k becomes smaller → smaller compression area

2) j ≈ 0.9 → moment arm j d ≈ 0.9d can be used in approximation
design.
2) Determine size of section bd2

Such that resisting moment of concrete Mc = R b d 2 ≥ Required M

Usually b ≈ d / 2 : b = 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, . . .

d = 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm, . . .

3) Determine steel area

M
From M = As f s jd → As =
fs j d

4) Select steel bars and Detailing


 .1   
 
   , .2

Number of Bars
Bar Dia.
1 2 3 4 5 6
RB6 0.283 0.565 0.848 1.13 1.41 1.70
RB9 0.636 1.27 1.91 2.54 3.18 3.82
DB10 0.785 1.57 2.36 3.14 3.93 4.71
DB12 1.13 2.26 3.53 4.52 5.65 6.79
DB16 2.01 4.02 6.03 8.04 10.05 12.06
DB20 3.14 6.28 9.42 12.57 15.71 18.85
DB25 4.91 9.82 14.73 19.63 24.54 29.45

 .3 !" #$%!

& ACI

Simple One-end Both-ends

Member Cantilever
supported continuous continuous

One-way slab L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10

Beam L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8

L = span length

For steel with fy not equal 4,000 kg/cm2 multiply with 0.4 + fy/7,000
Example 3.2: Working Stress Design of Beam

w = 4 t/m Concrete: fc = 65 kg/cm2

Steel: fs = 1,700 kg/cm2

5.0 m From table: n = 10, R = 8.161 kg/cm2

Required moment strength M = (4) (5)2 / 8 = 12.5 t-m

Recommended depth for simple supported beam:

d = L/16 = 500/16 = 31.25 cm

USE section 30 x 50 cm with steel bar DB20

d = 50 - 4(covering) - 2.0/2(bar) = 45 cm
Moment strength of concrete:

Mc = R b d2 = 8.161 (30) (45)2

= 495,781 kg-cm

= 4.96 t-m < 12.5 t-m NG

TRY section 40 x 80 cm d = 75 cm

Mc = R b d2 = 8.161 (40) (75)2

= 1,836,225 kg-cm

= 18.36 t-m > 12.5 t-m OK

M 12 . 5 × 10 5
Steel area: As = = = 10 . 8 cm 2
f s jd 1,700 × 0 . 908 × 75

Select steel bar 4DB20 (As = 12.57 cm2)

Alternative Solution:

From Mc = R b d2 = required moment M

M M
bd 2
= ⇒ d =
R Rb

For example M = 12.5 t-m, R = 8.161 ksc, b = 40 cm

12 . 5 × 10 5
d = = 61 . 88 cm
8 . 161 × 40

USE section 40 x 80 cm d = 75 cm
Revised Design due to Self Weight

From selected section 40 x 80 cm

Beam weight wbm = 0.4 × 0.8 × 2.4(t/m3) = 0.768 t/m

Required moment M = (4 + 0.768) (5)2 / 8 = 14.90 < 18.36 t-m OK

Revised Design due to Support width

Column width 30 cm
30 cm 30 cm Required moment:

M = (4.768) (4.7)2 / 8

= 13.17 t-m

4.7 m clear span

5.0 m span
Practical Design of RC Beam
B1 30x60 Mc = 8.02 t-m, Vc = 6.29 t.
fc = 65 ksc, fs = 1,500 ksc, n = 10
Load
w = 2.30 t/m
dl 0.43
k = 0.302, j = 0.899, R = 8.835 ksc
wall 0.63
slab 1.24
b = 30 cm, d = 60 - 5 = 55 cm
5.00 w 2.30
Mc = 8.835(30)(55)2/105 = 8.02 t-m
M± = (1/9)(2.3)(5.0)2 = 6.39 t-m
Vc = 0.29(173)1/2(30)(55)/103
As± = 8.62 cm2 (2DB25)
= 6.29 t
V = 5.75 t (RB9@0.20 St.)
As± = 6.39×105/(1,500×0.899×55)
= 8.62 cm2
B2 40x80 Mc = 19.88 t-m, Vc = 11.44 t.

w = 2.64 t/m w = 2.64 t/m

8.00 5.00
8.54 9.83
SFD 12.58 3.37
+13.81 +2.15
BMD -16.17
13.65 15.99 2.13
As 3DB25 4DB25 2DB25
GRASP Version 1.02
B11-B12

Membe
Mz.i [T-m] Mz.pos [T-m] Mz.j [T-m] Fy.i [Ton] Fy.j [Ton]
r
1 0 39.03 -53.42 33.04 -50.84
2 -53.42 17.36 -37.97 44.52 -39.36
3 -37.97 20.75 -46.35 40.54 -43.34
4 -46.35 25.88 -28.26 44.96 -38.92
5 -28.26 6.59 -92.25 31.27 -52.61
6 -92.25 81.47 0.00 69.70 -47.73
Analysis of RC Beam
Given: Section As , b, d Materials fc , fs
Find: Mallow = Moment capacity of section

STEP 1 : Locate Neutral Axis (kd)

k = 2 ρn + (ρn ) − ρn
2

j =1−k / 3

As
where ρ = = Reinforcem ent ratio
bd
Es 2.04 ×106 134
n= = ≈
Ec 15,100 f c′ f c′
STEP 2 : Resisting Moment
1
Concrete: Mc = f c k j b d 2

2
Steel: M s = As f s j d

If Mc > Ms , Over reinforcement Mallow = Ms

If Mc < Ms , Under reinforcement Mallow = Mc

Under reinforcement is preferable because steel is weaker

than concrete. The RC beam would fail in ductile mode.
 Example 3.3 Determine the moment strength of beam
40 cm fc = 65 ksc, fs = 1,700 ksc,
n = 10, d = 75 cm
As 12 . 57
80 cm ρ= = = 0 . 00419 , ρ n = 0 . 0419
bd 40 × 75
k = 2 × 0 . 0419 + ( 0 . 0419 ) 2 − 0 . 0419
4 DB 20
= 0 . 251 → j = 1 − 0 . 251 / 3 = 0 . 916
As = 12.57 cm2

Mc = 0.5(65)(0.251)(0.916)(40)(75)2/105 = 16.81 t-m

Ms = (12.57)(1,700)(0.916)(75)/105 = 14.68 t-m (control)

Double Reinforcement
- Increase steel area
- Enlarge section
When Mreq’d > Mallow
- Double RC
only when no choice

A’s εc T’ = A’s f’s

d’ ε’s 1
M C = 2 fc k b d

As As1 fs
T = As fs
εs As2 fs

 
   
T’ = A’s f’s
1 T’ = A’s f’s
C=
1
f kbd C = 2 fckbd
2 c

jd d-d’

T = As fs T1 = As1 fs T2 = As2 fs
1 M2 = M − Mc
Moment strength M 1 = M c = f c kjbd 2
2
M = M1 + M2 = As 2 f s (d − d ′)
= As1 f s jd
= As′ f s′(d − d ′)
Mc M − Mc
Steel area As = As1 = + As 2 =
f s jd f s (d − d ′)
Compatibility Condition
d’ εc
εs d − kd
=
kd ε’s ε s′ kd − d ′
d From Hook’s law: εs = Es fs, ε’s = Es f’s

Es f s fs d − kd
= =
Es f s′ f s′ kd − d ′
εs
k − d′ d
f s′ = f s
1− k

...  k − d′ d
f s′ = 2 f s
1− k
  ( A’s )
T’ = A’s f’s Force equilibrium [ ΣFx=0 ]
T’ = T2
d-d’
A’s f’s = As2 fs

T2 = As2 fs k − d′ d
Substitute f s′ = 2 f s
1− k

1 1− k
As′ = As 2
2 k − d′ d
   ( k ) Compression = Tension

d’ εc Cc + Cs′ = T
1
f c b kd + As′ f s′ = As f s
kd ε’ s 2
d k − d′ d As′
Substitute f s′ = 2 f s , ρ′ =
1− k bd

1− k As
εs f s = n fc , ρ=
k bd

 d′  2
 + n ( ρ + 2 ρ ) − n ( ρ + 2 ρ ′)
2
k = 2n  ρ + 2 ρ ′ ′
 d
Example 3.4 Design 40x80 cm beam using double RC
w = 6 t/m fc = 65 ksc, fs = 1,700 ksc,
n = 10, d = 75 cm
5.0 m k = 0.277, j = 0.908, R = 8.161 ksc

Beam weight wbm = 0.4 × 0.8 × 2.4(t/m3) = 0.768 t/m

Required M = (6.768) (5)2 / 8 = 21.15 t-m

Mc = Rbd2 = 8.161(40)(75)2/105 = 18.36 t-m < req’d M Double RC

Mc 18.36 × 105
As1 = = = 15.86 cm 2
f s jd 1, 700 × 0.908 × 75

M − Mc (21.15 − 18.36) ×105

As 2 = = = 2.34 cm 2
f s (d − d ′) 1, 700 × (75 − 5)
Tension steel As = As1 + As2 = 15.86 + 2.34 = 18.20 cm2

USE 6DB20 (As = 18.85 cm2)

Compression steel
1 1− k 1 1 − 0.277
As′ = As 2 = × 2.34 × = 4.02 cm 2
2 k − d′ d 2 0.277 − 5 / 75
USE 2DB20 (As = 6.28 cm2)

2DB20
0.80 m

6DB20

0.40 m


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