CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

ASSIGNMENT – 01 (UNIT 3)

SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY :

AR.ASHU JAIN SIMRAN JAIN

Q1. WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY CONSTRUCTION

MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES? HOW IT IS HELPFUL TO MANAGE
THE PROJECT?

 THE MANAGEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS REQUIRES

KNOWLEDGE OF MODERN MANAGEMENT AS WELL AS AN
UNDERSTANDING OF THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
PROCESS.
 CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS HAVE A SPECIFIC SET OF
OBJECTIVES AND CONSTRAINTS SUCH AS A REQUIRED TIME
FRAME FOR COMPLETION
 PROJECT MANAGEMENT IS THE ART OF DIRECTING AND
COORDINATING HUMAN AND MATERIAL RESOURCES
THROUGHOUT THE LIFE OF A PROJECT BY USING MODERN
MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES TO ACHIEVE PREDETERMINED
OBJECTIVES OF SCOPE, COST, TIME, QUALITY AND
PARTICIPATION SATISFACTION.
 PROJECT MANAGEMENT INVOLVES DECISION MAKING FOR THE
PLANNING, ORGANIZING, COORDINATION, MONITORING AND
CONTROL OF A NUMBER OF INTERRELATED TIME BOUND
ACTIVITIES.
 PROJECT MANAGER THEREFORE, OFTEN DEPENDS ON TOOLS
AND TECHNIQUES.
 THESE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES CAN BE
CLASSIFIED UNDER TWO BROAD CATEGORIES I.E., BAR CHARTS
AND NETWORKS.

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  IT IS HELPFUL TO MANAGE THE PROJECT IN FOLLOWING
WAYS:
 COORDINATION.
 PLANNING & SCHEDULING.
 PURCHASING & EXPEDITING.
 SUPERVISION.
 COST CONTROL.
 DOCUMENTATION AND REPORTING.
 QUALITY CONTROL/QUALITY ASSURANCE.
 ESTIMATING.
 SAFETY AND RISK MANAGEMENT.
 CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION.
 CLAIMS ANALYSIS/AVOIDANCE.
 CONSTRUCTABILITY & SEQUENCING STUDIES.
 ERECTION DIAGRAMS AND PROCEDURES.

Q2. WHAT IS “BAR CHART”? EXPLAIN IN DETAIL WITH EXAMPLE.

 BAR CHART IS A SIMPLE GRAPHICAL SYSTEM OF SCHEDULING

ACTIVITIES.

 BAR CHART IS UTILIZED TO GENERATE A SCHEDULING FORM

WITHIN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTORS.

 A BAR CHART CONSISTS OF A SERIES OF ACTIVITIES,

DETAILING THE START DATE, PERIOD OF THE ACTIVITY AND
ACHIEVEMENT DATE OF EACH ACTIVITY, AND THEN PLOTTED
INTO THE PROJECT TIME SCALE.

 BAR CHART IS HELPFUL TO FIGURE OUT THE AMOUNT OF

RESOURCES NECESSARY FOR ANY SPECIFIC PROJECT.

 BY INSERTING THE RESOURCES VERTICALLY, THE RESOURCE

AGGREGATION WILL BE FORMED.

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  THE RESOURCE AGGREGATION WILL CALCULATE
APPROXIMATELY THE WORK PRODUCTION AND SET UP
ESTIMATES FOR
REQUIRED
MAN-HOUR AND
EQUIPMENT.

 IN THIS FIGURE
“TASK A” IS
LAND
PREPARATION,
“TASK B” IS
PROCUREMENT
OF INPUTS ETC.
LAND
PREPARATION
(TASK A) TAKES
FIVE DAYS
STARTING
FROM DAY ONE. HOWEVER IN PRACTICE THE TIME SCALE IS 1ST
SUPERIMPOSED ON A CALENDAR I.E., IF LAND PREPARATION
STARTS ON JUNE IT WOULD BE COMPLETED BY 5TH JUNE.
 LENGTH OF THE BAR INDICATES REQUIRED TIME FOR THE
TASK WHEREAS THE WIDTH HAS NO SIGNIFICANCE.
 THOUGH THE BAR CHART IS COMPREHENSIVE, CONVENIENT,
AND VERY EFFECTIVE, IT HAS THE FOLLOWING LIMITATIONS:
 LIKE MANY OTHER GRAPHICAL TECHNIQUES ARE OFTEN
DIFFICULT TO HANDLE LARGE NUMBER OF TASKS IN OTHER
WORDS A COMPLEX PROJECT.
 DOES NOT INDICATE THE INTER RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
TASKS I.E., IF ONE ACTIVITY OVERRUNS TIME WHAT WOULD BE
THE IMPACT ON PROJECT COMPLETION.

Q3. WHAT IS “MILE STONE CHART”? EXPLAIN IN DETAIL WITH

EXAMPLE.

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 MILESTONE CHART IS AN IMPROVEMENT OVER THE BAR CHART
(GANTT CHART) BY INTRODUCING THE CONCEPT OF
MILESTONE.
 THE MILESTONE, REPRESENTED BY A CIRCLE OVER A TASK IN
THE BAR CHART INDICATES COMPLETION OF A SPECIFIC PHASE
OF THE TASK (FIGURE 2).
 FOR EXAMPLE LAND PREPARATION (TASK A) INCLUDES
PLOUGHING AND LEVELING.
 FROM THE SIMPLE BAR CHART IT IS DIFFICULT TO MONITOR
PROGRESS OF THE PLOUGHING. INTRODUCTION OF A
MILESTONE ON
DAY 3 WOULD
SPECIFY THAT THE
PLOUGHING
WOULD BE 3RD
COMPLETED BY
DAY 3 OF THE
PROJECT I.E. JUNE.
 IN A MILESTONE
CHART A TASK IS
BROKEN DOWN IN
TO SPECIFIC
PHASES
(ACTIVITIES) AND
AFTER ACCOMPLISHMENT OF EACH OF THE SPECIFIC ACTIVITY
A MILESTONE IS REACHED OR IN OTHER WORDS AN EVENT
OCCURS. THE CHART ALSO SHOWS THE SEQUENTIAL
RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE MILESTONES OR EVENTS WITHIN
THE SAME TASK BUT NOT THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG
MILESTONES CONTAINED IN DIFFERENT TASKS.

 FOR EXAMPLE IN FIGURE 2, THE MILESTONE 2 OF TASK A

CANNOT BE REACHED UNTIL THE MILESTONE 1 IS CROSSED

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 AND THE ACTIVITY BETWEEN MILESTONE 1 AND 2 IS OVER.
SIMILARLY, IN TASK B THE MILESTONE 4 CAN BEGIN ONLY
AFTER COMPLETION OF MILESTONE 3. BUT THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MILESTONE OF TASK A AND
TASK B IS NOT INDICATED IN THE MILESTONE CHART.
 OTHER WEAKNESSES OF THIS CHART ARE AS FOLLOWS:
 DOES NOT SHOW INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN TASKS.
 DOES NOT INDICATE CRITICAL ACTIVITIES.
 DOES NOT CONSIDER THE CONCEPT OF UNCERTAINTY IN
ACCOMPLISHING THE TASK.
 VERY CUMBERSOME TO DRAW THE CHART FOR LARGE
PROJECTS.

Q4.WHAT IS “PERT”? EXPLAIN EXPLAIN IN DETAIL WITH

EXAMPLE.

 THE PROGRAM EVALUATION REVIEW TECHNIQUE, OR PERT, IS

A VISUAL TOOL USED IN PROJECT PLANNING. USING THE
TECHNIQUE HELPS PROJECT PLANNERS IDENTIFY START AND
END DATES, AS WELL AS INTERIM REQUIRED TASKS AND
TIMELINES. THE INFORMATION IS DISPLAYED AS A NETWORK
IN CHART FORM.
 PERT HELPS PROJECT PLANNERS IDENTIFY:

 START AND END DATES

 ANTICIPATED TOTAL REQUIRED COMPLETION TIME
 ALL ACTIVITIES, REFERRED TO AS EVENTS ON THE CHART, THAT
IMPACT THE COMPLETION TIME
 THE REQUIRED SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
 THE PROBABILITY OF COMPLETION BY A CERTAIN DATE

 THE PERT PROCESS PERT HAS A SET SERIES OF STEPS IN

MAPPING OUT A COMPLEX PROJECT, WHICH INCLUDE:

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1. LIST ALL THE TASKS AND MILESTONES (A.K.A. EVENTS) REQUIRED
FOR COMPLETION OF THE PROJECT
2. DETERMINE THE REQUIRED SEQUENCE OF TASKS
3. DESIGN A CHART TO VISUALLY DISPLAY ALL THE STEPS
4. ESTIMATE THE TIME REQUIRED FOR EACH TASK
5. IDENTIFY THE CRITICAL PATH – THE LONGEST SERIES OF TASKS IN
THE PROJECT
6. ADJUST THE CHART TO REFLECT PROGRESS MADE ONCE THE
PROJECT STARTS
 A PERT CHART USES NUMBERED CIRCLES OR RECTANGLES TO
REPRESENT MILESTONES AND STRAIGHT LINES WITH ARROWS
AT THE END TO REPRESENT TASKS TO BE COMPLETED. THE
DIRECTION OF THE ARROWS, AND THE NUMBERS, INDICATE
THE REQUIRED SEQUENCE. TYPICALLY, THE NUMBERS
INCREASE BY 10 AT EACH MILESTONE, SO THAT NEW TASKS
CAN BE ADDED ALONG THE WAY WITHOUT REQUIRING THE
WHOLE CHART TO BE REDRAWN AND NUMBERED.
 FOR EXAMPLE, THE PROJECT MANAGER KNOWS THE
SUCCESSION OF THE PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND THE
OPTIMISTIC,PESSIMISTIC AND MOST LIKELY TIME (IN WEEKS)
FOR THE FOLL

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 THE ASSOCIATED NETWORK IS:
 THE EARLIEST START TIME, EARLIEST FINISH TIME, LATEST
START TIME AND LATEST FINISH TIME FOR EACH ACTIVITY ARE
CALCULATED IN THE FOLLOWING TABLE:

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Q5. WHAT IS “CPM”? EXPLAIN IN DETAIL WITH EXAMPLE.

 THE CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM) IS A STEP-BY-STEP PROJECT

MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUE FOR PROCESS PLANNING THAT
DEFINES CRITICAL AND NON-CRITICAL TASKS WITH THE GOAL
OF PREVENTING TIME-FRAME PROBLEMS AND
PROCESS BOTTLENECKS. THE CPM IS IDEALLY SUITED TO
PROJECTS CONSISTING OF NUMEROUS ACTIVITIES THAT
INTERACT IN A COMPLEX MANNER.

 THE FOLLOWING STEPS TO FIND A CRITICAL PATH IN A

NETWORK DIAGRAM:

 DRAW THE NETWORK DIAGRAM.

 IDENTIFY ALL PATHS IN THE NETWORK DIAGRAM.

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  FIND THE DURATION OF EACH PATH.
 THE PATH WITH THE LARGEST DURATION IS THE CRITICAL
PATH.
EXAMPLE:
 IN THIS EXAMPLE A, B, C, D, F,
G, H, I ARE THE ACTIVITIES.
 NUMBERS ABOVE THE BOXES
ARE THE DURATIONS.
 ACTIVITY B IS A PREDECESSOR
ACTIVITY THAT LOGICALLY
COMES BEFORE A DEPENDENT
ACTIVITY F IN THIS NETWORK SYSTEM.
 ACTIVITY F IS A SUCCESSOR ACTIVITY IS A DEPENDENT
ACTIVITY THAT LOGICALLY COMES AFTER THE ACTIVITY F.
 THERE IS A F-S RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACTIVITY B AND F.
 PDM FORWARD PASS
CALCULATION FORWARD PASS
CALCULATIONS SPECIFY THE
MINIMUM DATES AT WHICH
EACH ACTIVITY CAN BE
PERFORMED AND, ULTIMATELY,
THE MINIMUM DURATION OF A
PROJECT.
 PDM BACKWARD PASS
CALCULATION BACKWARD
PASS CALCULATIONS
DETERMINE THE LATEST DATES
BY WHICH EACH ACTIVITY CAN
BE PERFORMED WITHOUT
INCREASING THE PROJECTS
MINIMUM DURATION.

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  PDM FLOAT CALCULATION FOR
EACH ACTIVITY IS THE AMOUNT
OF TIME THAT AN ACTIVITY CAN
BE DELAYED WITHOUT
DELAYING THE PROJECT
COMPLETION DATE.

TOTAL FLOAT IS 0 ON THE CRITICAL PATH.

TOTAL FLOAT: LS – ES = 17-7 = 10

TOTAL FLOAT: LF – EF = 27-17 = 10

TOTAL FLOAT CAN BE CALCULATED

BY SUBTRACTING THE EARLY START
DATE OF AN ACTIVITY FROM ITS LATE
START DATE OR EARLY FINISH DATE
FROM ITS LATE FINISH DATE.

CRITICAL PATH THE CRITICAL PATH IS

THE LONGEST PATH IN THE NETWORK
DIAGRAM AND TOTAL FLOAT OF CRITICAL PATH IS ZERO.

Q6.WHAT IS “PDM”? EXPLAIN IN DETAIL WITH EXAMPLE.

 PRECEDENCE DIAGRAM METHOD (PDM) IS A VISUAL

REPRESENTATION TECHNIQUE THAT DEPICTS THE ACTIVITIES
INVOLVED IN A PROJECT.
 IT IS A METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING A PROJECT
SCHEDULE NETWORK DIAGRAM THAT USES BOXES/NODES TO
REPRESENT ACTIVITIES AND CONNECTS THEM WITH ARROWS
THAT SHOW THE DEPENDENCIES.
 THERE ARE FOUR (4) TYPES OF DEPENDENCIES THAT YOU NEED
TO BE AWARE OF BEFORE CREATING A PRECEDENCE DIAGRAM.
 FINISH-START: IN THIS DEPENDENCY, AN ACTIVITY CANNOT START
BEFORE A PREVIOUS ACTIVITY HAS ENDED. THIS IS THE MOST
COMMONLY USED DEPENDENCY.

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 START-START: IN THIS DEPENDENCY, THERE IS A DEFINED
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE START OF ACTIVITIES.
 FINISH-FINISH: IN THIS DEPENDENCY, THERE IS A DEFINED
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE END DATES OF ACTIVITIES.
 START-FINISH: IN THIS DEPENDENCY, THERE IS A DEFINED
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE START OF ONE ACTIVITY AND THE
END DATE OF A SUCCESSOR ACTIVITY. THIS DEPENDENCY IS
RARELY USED.
EXAMPLE:
 IN THIS EXAMPLE A, B, C, D, F,
G, H, I ARE THE ACTIVITIES.
 NUMBERS ABOVE THE BOXES
ARE THE DURATIONS.
 ACTIVITY B IS A PREDECESSOR
ACTIVITY THAT LOGICALLY
COMES BEFORE A DEPENDENT
ACTIVITY F IN THIS NETWORK SYSTEM.
 ACTIVITY F IS A SUCCESSOR ACTIVITY IS A DEPENDENT
ACTIVITY THAT LOGICALLY COMES AFTER THE ACTIVITY F.
 THERE IS A F-S RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACTIVITY B AND F.
 PDM FORWARD PASS
CALCULATION FORWARD PASS
CALCULATIONS SPECIFY THE
MINIMUM DATES AT WHICH
EACH ACTIVITY CAN BE
PERFORMED AND, ULTIMATELY,
THE MINIMUM DURATION OF A
PROJECT.
 PDM BACKWARD PASS
CALCULATION BACKWARD
PASS CALCULATIONS
DETERMINE THE LATEST DATES
BY WHICH EACH ACTIVITY CAN
BE PERFORMED WITHOUT

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 INCREASING THE PROJECTS
MINIMUM DURATION.

 PDM FLOAT CALCULATION FOR

EACH ACTIVITY IS THE AMOUNT
OF TIME THAT AN ACTIVITY CAN
BE DELAYED WITHOUT
DELAYING THE PROJECT
COMPLETION DATE.

TOTAL FLOAT IS 0 ON THE CRITICAL PATH.

TOTAL FLOAT: LS – ES = 17-7 = 10

TOTAL FLOAT: LF – EF = 27-17 = 10

TOTAL FLOAT CAN BE CALCULATED

BY SUBTRACTING THE EARLY START
DATE OF AN ACTIVITY FROM ITS LATE
START DATE OR EARLY FINISH DATE
FROM ITS LATE FINISH DATE.

CRITICAL PATH THE CRITICAL PATH IS

THE LONGEST PATH IN THE NETWORK
DIAGRAM AND TOTAL FLOAT OF CRITICAL PATH IS ZERO.

-THANKYOU

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