International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue4- April 2013

Design of 20 dB Bethe-hole Waveguide Coupler

Mehul P Vanvi#1, Ved Vyas Dwivedi*2, Jaymin K Bhalani#3
#
Communication System Engineering, Charusat University
At & Po:Changa-388421, Dist-Anand,India
*
C U Shah College of Engineering & Technology
Wadhvan-363030, Dist-Surendranagar, India

Abstract: Design of a X-band WR-90 based 20 dB Bethe-hole A

Waveguide Coupler is chosen as main coupler Operating at C  20 log dB (1)
9GHz frequency. Theoretical design of this coupler has been A10
done to find out the aperture position, radius of hole and
Directivity. Theoretical results are verified with simulation
result. ANSOFT’s High Frequency Structure Simulation(HFSS) A10
has been used for simulation. Results of simulation and the D  20log dB (2)
theoretical results are compared in this paper. Calculated results A10
and simulation results are in close approximation. Although the
Directivity is more sensitive function of frequency this
comparison helps in fabrication of the coupler.  
Where, A10 and A10 is the amplitude of forward and reverse
Keywords: C-coupling coefficient, D- directivity. travelling wave is
I. INTRODUCTION
1 1
A directional coupler of four-port passive device A10    E10 J dv   H10 Mdv
commonly used for coupling a known fraction of the P10 P10
microwave power to a port( coupled port) in the auxiliary line
while flowing from the input port to the output port in the
jwA  2 s 0 m  2  s  2  s 
main line. The remaining port is an ideally isolated port and  0  e sin  2  sin  2 2 cos 2 
matched terminated. Bethe-hole coupler is one of the type of P10  a Z10  a  a a 
Waveguide directional coupler in which two waveguide (3)
coupled together through one hole in common broad wall as
shown in fig (1).
1 1
A10    E10 J dv  H10 Mdv
P10 P10 

jwA  2 s 0 m  2  s  2  s 
  
 0 e sin  2 
sin  2 2 cos 2 
P10  a Z10  a  a a 
(4)

Where P10= a*b /z10 normalized power constant Note from

(4&5)that the amplitude of the wave exited towards port 4 ()

is generally different from that excited toward port 3( A10 ) so
Figure (1) Bethe-hole Coupler 
we can cancel the power delivered to port 4 by setting A10 =0.
II. DESIGN If we assume that the aperture is round, then gives the
We have considered bethe-hole coupler of S aperture 2r03 4r03
couple two parallel waveguides. Here in Design used WR-90 polarizabilities as e  and m  , where r0
type waveguide which is used for X-band application. An 3 3
aperture excites forward and reverse travelling waves with is the radius of the aperture. Then from (4) we obtain the
different amplitudes.The structure of bethe-hole coupler is following condition to find the position of aperture s,
symmetric with respect to all four ports. Basic definition of
coupling and directivity giving by the following formula,

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue4- April 2013

s 2 0
sin  2 2 2
 (5)
a 4  k0 a 2  02  a 2 

Design a Bethe-hole coupler of type shown in figure(1) for X-

band waveguide WR-90 operating at 9Ghz,with a coupling of 20 dB.
We have the following constant,a = 2.286cm, b =1.016cm, 0 =c / f =
3.333cm, k0= 2π / 0 = 1.886cm-1, β= 2π / λg = 1.29cm-1,Z10 = k0ή0 /
β = 550.9 ohm, P10= a*b / Z10=4.215 ×10-3 cm2/ohm,

Then (5) can be used to find the aperture position s, from (1) get
aperture radius and for directivity equation (2) is used. For solving all
these equation we get s=0.969cm, r0=0.415cm and directivity
D= -62.95dB.
III. SIMULATION

Using the above result simulation model has been created

in ANSOFT’s HFSS-11. Waveguide WR-90 of 0.127cm wall
Figure(3) E-field pattern
thickness is chosen as main waveguide. Coupler has been
designed for operating frequency of 9GHz over a 7-11GHz
Here in below figure result is shown. Where,S31 is
band. The common wall of main waveguide and auxiliary
coupling coefficient and S41 is directivity. By Observing that
waveguide is also chosen as 0.127cm.
coupling varies by less than 1dB over the band. The
The structure has been simulated in HFSS by using driven directivity is very large (>60dB)at the design frequency, but
model. Figure (2) shows the HFSS model of simulation. In decreases 5-10 dB at the band edges.
this model we have taken WR-90 waveguide with Inside
dimensions 2.286×1.016 cm and Outside dimensions
2.540×1.270cm. In which outside waveguide are taken as
copper material and inside boxes are taken as vacuum. Also a
hole in the center of the waveguide is take as vacuum
material. The length of guide is in multiple of 0 . So for better
result we get 5 time multiple of 0 .so we take 16.65cm the
length of waveguide. Which have four wave port with two
excitation mode in this design.

Figure (4) S-parameter result of coupler in HFSS

IV. COMPARISON
In this case the radius of hole is taken same as calculated.
The simulated results of HFSS is close to designed value.
Table 1 shows the comparison of coupling coefficient and
directivity of coupler with HFSS and calculated at 9GHz.

Figure (2) HFSS model of coupler

Also far field pattern of the E-filed is shown in figure(3)

where we can see vector pattern for loss of some E-field.

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue4- April 2013

CODE Coupling Directivity REFERENCES

coefficient [1] Yashwant D. Wanmode, Deodatta Baxy, and Purushottam
Shrivastava.”Design Of 10 dB S-Band Multihole Waveguide Coupler.”
Pulse High Power Microwave Section, Raja Ramanna Center for
HFSS -25.69dB -64.33dB
Advanced Technology, INDORE,INDIA.
[2] D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 2nd Ed., Ch 7, pp. 368-374, John
Calculated -21.62dB -62.95dB & Wiley & Sons, Canada,1998
[3] R.E.Collin,Foundations for Microwave Engineering, Ch 6, pp. 413-419,
McGraw-Hill, Singapore, 1966
Table 1: Comparative values of coupling coefficient and directivity at [4] Amin M.Abbosh and Marek E. Bialkowski. “Design of Compact
9GHz. Directional Couplers for UWB Applications.” IEEE Transaction on
Microwave Theory and Techniques , Vol. 55, No. 2, February 2007
[5] J.Y.Shao,S.C.Huang and Y.H.Pang. “Wilkinson power divider
incorporating quasi-elliptic filters for improved out of band rejection.”
V. CONCLUSION Electronics Letters , Vol.47 , No. 23, November 2011
X-band 20dB Bethe-hole waveguide coupler is designed. [6] C.G.Montgometry,R.H.Dicke and E.M.Purcell,“Principal of Microwave
Result of design calculation and simulation are closely Circuits” MIT Radiation Laboratory Series, vol.8, McGraw-Hill,
N.Y.,1948
matching. The theoretical calculations helped in engineering [7] Special Issue on Electromagnetics-Based Optimization of Microwave
drawing of this coupler is ready and it is in the process of Components and Circuits, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol.
fabrication. 52, Jan. 2004
[8] Devid H Whittum. “Single-Hole Directional Coupler for W-Band”
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ARDB Technical Note 119.
[9] Microwave encyclopedia, Retrieved 22 July,2010 from World Wide
The author is thankful to Dr. Niraj Shah, and Prof. Brijesh Web:
Shah, for their support and encouragement during the research http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/coupled_line_couplers.cf
Endeavour. We would like to thank V. T. Patel Department of m
Electronics and Communication, CHARUSAT University,
India, for cooperation in the research work.

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