(on) BEHALF (of someone or something)
: ACCOMPANY
(preposition) For. For example: 'He thanked
the guests for coming on my behalf as I had
to leave early and couldn’t talk to everyone.'
A the acronym for the International English
ABANDON
:
(verb) Leave, discard, desert. For
example: 'The fishermen had to abandon
their ship and escaped to safety in the
rescue helicopter when they were caught
in the storm last week.'
ABANDONED
Keyword(s):
ABSTRACT
: :
(verb) Summary, synopsis, short version.
For example: 'When researching journals for
information, it is useful to read just the
abstract to quickly find out if the topic is
relevant to your assignment as it takes too
long to read the whole thing.'
ABSTRACTS
Keyword(s):
ACADEMIC
: drug addiciton
(adjective) Something or someone showing
a high level of education. Example:
'University students have to write in an
academic style'.
ACADEMY
: different information from a reliable source.'
(noun) School, comedy, institute. For
example: 'The academy, which opened two
years ago, has just had the pleasure of seeing
its first group of students graduate.'
ACADEMIES
Keyword(s):
ACCESS
:
(verb) Gain entry to, get in to, log on to. For
example: 'It is possible to access a wide
range of information on the internet.'
ACCESSED
Keyword(s):
ACCLIMATISE
:
(verb) Adapt, become used to something.
Example: 'It can take some time to
acclimatise when first moving to a new
country.'
ACCOMMODATE
:
(verb) Hold, have room for. For example:
'The hotel seems able to accommodate our
needs for the upcoming seminar.'
Keyword(s):
ACCOMMODATES
because there was no evidence'.
:
(verb) Go with, escort. For example: 'The
Prime Minister will be accompanied by four ACRONYM
government officials through the whole tour :
of Australia.' (noun) A word made up of the inital letters
of a collection of words. Example: 'IELTS is
ACCOMPANIES Language Testing System'.
Keyword(s):
ACCORDINGLY
:
ACTIVE VERB
(adverb) To show something corresponds, :
relates. Example: 'He was told that the (noun phrase) A verb which describes an
project was urgent, so he accordingly action. Example: run, write, listen, sleep.
worked overtime until it was completed'. See also STATIVE VERB
ACCOUNTABLE ADAPT
:
(adjective) reponsible, answerable. (verb) get used to, change, adjust. For
Example: 'Parents should be accountable for example: 'It can be difficult to adapt to a
the actions of their children'. different environment.'
ADAPTS
ACCUMULATE Keyword(s):
:
(verb) Collect, gather, amass. For example: ADDICTION
:
'The business accumulated a huge amount of
debt in the year prior to its closure.' (noun) A habit involving something that is
not just wanted but needed. For example: A
ACCUMULATES
Keyword(s):
ACCURATE ADDITION
: :
(adjective) Correct, true. For example: 'I am (noun) More of something. Example:
not sure if the information you have 'Schools would benefit from more funding.
received is accurate as I have heard much In addition, they would also benefit from
having more qualified teachers.'
ACHIEVE ADEQUATE
: :
(verb) Get, accomplish, attain. For example: (adjective) enough, sufficient. For example:
'He won four gold medals and three silver
'A large number of homeless people do not
medals in his sporting career and achieved a have adequate food to eat.'
lot on behalf of his country.'
ADJACENT TO
ACKNOWLEDGE :
: (preposition) next to, near to. For example:
(verb) Recognise, make reference to. For 'The reception area is adjacent to the
example: 'I feel disappointed because my Conference room, ask there and they’ll show
manager did not acknowledge all of the hard you in.'
work I had put into the project at last week’s
meeting.'
ADJECTIVE
:
ACQUIRE A word used to describe a noun. Examples
: of adjectives: hot, cold, intelligent,
(verb) get hold of, gain, purchase. For impressive
example: 'His business is to acquire
computers at low cost prices then sell them
on for a profit overseas.' ADJECTIVES
Keyword(s):
ACQUIRES ADJUST
Keyword(s):
:
(verb) Alter, change, adapt. For example:
ACQUIT 'There were errors in my last pay cheque so
: they have adjusted this month’s pay to
(verb) To let go, to release from blame. correct the mistake.'
Example: 'He was acquitted of the murder

ADMINISTRATE
: graduates the opportunity to enter a high
(verb) Control, run, manage. For example:
'The Head Office in London administrates
all operations for the company for the rest of
the country.'
ADULT
: ANNUL
(noun) grown up, no longer a child. For
example: 'In the UK teenagers officially
become classed as adults on their 18th
birthday.'
ADULTS
Keyword(s):
ADVANCE
: :
To move forward; to improve something.
ADVERB
: Keyword(s):
An adverb describes a verb. Examples: run
quickly, wait patiently
ADVERBS
Keyword(s):
ADVOCATE
:
(noun) Supporter, backer, believer.
Example: 'While many people oppose the
new rules, there are probably enough
advocates to give support. '
(verb) To support, to back, to believe in.
Example: 'Some countries advocate higher
wages for teachers'.
ADVOCATES
Keyword(s):
AFFECT
: (verb) Alter, make corrections, improve. For
(verb) Have an effect on, influence. For
example: 'Drinking alcohol severely affects
a person’s ability to drive safely.'
AGGREGATE
: :
(adjective) Total, combined. For example:
'We have 40 staff in aggregate and the
majority of them work in Sales.'
AID
: food.'
To help.
AIM
: (verb) Be thankful for, be pleased about,
(verb) To direct towards a particular goal or
target. For example: 'I am aiming to get a
7.5 on my IELTS test'
ALBEIT
: ANALYSED
(adverb) Although, though, even though. For
example: 'A university education gives
paid job over the long term, albeit an
expensive investment during their years of
study.'
ALLOCATE
:
(verb) Assign, give out. For example: 'The
Government should allocate a higher
percentage of funding for healthcare'
ALLOCATED
Keyword(s):
ALTER
: ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
(verb) Change, adjust. For example: 'Many
cities have altered their road systems
dramatically in order to cope with additional
traffic.'
ALTERED
ALTERNATIVE
: (verb) Expect, predict. For example: 'It is
(noun) Option, other choice. For example:
'The only alternative to cutting staff hours
would be to make some members of the
team redundant.'
AMBIGUOUS
:
(adjective) Unclear, vague, confusing. For
example: 'The email message from the CEO
was ambiguous and confused the majority of
the Management team.'
AMEND
: APPEARANCE
example: 'The university policy regarding
international students was amended last July
and the changes will be put in place from the
New Year.'
AMENDS
Keyword(s):
ANALOGY
: students complete a University assignment it
(noun) Likeness, similarity, comparison. For
example: 'The finance lecturer used an
analogy to help students understand the
concept of profitability to a company; he
said it was similar to the body’s need for
ANALYSE
:
(verb) To examine carefully and in detail to
find key points. Example: 'It is important to
analyse the question before you start writing
your IELTS essay'.
Keyword(s):
ANNUAL
:
(adjective) Yearly, twelve-monthly. For
example: 'The budget is decided on an
annual basis, at the end of April each year.'
:
(verb) Cancel or remove. Example:
'Developed countries should annul the debts
of developing countries.'
ANNULLED
Keyword(s):
(noun phrase) Against the good of society.
Example: 'Increasing anti-social behaviour
is a cause for concern'.
ANTICIPATE
:
difficult to anticipate which questions will
come up in an examination as the lecturer
uses a mixture of new questions and those
from past exam papers.'
ANTICIPATED
Keyword(s):
APPARENT
:
(adjective) Clear, plain, obvious. For
example: 'It is apparent from the travel
information he gave us that we will be
spending a long time travelling on the bus.'
:
(noun) Physical characteristics; the way
something looks. Example: 'People are often
judged by their appearance'.
APPEND
(verb) Add on, attach. For example: 'When
is common for them to append additional
information at the end of the project. These
are called the appendices and should be
clearly numbered.'
APPENDED
Keyword(s):
APPRECIATE
:
value. For example: 'James really
appreciated all of the help that Steven had
given him with his revision, so much so that
he bought him a gift to say thank you.'

APPRECIATED
Keyword(s):
APPROACH
: Keyword(s):
(noun) Style, methodology. For example:
'Different people have different approaches
to learning and revision, one way is to make
notes of the main issues and read over them
several times to help remember the
information.'
(verb) The way of doing something
APPROACHED
Keyword(s):
APPROPRIATE
: :
(adjective) Suitable, correct, fitting. For
example: 'It is not always appropriate to act
in the same way as usual when in a different
culture..'
APPROXIMATE
:
(adjective) Estimated. For example: 'We are
unsure exactly how many new students will
enrol in the course next term, however, we
could expect approximate figures to be
around 150.'
Keyword(s):
APPROXIMATED
ARBITRARY
: (verb) Help, aid, support. For example:
(adjective) Random, chance, illogical. For
example: 'The system for deciding which
workers will lose their jobs can sometimes
seem fairly arbitrary as it does not seem that
experience, or length of time working at the
company are taken into account..'
AREA
: that people with disabilities are also stupid.'
(noun) Section, part, field. For example: 'It
is important to consider carefully which area
of business we hope to work in, in the future
and choose modules for study which give
experience in that field.'
ARRANGEMENT
: minutes.'
(noun) An agreed plan. Example: 'The
company made an arrangement to deliver
the product before 5.30 pm.'
ASCRIBE
: attach a copy of my CV and qualifications.'
(verb) A specified cause, source, or origin.
Example: 'The decline in the number of
people reading books can be ascribed to the
availability of the internet'.
ASCRIBED
Keyword(s):
ASPECT
:
(noun) A part or feature of something.
Example: 'There are 4 aspects the examiner
will mark your essay on'.
ASPECTS
ASSEMBLE
:
(verb) Put together, build, compile. For
example: 'Jason has just assembled a new
computer from parts he was given by
friends.'
ASSEMBLED
Keyword(s):
ASSESS
(verb) Measure, test, gauge. For example: 'In
the IELTS exam students are assessed on
their ability to read, write, speak and listen
in English.'
ASSESSED
Keyword(s):
ASSIGN
: AUTHORITY
(verb) Give, allocate, designate. For
example: 'I have been assigned a new
project at work, which will involve business
trips to Japan as I am the only member of
the team who can speak Japanese.'
ASSIST
: (verb) mechanise, computerise. For
'Being a P.A. can be an interesting job as the
role involves assisting the CEO with a
variety of important tasks.'
ASSUME
: (adjective) existing, accessible, to be had.
(verb) Think, believe, presume. For
example: 'It is sometimes wrongly assumed
ASSURE
: :
(verb) promise, guarantee, pledge. For
example: 'The technical support team
assured me that the internet service would
be working again within the next 30
ATTACH
: :
(verb) add, join, append. For example: 'I
replied to the job advert by email and had to
ATTAIN
: BALANCED
(verb) Achieve, accomplish, reach. For
example: 'It is possible for most people to
attain wealth through hard work and
education. '
ATTITUDE
:
(noun) Way of thinking, approach, manner.
For example: 'With a positive attitude and
hard work it is possible for most people to
gain a tertiary qualification.'
ATTRIBUTE
:
(noun) Characteristic, feature, trait. For
example: 'Simon has many positive
attributes including patience, dedication and
understanding.'
AUTHOR
:
(noun) Writer. For example: 'It is important
to reference the name of the author and the
year the book was written if quoting from
other books or journals in academic writing.'
:
(noun) Power, right, influence. For example:
'Teachers no longer have the authority to
smack children at school.'
AUTOMATE
:
example: 'Many companies are automating
their systems reducing the need for people
as machinery can do their jobs equally well.'
AVAILABLE
:
For example: 'Types of medical treatment
available is increasing all the time due to
medical research.'
AWARE
(adjective) Informed, concerned. For
example: 'It is important for us to be aware
of the impact of human behaviour on the
environment.'
B
BALANCE
(noun) Equality, giving equal importance
to. Example: 'A good essay should show
balance, considering both sides of the
argument.'
:
(adjective) Considering both sides, fair.
Example: 'It is important to write a balanced
argument when asked for an opinion.'

BAN
:
(verb) To make illegal. Example: 'Smoking
in public palces has been banned in many
countries'.
BARBARIC
: finish before it is completed.'
(adjective) Cruel; uncivilised. Example:
'Many people believe that capital
punishment is barbaric.'
BEAR IN MIND
: point of view'.
(verb / idiom) Remember, consider.
Example: 'Always bear in mind that you
only have 40 minutes to complete Task II'.
BENEFICIAL
:
(adjective) Useful, bringing advantages.
Example: 'It is beneficial for IELTS
candidates to spend some time studying
before taking the test'.
BENEFIT
:
(verb) Help, assist, do good for. For
example: 'Eating healthily and taking regular
exercise can benefit people who are
overweight.'
BLANK
:
(adjective) Without information; empty.
Example: 'Answer all the questions in the
IELTS test. Don't leave any blank spaces.'
BOND
: Example: 'The cause of rising sea levels is
(verb) Connect, link, build a relationship.
For example: 'Human beings are naturally
social and it is important for us to bond with
the people around us.'
BRAINSTORM
: (verb) Stop, end, finish. For example: 'He
(verb) Think of all related ideas. Example:
'When trying to write Task II, you should
brainstorm for ideas.
Keyword(s):
BRAINSTORMED
BRIEF
: (noun) Someone very well known; a public
(adjective) Short, quick . Example: 'The
meeting was brief as everyone was very
busy'.
BRIEFLY
: CENTRALLY CONTROLLED
(adverb) Short, quickly. Example: 'He :
briefly looked at the essay but didn't read it (adjective) Controlled by a country's
in detail'. government, not by local governments.
BULK CERTAINTY
: :
(noun) Main part, major part. For example: (noun) No doubt; sure. Example: 'It is a
'The bulk of the research has now been certainty that the world's population will
done, though we have a few small issues to increase.'
CHALLENGE
C :
CAPABLE (verb) To argue against an opinion.
: Example: 'In IELTS writing, you may need
to challenge an opinion by giving a different
(adjective) Able, confident, skilled. For
example: 'I sometimes feel I am not
(noun) A difficult situation. Example:
capable of writing my university essays in
'Studying in a second language can be a
English, it is quite difficult for me.'
challenge for many students'.
CHALLENGES
CAPACITY Keyword(s):
:
(noun) Size, volume. For example: 'The CHALLENGING
class is full to capacity so I will have to wait :
and enroll in a new class next month.'
(adjective) Difficult, not easy. Example: 'It
can be challenging for international students
to study at university in a second language'.
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
:
(noun) The penalty of death for a crime CHANNEL
:
(verb) Direct, guide, feed. For example: 'The
Government promises to channel more
CATEGORY
funds into fighting crime if they win the next
:
election.'
A division or class of something. For
example: There are several categories of
cars - family cars, sports cars, 4 wheel CHANNELS
Keyword(s):
drives...
CATEGORIES CHAPTER
Keyword(s): :
(noun) Section, part of a book. For example:
'The information we learned today in the
CAUSE
lecture is found in more detail in chapter 10
:
of the textbook.'
(noun) The reason something happens.
the melting of polar ice'. CHAPTERS
Keyword(s):
CAUSED
Keyword(s): CHARACTER
:
(noun) How someone behaves / thinks / acts.
CEASE
Example: 'He has a very friendly,
:
approachable character.'
has been made redundant and his
employment contract will officially cease on
July 21st.' CHART
:
CEASED (noun) graph, table, diagram. For example:
Keyword(s): 'It was clear from the bar chart that sales had
risen in the period January-April.'
CELEBRITY
: CHARTS
Keyword(s):
figure. 'Many celebrities, such as Tom
Cruise, are photographed wherever they go.' CHEMICAL
:
CELEBRITIES (noun) Substance, element, compound. For
Keyword(s): example: 'There are many harmful
chemicals in cigarette smoke.'

CHEMICALS
Keyword(s):
CIRCUMSTANCE
: COHERENCE
(noun) Situation, event. For example: 'It
should depend on the individual
circumstances of the crime, as to whether
the death penalty is implemented.'
Keyword(s):
CIRCUMSTANCES
CITE
: 'In order to gain good marks it is important
(verb) Situation, event. For example: 'It is
important to cite the name of the author you
have used information from in academic
writing for university.'
CIVIL
: good essay will be easy to understand
(adjective) Related to individuals and the
general public. For example: 'Civil rights
allow the right to privacy in most countries.'
CIVILISED
: :
(adjective) Having a high state of culture,
technology or society. Example: 'Many
ancient cultures, such as the Egyptians and
the Azecs, were highly civilised.'
CLAIM
: COLLAPSE
(noun) Something stated as fact, though not
necessarily proven. Example: 'His claims
have been ignored by the government'.
CLARIFY
: beneficial if husbands and wives have
(verb) Explain, make clear. For example:
'The instructions given on the examination
paper were not clear so we asked the
invigilator to clarify what we had to do.'
CLARIFIED
Keyword(s):
CLASSIC
: To give or exchange thoughts, ideas or
(adjective) Typical. For example: 'A classic
example of discrimination is lower pay for
women.'
CLASSIFY
: example: 'Over recent years local
(verb) To put into a group or category.
Example: 'Humans are classified as
mammals. Sharks are classified as fish'.
CLASSIFIED
Keyword(s):
CODE
:
(noun) Rule, regulation. For example:
'Knowledge of the highway code is tested in
the driving test in a theory exam.'
:
(noun) Able to be understood. Example:
'An essay needs to show coherence; that is, a
logical flow of ideas'. See also
COHERENT
COHERENT
:
(adjective) Logical, reasoned. For example:
to write an essay which has good ideas and
is coherent.'
COHESION
:
(noun) Joining ideas together. Example: 'A
because of its cohesion'
COHESIVE
Keyword(s):
COINCIDE
(verb) Happen togther, match, overlap. For
example: 'The date for my IELTS exam
coincided with my college exams so I did
not have enough time to study properly as I
had too much to do.'
:
(verb) Give way, fail, come to nothing. For
example: 'The ideas and proposal for the
new business development collapsed when it
became clear that necessary funding was not
available.'
COLLEAGUE
:
(noun) Co-worker. For example: 'Having
supportive colleagues in the workplace is
very important'
COMBINATION
:
(noun) When two or more things are put
together. Example: 'Some IELTS questions
will require you to use a combination of
skills and abilities'.
COMFORTABLE
:
(adjective) Calm, relaxed, at ease. Example:
'It is important to show the examiner that
you are comfortable speaking English
during your IELTS test'.
COMMENCE
:
(verb) Start, begin. For example: 'The new
university semester commences on February
25th and all new students need to enroll the
week before.'
COMMENT
:
(verb) Say in passing, mention, point out.
For example: 'My teacher commented that
my English has improved a lot in the last
two months when I spoke with her the other
day. '
COMMISSION
:
(verb) Appoint, authorise. For example: ' In
many people’s opinion artworks
commissioned by the Council, are an
example of money badly spent as there are
more important projects to spend money on.'
COMMIT TO
:
(verb) Pledge. For example: 'Although the
Government said, during the last election
that it was committed to reducing crime
rates there has been an increase in violent
crime in the last three years.'
COMMODITY
:
(noun) Product, good or service. For
example: 'Electronic commodities such as
computers and equipment have fallen
dramatically in price since their introduction
to the market.'
COMMON
:
(adjective)
#1 - Similar, shared. Example: 'It is
common interests'.
#2 - Usual, regularly occuring. Example: 'It
is common for language learners to make
grammar mistakes'.
COMMUNICATE
:
opinions.
COMMUNITY
:
(noun) A group of people in society. For
communities have become more concerned
about increase in crime in their areas.'
COMPARATIVE
:
(grammar term) The form of an adjective
used for comparing. Example: tall > taller

COMPARISON
: problem hospitals are facing.'
(noun) When something is compared to
something else. Example: 'There have been
comparisons made between the landscape of
New Zealand and Norway'.
COMPARISONS
Keyword(s):
COMPATIBLE
: example: 'The country’s army had no time to
(adjective) Well-matched, like-minded. For
example: 'It is important for employers to
employ the most suitable person for a job
and that the employee’s personality is
compatible with the position being offered.'
COMPENSATE
: mixed). Example: 'If students study hard,
(verb) Balance, make up for. For example:
'Nowadays some parents try to compensate
for having little time to spend with their
children by giving them too many material
things such as toys and games.'
COMPILE
: CONCEIVE
(verb) List, compose, record. For example:
'Before I go to the library I need to compile
a list of information I need to look for while
I am there.'
COMPLEMENT
: CONCENTRATE
(verb) Add to, accompany. For example:
'Following a healthy diet and taking regular
exercise complement each other well to
create a healthy lifestyle..'
COMPLEX
: CONCEPT
(adjective) Not simple, involved, difficult.
For example: 'Arguments in support of, and
against the death penalty need to be
considered carefully, as the subject is
extremely complex.'
COMPLICATED
: :
(adjective) Difficult, intricate. Example:
'Mathematics studied at university level is
complicated'.
COMPONENT
: CONCEDE
(noun) Part, piece. For example: 'Tom has
the ability to fix my computer but is unsure
if he can find the correct components he
needs to sort out the problem.'
COMPOUND
:
(verb) Add to, increase (a negative
situation). For example: 'Governments
should invest more money into public health
care as lack of funds only compound the
COMPREHENSIVE
:
(adjective) Wide-ranging, thorough. For
example: 'Hospitals should provide
comprehensive information booklets so that
patients will know what to expect when they
have an operation.'
COMPRISE
:
(verb) Include, contain, thorough. For
example: 'Australia comprises several states
including the A.C.T. which contains
Canberra.'
COMPULSORY
:
(adjective). Essential, must be done, no
choice. Example: 'It is compulsory to have a
passport when travelling overseas'.
: important in helping them learn lessons for
(verb) Visualise, imagine, think of. For
example: 'It is difficult for us to conceive the
long term environmental impact of our
actions now. '
: with parents to discuss solutions to the
(verb) Focus, think. For example: 'It is
important to concentrate when revising for
exams, study some where quietly and switch
of all distractions including radios and TV.'
: being self-assured. Example: 'It is important
(noun) Idea, theory. For example: 'I am
learning about Marketing concepts in my
class this week, it is interesting to find out
about so many different theories.'
CONCESSION
(noun) An acknowledgment or admission
that there are opinions different to your own.
Example: 'It is important to add a concession
to your Task II essay to show that you can
consider other opinions'.
Keyword(s):
CONCLUDE
:
(verb) End, finish, bring to a close. For
example: 'Before concluding the meeting the
CEO thanked us for attending and for our
input.'
CONCRETE
:
(adjective). Real, not theoretical or abstract.
Example: 'A concrete example'
(noun) A substance that is mixed with sand
and water to create a solid material used in
building.
CONCURRENT
:
(adjective) Same time, simultaneous. For
respond due to the concurrent attacks by sea,
land and air.'
CONDITIONAL CLAUSE
:
(grammar term) A sentence that has an 'if'
statement - can be zero, 1st, 2nd, 3rd or
they have a better chance of success'. (This
is a zero conditional clause)
CONDUCT
:
(noun) Behaviour, ways, manner. For
example: 'The high standard of conduct
expected of children at the school is
later in life.'
CONFER
:
(verb) Consult, discuss. For example:
'Education institutions should confer more
growing problem of children missing
school.'
CONFIDENT
:
(adjective) Having no doubts; to be sure;
to appear confident in an interview
situation'.
CONFINE
:
(verb) Constrict, limit. For example: 'A
number of countries are now confining
cigarette smoking to outside areas only in
public places.'
CONFIRM
:
(verb) Check, verify. For example: 'It is
shop owners' responsibility to confirm their
customers are old enough to buy cigarettes
by asking them to provide identification.'
(noun) CONFIRMATION Example: 'A
confirmation has been made for the booking
next month'.
Keyword(s):
CONFIRMED

CONFLICTING
: (verb) Be made up of. For example: 'The
(adjective) Differing, opposite. For example:
'There are a number of conflicting opinions
on whether technology has improved or
reduced quality of life.'
CONFORM
: CONSONANT
(verb) Fit in with, follow rules of conduct,
match. For example: 'Younger people
nowadays find it difficult to conform to the
rules of society.'
CONFUSE
: CONTACT
(verb) To mix up, to not understand
correctly. Example: "It can be easy to
confuse tenses in English grammar'.
CONFUSED
Keyword(s):
CONNECT
: :
(verb) To link, to join. Example: 'In English,
you can connect ideas with linking words'.
CONNECTED
Keyword(s):
CONSCRIPTION
: CONTEMPORARY
(noun) Compulsory recruitment into the
military. Example: 'Many countries still
have conscription'.
CONSENT
:
To AGREE
CONSEQUENT
: :
(adjective) Resulting, following. For
example: 'A number of people were
concerned about the change in government
policy and the consequent protests were no
surprise.'
CONSIDER
: :
(verb) Think carefully about. Example: 'You
need to consider possible synonyms for
keywords before scanning the reading
passage for the answer'.
CONSIDERED
Keyword(s):
CONSIDERABLE
: :
(adjective) Large, sizeable, substantial. For
example: 'A recent survey showed that a
considerable number of parents have little
knowledge regarding the signs of drug use.'
CONSIST
: CONSUME
:
main basis of his argument consisted of the (verb)
facts and figures he had direct from the 1. to expend by use; use up. 'Cities consume
survey.' a high percentage of a country's energy, due
to the high populations living there.'
CONSISTED 2. to eat or drink up; devour. 'Many people
Keyword(s): consume a great deal of junk food ona
regular basis.'
3. to destroy, as by decomposition or
burning: Fire consumed the forest.
:
4. to spend (money, time, etc.) wastefully.
(noun). Letters in the alphabet that are not
5. to absorb; engross: consumed with
a,e,i,o or u.
curiosity.
Some words can begin with a vowel but
have a consonant sound. Example:
university (yoo-ni-ver-si-ty), uniform (yoo- CONSUMES
ni-form). Keyword(s):
See also VOWEL
CONSONANTS :
Keyword(s): (verb). Write to/speak to, get in touch with.
Example: 'It is the school’s responsibility to
contact parents of children they suspect are
CONSTANT
taking drugs.'
:
(adjective) Continual, endless. For example:
'There have been constant problems since
the new policy has been introduced.' CONTAIN
(verb) To include, to hold within. Example:
'The IELTS reading and listening tests both
CONSTITUENT PARTS
contain 40 questions.'
:
(noun phrase) Parts or ingredients that
together make a whole. Example: 'There are CONTAINS
many constituent parts to a car engine'. Keyword(s):
:
CONSTITUTE (adjective). Modern. Example: 'In my
: opinion contemporary novels are more
(verb) Comprise, make up, form. For interesting and true to life than classic
example: 'The research I have collected literature.'
constitutes a very good basis for my
assignment.'
CONTEXT
CONSTITUTED
Keyword(s): :
(noun). Perspective, background. Example:
'A good essay will put all ideas and
CONSTRAIN
arguments into a clear context.'
(verb) Limit, restrict, hinder. For example:
'In order to constrain the increasing use of
illegal drugs, stricter penalties should be CONTINENTS
introduced.' :
Groups of countries; large masses of land.
CONSTRAINED For example: Europe, Asia
Keyword(s):
CONSTRUCT
CONTRACT
(verb) Build, put together, make. For :
example: 'It is important to construct a solid (noun). Written and signed agreement,
argument for your essay and making notes legally binding document. Example: 'An
beforehand helps enormously.' employment contract protects the rights of
both employer and employee.'
CONSTRUCTED
Keyword(s):
CONTRADICT
CONSULT :
(verb). Disagree with, challenge the view of,
(verb) Ask, check with. For example: 'It is oppose. Example: 'The findings in the new
important for patients to consult their doctor research project contradict those from the
before taking any additional medication.' earlier survey.'
CONSULTED
Keyword(s):
CONTRARY
: been difficult to convince the general public
(adjective). Opposite. Example: 'There are
many contrary opinions to this view.'
CONTRARY (On the contrary)
: (verb) Work together. For example: 'It is
(noun). Opposite. Example: 'Sensible
exercise has no ill effects on the body; on
the contrary it brings enormous benefits.'
CONTRAST
: :
(noun). Difference, strong dissimilarity.
Example: 'There is enormous contrast
between the landscapes of the two
countries.'
CONTRIBUTE
: CORE
(verb). Add, give. Example: 'Older workers
in the work force are important as they
contribute their experience, wisdom and
patience.'
CONTROVERSIAL
: CORPORAL PUNISHMENT
(adjective) Arguable, disputable, likely to
cause disagreement. Example: 'The
government's decision to reduce funding of
public healthcare was controversial.'
CONTROVERSY
: :
(noun). Arguement, disagreement. Example:
'A decision to fine parents of children who
are not attending school would cause a huge
amount of controversy.'
CONVENE
: CORRELATION
(verb). Come together, assemble. Example:
'United Nations representatives will convene
in Europe next month.'
CONVENTIONAL
:
(adjective) Following accepted customs and
traditions. Example: 'In western countries, it
is conventional for the bride to wear a white
dress on her wedding day.'
CONVERT
: :
(verb). Change, alter from one use or
purpose to another. Example: 'In many parts
of the world forest land has been converted
to agricultural land and this has impacted on
the environment.'
CONVINCE
:
(verb). Persuade, encourage another to
believe a point of view. Example: 'It has
of the dangers related to this.'
COOPERATE
:
important for Governments of different
countries to cooperate together to find a
solution to global warming.'
COORDINATE
(verb) Organise, bring together. For
example: 'The conference will require a
huge amount of organisation so the company
has appointed an Events Manager to
coordinate the project.'
:
(adjective) Central, main. For example: 'The
company is involved in many different areas
of business but its core business is computer
software.'
:
(noun phrase) Physical punishment.
Example: 'Corporal punishment, such as
caning, is now banned in many schools.'
CORPORATE
(adjective) Business or company related,
commercial. For example: 'It is relatively
easy to find out information at companies
these days as on the web there are numerous
sites holding corporate information.'
:
(noun) A connection or link between things.
Example: 'There is a correlation between
healthy living and lifespan'.
Keyword(s):
CORRELATIONS
CORRESPOND
: better understand people from countries
(verb) Match, match up to, relate to. For
example: 'The findings from this research
project correspond with those from earlier
studies.'
COUNTERPART
: common cold'.
(noun) Equal, equivalent. Example: 'A prime
minister is the counterpart of a president'.
COUPLE WITH
: (noun) Money, exchange. For example:
(verb) Combine, link, join. For example:
'Rising unemployment amongst graduates
coupled with increasing costs to study at
university have resulted in the decreasing
enrolments into university programmes.'
Keyword(s):
COUPLED WITH
CREATE
:
(verb) Make, invent, produce, generate. For
example: 'The arrival of the new factory has
created a number of job opportunities for
local people.'
CREDIT
:
(noun) Praise, recognition, acclaim. For
example: 'Nursing staff are often not given
enough credit for the difficult job they
perform.'
CRITERIA
:
(noun) Condition related to a situation. For
example: 'The successful candidate for the
job must meet all the criteria laid down in
the job description.'
CRUCIAL
:
(adjective) essential, necessary, vital. For
example: 'It is crucial that governments
provide good education opportunities for
teenagers to ensure a successful future for
the country.'
CULPABLE
:
(noun) The state of being guilty of doing
something. 'He is culpable for the damage
his children caused.'
CULPABILITY
Keyword(s):
CULTURE
:
(noun) Society, traditon, customs, way of
life. For example: 'It is an important
education for people to experience different
cultures as it allows them the opportunity to
different to their own.'
CURE
(noun) Treatment, solution. Example: 'Many
people are searching for a cure for the
CURES
Keyword(s):
CURRENCY
:
'Currency exchange in Europe is no longer (noun) A conclusion drawn from evidence. :
an issue as the majority of countries use the Example: 'The deduction made was clearly (verb) Invent, create. For example: 'The
Euro.' logical.' Head of the Marketing Department has
designed a new marketing strategy which
will hopefully bring more business to the
company.'
CYCLE DEFINE
: :
(noun) Series, sequence. For example: (verb) Identify, describe. For example: 'The
'Students may be required to describe a main responsibilities of a job are defined in DESPITE
process for Task 1 of the writing exam, for the job description.' :
example the Water Cycle which describes (preposition) In spite of, even with. For
the journey of water from land to sky and example: 'Despite the Government’s efforts
back again.' to increase safety of citizens, the level of
DEFINITE crime has continued to increase.'
:
(adjective) Certain, sure. For example:
D 'Scientists know that there are definite links
DATA between cigarette smoking and lung cancer, DETECT
: though the causes of many other cancers as :
(noun) Statistics, figures, information. For still unknown.' (verb) Form an inpression, find out,
example: 'The most accurate data discover. For example: 'From the reaction of
available on a country’s population is the staff, it was easy to detect that they were
probably found in Census information unhappy with the new proposal.'
collected every four years in a DEMONSTRATE
Government survey.' :
(verb) To show. Example: 'It is important to
demonstrate a range of accurate grammar in DETERIORATE
your IELTS essay'. :
DEATH PENALTY (verb) To get worse. For example: 'The
: Keyword(s): situation has deteriorated'.
When the punishment for a crime means you DEMONSTRATES
will be killed, this is the death penalty. See
also: CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
DETRACT FROM
DENOTE
:
:
(verb) reduce value or importance of
(verb) Indicate, stand for, identify. For
DEBATE something. Example: 'His negative
example: 'Many road accidents are caused
: because drivers do not understand the comments detracted from the enjoyment of
(noun) Discussion, argument. For example: Highway Code and ignore road signs which the evening'.
'Controversial subjects such as capital denote the need for caution.'
punishment often attract heated debate.'
DEVIATE
:
DENY
DEBT (verb) Move away from, differ. For
:
: (verb) Disallow, refuse. For example: 'The example: 'A large number of young people
(noun) Something owed; needs to be repaid. students were denied the right to longer today like to deviate from the norm of their
Example: 'Many students amass a large debt holidays despite their protests.' society.'
while studying.'
Keyword(s):
DEVIATES, DEVIATED
DEPRESS
DECADE :
: (verb) Weaken, cause to drop. For example: DEVICE
(noun) Ten year period. For example: 'The Government should take action in :
'Almost certainly violent crime has reducing inflation as many people are (noun) Machine, tool, gadget. For example:
increased dramatically over the last decade.' worried that it will depress the economy 'Electronic devices such as mobile phones
even further.' have improved our ability to communicate'

DECLINE
: DERIVE
(noun) A weakening, a fall off, a drop off.
For example: 'Fortunately, there has been a
decline in the number of cigarette smokers
over recent years.'
DEDUCE
: :
(verb) Figure out, reason, work out. For
example: 'It can be deduced from the
information given that the problem is likely
to continue.'
DEDUCTION
:
DEVISES
Keyword(s):
:
(verb) Arrive at (from reasoning). For DEVOTE
example: 'This conclusion can logically be :
derived from the information given.' (verb) dedicate, give, alot. For example: 'It
is important to devote adequate time to
studying for an exam to ensure a good
result.'
DESCRIPTION
(noun) A statement that describes
something. Example: 'For Task I writing, DIALOGUE
you may have to give a description of a :
diagram'. (noun) A conversation. Example: 'In Parts
One and Three of the listening test, you will
hear a dialogue between two or more people
and you will have to answer questions.'
DESIGN

DIFFERENTIATE
: unimportant. Example: 'The CEO dismissed
(verb) Tell apart, distinguish, see the
difference between. For example: 'It is
important for teachers to differentiate
between the different skills and abilities of
their students to ensure they all get a good
education.'
DIMENSION
: or more things. Example: 'There are
(noun) Aspect, feature, factor. For example:
'The subject has many dimensions which
must be taken into consideration when
formulating a rounded argument.'
DIMINISH
: :
(verb). Reduce, weaken, detract from
(authority, reputation, prestige,
responsibility). Example: 'Many people are
unhappy when laws are introduced which
seem to diminish parents’ responsibility for
their own children.'
DIMINISHED
Keyword(s):
DIRECTION
: not dogmatic.'
(noun) Route, focus, aim. Example: 'The
introduction of a report shows the direction
and main ideas included in the body'.
DISADVANTAGED
: sub areas.'
Not having an equal situation to something
or someone else; when something or
someone has less than other people have.
DISCHARGE
: countries generate much higher income from
(verb) 1. To fire a weapon. 'He discharged
the gun'
(verb) 2. To release. let go. 'The patient was
discharged from hospital this morning'.
DISCHARGED
Keyword(s):
DISCRETE
: DISTORT
(adjective) Separate, disconnected. For
example: 'The Council is made up of there
discrete divisions and communication
between them is often difficult.'
DISCRIMINATE
: DISTRIBUTE
(verb) Show prejudice. For example:
'Companies should not discriminate against
older workers because of their age as their
knowledge, experience and maturity can be
of great benefit to a business.'
DISMISS
: DIVERSE
(verb) Choose to ignore; decide something is
the idea of higher wages for staff'.
DISMISSED
Keyword(s):
DISORDER
: DIVISION
(noun) Illness, syndrome. Example: 'Many
learning disorders have now been identified.'
DISPARITY
:
(noun) A difference, something that is not
similar. Example: 'There are disparities in
economic stability in different regions'.
See also: INEQUALITY
DISPARITIES
Keyword(s):
DISPLACE
:
(verb) move or shift from usual position. For
example: 'Due to the enormous damage to
property a large number if people were
displaced due to the damage caused by
earthquake.'
DISPLAY
:
(verb) show, present. For example: 'By law,
motorists must display a current tax disc in
the windscreen of their vehicle.'
DISPOSE OF
:
(verb) Get rid of, throw away. For example:
'It is our duty as citizens to dispose of
rubbish responsibly.'
DISTINCT
:
(adjective) clear, defintie, noticeable. For
example: 'The bar chart shows that there is a
distinct variation in purchasing habits over
the period shown.'
:
(verb) Alter, warp, misrepresent. For
example: 'The facts received were so
distorted that it was difficult to know the
truth of the matter.'
: next week.'
(verb) Spread, give out. For example: 'It is
the Council’s responsibility to distribute
information leaflets on this topic to ensure
that the public are aware.'
DISTRIBUTED
Keyword(s):
:
(adjective) Varied, including different types.
For example: 'Cities such as London for
example, are interesting as the population
there is made up of many cultures and is so
diverse.'
:
(noun) Differences in standard between two
divisions in wealth between different areas
of the country'.
DIVISIONS
Keyword(s):
DOCUMENT
(noun) Report, file, paper. For example: 'A
marriage certificate is an example of a
legally-binding document.'
DOGMATIC
:
(adjective) Describing opinions or beliefs
that are unproven but presented as facts.
Example: 'It is important that you state your
opinions in an appropriate manner and are
DOMAIN
:
(noun) Area. sphere. For example: 'The
domain of computer science involves many
DOMESTIC
:
(adjective) Within a country, internal,
national. For example: 'A number of
business in their international markets than
from domestic sales.'
DOMINATE
:
(verb) Rule, control, lead, govern,
overshadow. For example: 'Use of Microsoft
products is so widespread it can be said that
they dominate the software industry.'
DOMINATED
Keyword(s):
DRAFT
:
(verb) Draw up, prepare, plan. For example:
'I need to draft a proposal before the meeting
DRAFTED
Keyword(s):
DRAMA
:
(noun) Crisis, commotion. For example:
'The proposed changes to the education
system have caused quite a drama in the
newspapers recently.'
DRAMATIC
: (verb) Get rid of, remove. For example: 'It is
(adjective) Signiificant, large, major. "There
was a dramatic rise in the cost of
production."
DURATION
: (verb) Appear, materialise, come to light.
(noun) Period, length of time. For example:
'Exam candidates are not allowed to talk at
all for the full duration of the exam.'
DYNAMIC
: :
(adjective) Continually changing or
progressing. For example: 'The IT industry
is extremely dynamic with huge investment
into Research and Development. '
E :
ECONOMY
:
(noun) Financial system, financial market.
For example: 'The strength of the
country’s economy has attracted the
interest of foreign investors.'
EDIT
: EMPHASIS
(verb) Correct, alter, improve. For example:
'My lecturer has offered to edit the first part
of my thesis to ensure I am writing
correctly.'
EFFECT
: EMPHASISE
(noun) What happens; the result. Example:
'The effect of climate change is
unpredictable.'
EFFECTS
Keyword(s):
EFFECTIVE
:
(adjective) Efficient, successful, useful.
Example: 'ILSNZ Online IELTS is an
effective way to study'.
EFFICIENTLY
: education'
(adverb) Time saving; productively.
Example: 'It is important to use your time in
the IELTS test efficiently to get a good
result'.
ELEMENT
: check your exam again.'
(noun) Part, component, factor. For
example: 'Certain elements of society are
not contributing properly to the overall
success of the country.'
ELIMINATE
: deal about a different culture'.
the Government’s responsibility to eliminate
the problem of drug use in society.'
EMERGE
: (noun) Support, inspiration, confidence-
For example: 'Our medical knowledge
improves almost daily and new cures for
disease continue to emerge.'
EMMIGRATION
(noun) To leave your home country to live
in another place. See also IMMIGRATION.
Example: John is from England. He now
lives in New Zealand. He has emmigrated
from England and immigrated to New
Zealand.
EMIGRANT
Keyword(s):
EMOTIVE
: in life.'
(adjective) Sensitive, affecting, stimulating
emotion. Example: 'He gave a highly
emotive speech.'
: quality of life of city dwellers.'
(noun) Importance, weight, stress. For
example: 'There should be more emphasis
on increasing the number of disabled people
in the workforce.'
:
(verb) To reinforce, to restate, to highlight.
Example: 'When you write a conclusion to
your essay, you should emphasise your main
argument.'
EMPHASISED
Keyword(s):
EMPIRICAL
:
(adjective) Observed, practical. For
example: 'Empirical research is required to
obtain confirmation that the theories are
correct.'
ENABLE
:
(verb) Allow, make possible. For example:
'Government should subsidise entry fees to
museums and art galleries to enable a higher
number of people to visit. '
ENCOUNTER
:
(verb) Come across, come in contact with,
meet. Example: 'When travelling abroad
tourists have the opportunity to encounter
many interesting people and learn a great
ENCOUNTERED
Keyword(s):
ENCOURAGEMENT
:
building. Example: 'Students achieve better
results with encouragement from parents
and teachers.'
ENERGY
:
(noun) Power, force, vigour. For example:
'A great deal of energy from members of the
team will be required to ensure the success
of the new venture.'
ENFORCE
(verb) Make compulsory, insist on. For
example: 'It is important for schools to
enforce school rules strictly as students learn
important lessons which will be useful later
ENHANCE
:
(verb) Improve, add to. For example:
'Access to parks and gardens enhances the
ENORMOUS
:
(adjective) huge, massive, vast. For
example: 'Industrial activity has an
enormous impact on the environment.'
ENROL
:
(verb) To join, to sign up. Example: 'New
students have to enrol in the course before
Monday'.
ENSURE
:
(verb) Make sure, make certain. For
example: 'It is the duty of a parent to ensure
that their child has access to a solid
ENTITLED
:
To have the right to claim something. For
example: 'If you are not happy with your
IELTS result, you are entitled to ask them to
ENTITY business in Asia next year.' Example: 'For some IELTS reading
: questions, you need to answer using exact
(noun) Body, unit. For example: 'Although words from the passage. You are not
they are both Government organisations allowed to use your own words'.
they are completely separate entities.' ESTATE
:
(noun) Assets, property, wealth. For
example: 'He has left his estate to his EXCEED
ENVIRONMENT children and grandchild in the event of his :
: death.' (verb) Go beyond, surpass. For example: 'It
(noun) Natural world, nature, ecosystem. is irresponsible for drivers to exceed the
For example: 'More people should use speed limit, particularly in areas around
public transport due to the negative impact schools.'
of cars on the environment.' ESTIMATE
:
(verb) Calculate approximately, assess. For
example: 'It is estimated that the new EXCESSIVE
EQUATE building will cost around $6.5million dollars :
: to build.' (adjective) Too much. Example: 'Excessive
(verb) Liken, compare, connect. For drinking is becoming a problem among
example: 'Society often equates old age with teenagers in many countries.'
weakness and dependence.'
ETHIC
:
(noun) Set of principles, moral values. For EXCLUDE
EQUIDISTANT example: 'Companies can encourage a :
: strong work ethic in their employees through (verb) Keep out, leave out. For example: 'In
(adjective) Equal distance between things. fair treatment and by offering favourable extreme cases schools will often exclude
Example: 'The school is equidistant from the work conditions.' students from school as punishment if they
railway station and the hospital - it only take continue to misbehave.'
5 minutes to walk to each place.' ETHICS
Keyword(s):
EXEMPLARY
EQUIP ETHNIC :
: : (adjective) Perfect. Example: 'The student
(verb) Prepare, train, get (someone) ready. (adjective) of a particular group of people or was given an award for exemplary
For example: 'It is important that the culture. For example: 'London’s population behaviour'.
education received at school equips students is made up of many different ethnic groups..'
with skills they will require in the working
world.'
EXHIBIT
EVALUATE :
: (verb) Show, display. For example: 'He
EQUIVALENT (verb) Assess, appraise. For example: 'The exhibits the talent to be a very good athlete
: company evaluates its performance by one day.'
(adjective) Equal, the same, comparable. For monitoring various aspects of the business
example: '40 degrees celsius is equivalent to carefully.'
104 degrees fahrenheit.'
EXPAND
:
EVENTUAL (verb) Grow, become larger. For example:
ERODE : 'The organisation has expanded its
: (adjective) Ultimate, final. For example: manufacturing operation since it won the
(verb) Wear away, wear down. For example: 'The organisation needs to increase its sales Government contract.'
'Valleys are formed when rivers erode away turnover or we can expect its eventual
the land.' closure.'
EXPANDED
Keyword(s):

ERROR EVIDENT EXPENDITURE

: : :
(noun) A mistake. Example: 'There are a (adjective) Clear, obvious, apparent. For (noun) Spending, outgoings, expenses.
number of common errors made by IELTS example: 'It is evident from the graph that Example: 'For the majority of families, the
candidates'. 18-25 year olds were the biggest purchasers biggest monthly expenditure is on mortgage
of CDs in the period shown' repayments'.

ERRORS
Keyword(s):
EVOLVE EXPERT
ESSENTIAL : :
: (verb) Develop, grow, progress. For (noun) Specialist. For example: 'Some
(adjective) Something you must have or do. example: 'The small home-based business experts claim that there is a link between
Example: Water is essential for survival. evolved into a major company over a period violence in children and playing of violent
of five years.' video games.'

ESTABLISH
: EXACT EXPLANATION
(verb) Set up, start, begin. For example: 'The : :
company is establishing a new arm of the (adjective) Correct, accurate, precise. (noun) A statement made to make something
understandable. Example: 'My teacher gave
a very good explanation of how to improve
my writing'.
Keyword(s):
EXPLANATIONS
EXPLICIT
: auditor next week.'
(adjective) Open, graphic, uninhibited. For
example: 'Many people believe that the
pictures we see on the news nowadays of
war and suffering are much too explicit.'
EXPLOIT
: final point relating to this issue is the most
(verb) Take advantage of, ill use. For
example: 'Laws protecting workers are
necessary to prevent some employers from
exploiting their rights.'
EXPORT
: two Governments has helped to facilitate
(verb) Sell overseas. For example: 'The
country is very self-sufficient and exports
significantly more produce than it needs to
import. '
EXPORTED
Keyword(s):
EXPOSE
:
(verb) Bring attention to, reveal publicly.
For example: 'It is important for the media
to have freedom to publish as often scandals
are exposed by their investigations.'
EXPOSE TO
:
(verb) Bring / come into contact with.
Example: 'Skin needs to be protected when
it is exposed to the sun'.
EXPOSED TO
Keyword(s):
EXPRESS
: take time off if necessary for revision.'
(verb) To communicate, to say. Example:
'An increasing number of people are
expressing concern regarding our impact on
the environment.'
EXTEND
:
(verb) To make bigger; to make longer.
Example: 'You should try to extend your
answers as much as possible without
repeating yourself in the IELTS speaking
test.'
EXTENSION QUESTION
:
(noun phrase) A question that asks for more
detailed information on a topic you have
already discussed. Example: 'Towards the
end of the IELTS speaking test, you wil be
asked some extension questions related to (noun) Charge, payment. For example:
the topic card you spoke about.' 'Entry to the park used to be free but now
visitors are asked to pay a small fee.'
EXTERNAL
FEES
Keyword(s):
:
(adjective) Outside. For example: 'The
company will be audited by an external FILE
:
(noun) Report, profile, record. For example:
'A CV and copy of qualifications are kept in
the staff file of each employee.'
EXTRACT
:
(noun) A part/passage from a literary work
or speech. For example: 'The author will FINAL
read an extract from his latest book at the :
(adjective) Last, ending. For example: 'The
book signing next week.'
significant'
F
FACILITATE FINANCE
: :
(verb) Help, aid, make easy. For example: (noun) Money, funding. For example:
'Agreement and cooperation between the 'Hospitals in the public sector often have
difficulty obtaining enough finance to
the programme.' provide quality healthcare.'
FACILITIES FINITE
: :
(noun) Amenities, services available.
(adjective) Limited, set. For example: 'Fossil
Example: 'The facilities at the new leisure fuels, such as coal, are a finite resource and
centre are excellent.' it is important to find an alternative before
supplies are used up completely.'
FACILITY
Keyword(s):
FACTOR FIRST HAND
: :
(noun) issue, feature, aspect, reason. For (adjective) From personal experience or
example: 'There are a number of factors from the original source. Example:
which influence an increase in crime.' 'Overseas volunteers get first hand
experience of problems some people face in
poorer countries.'
FACTORS
Keyword(s):
FAMILIARITY FLEXIBLE
: :
(noun) Sense of knowing something very (adjective) Adaptable, open to change. For
well. Example: 'With familiarity, it becomes example: 'Hours worked by students in part-
easier to have conversations in English'. time jobs need to be flexible so they can
FEATURE
: FLOWCHART
(noun) characteristic, trait, quality. For :
example: 'The computer programme has a (noun) A diagram showing the sequence of
number of features which are extremely events. Example: 'The process was
user-friendly.' explained clearly by use of a flowchart'.
FEATURES
Keyword(s):
FLUCTUATE
FEDERAL :
: (verb) Vary, change, rise and fall. For
(adjective) Centralised (related to example: 'It can be seen from the graph that
Government). For example: 'The Federal expenditure fluctuated from March to July,
Government of the U.S.A. controls laws and after which it steadily increased.'
issues relating to all States.'
FLUENCY
FEE :
: (noun) A measure of how clear and
connected your speech is. Example: 'He
knows a lot of grammar, but has difficulty
speaking - he has very poor fluency'.
FOCUS
: quality control.'
(verb) Direct attention towards a central,
focal point. For example: 'The majority of
people seem to agree that the Government
should focus on increasing job opportunities
for school leavers.'
FORMAT
: GOAL
(noun) Arrangement, layout, design. For
example: 'I like the format of the new text
book, it is clear and easy to follow.'
FORMULA
: GRADE
(noun) Method, recipe, blueprint. For
example: 'Many movies these days are not
based upon new ideas, simply new actors
and locations following an old formula.'
FORTHCOMING
: :
(adjective) Approaching, coming soon,
imminent. For example: 'The forthcoming
election is likely to result in a change of
Government.'
FOUND
: (noun phrase) A variety of sentence
(verb) establish, set up. For example: 'The
university has a long history and was
founded in 1903.'
FOUNDATION
: increase in sales.'
(noun) Base, basis. For example: 'My
business diploma has provided a good
foundation for my studies, now I hope to
study a Bachelor’s Degree.'
FRAMEWORK
: education allow students from poorer
(noun) Structure, basis. For example: 'The
framework of the course includes all aspects
of study which relate to my job.'
FRUSTRATING
: 'Many young people nowadays are deciding
(adjective) Annoying, irritating. Example:
'Learning a foreign language can be
frustrating if there are not many
opportunities to practise.'
FULLY
:
(adverb) Completely, 100%. Example: 'I
fully understand his point of view'.
:
(adjective). Worldwide. Example: 'Global
awareness is increasing as more and more
FUNCTION people travel and are able to experience
: different countries firsthand.'
(verb) Purpose, meaning, role. For example:
'The main function of the department is
GLOSSARY
:
(noun) A list of words and explanations at
FUND the end of a text. Example: 'Some IELTS
: reading passages will have a short glossary
(verb) Finance, support financially. For at the end'.
example: 'Many university students take on
part-time work to help to fund their studies.'
:
FURTHERMORE (noun). Objective, aim. Example: 'The goal
: of the training programme is to improve
(adverb). Additionally, also. Example: 'Drug communication within the team.'
use is illegal and furthermore it is damaging
to health.'
:
G (noun). Score, mark. Example: 'It is
GENDER important to answer the question correctly in
: order to achieve a high grade in the exam.'
(noun). Sex, male or female. Example:
'Women in the workplace are still
sometimes discriminated against because
of their gender.' GRAMMAR TENSE
(noun phrase) Structures used to show past,
present or future. E.g. Present simple tense,
GENERAL past continuous tense.
:
(adjective). Not particular or exact.
Example: 'I have a general idea as to what I
will be studying on my course, but no GRAMMATICAL RANGE
specific information yet.' :
structures and tenses. Example: 'It is
important to demonstrate a wide
GENERATE grammatical range in the IELTS test.'
:
(verb). Produce, cause. Example: 'It is hoped
that the new advertising campaign will
create enough interest to generate a huge GRAMMATICALLY
:
(Adverb) To do with grammar.
GENERATION
: GRANT
(noun). Age group, age bracket. Example: 'It :
is often difficult to understand the thinking (noun). Financial subsidy to offer support.
of people of different generations' Example: 'Government grants for higher
families to also gain a university education.'
GENERIC
:
(adjective) General, not specific. Example: GUARANTEE
'Generic sales letters are less successful than :
those personalised for the receiver.' (verb). Assure, make certain. Example:
against going to university as they think that
a university degree will not guarantee them
GET SIDETRACKED a job.'
: (noun) An assurance that something is
(Verb phrase) To lose focus. Example: protected. Example: 'He got a three year
'When reading an IELTS passage for guarantee with his new television'.
specific information, it is important not to A guarantee is also called a warranty
get sidetracked with small details.'
GUARANTEED
Keyword(s):
GLOBAL
GUIDELINE lives in New Zealand. He has emmigrated
: from England and immigrated to New
(noun). Suggested rule to follow. Example: Zealand.
'The Government has issued healthy eating I
guidelines to schools in an effort make IDENTICAL
:
IMMIGRANT
school meals healthier.' Keyword(s):
(adjective) Exactly the same. 'Identical
twins share the same genetic make up'.
GUIDELINES IMPACT
Keyword(s): :
Having an influence or effect on something.
H IDENTIFY
HENCE : HIT
: (verb) To tell the difference between; to Keyword(s):
So, therefore, because. The government recognise. Example: 'It is important to
has increased taxes, hence many educated identify all parts of the graph before IMPLEMENT
people are leaving for foreign countries to beginning to write your Task I essay'. :
find work. (verb) To put into action, to start. Example:
IDENTIFIES 'The changes will be implemented
Keyword(s): immediately'.
HIERARCHY
: IDEOLOGY
(noun) A group of people or things arranged :
(noun) Belief system, values. Example: 'The IMPLICATION
in order of rank or grade. Example: 'Most :
larger corporations have a management ideology of left wing and right wing
political parties is different in a number of (Noun) Consequence, related result.
hierarchy'. Example: 'The implications of abuse of
ways'.
drugs such as ecstasy are still unknown'.
Keyword(s):
HIERARCHICAL Keyword(s):
IGNORANT IMPLICATIONS
:
HIGHLIGHT (adjective) Unaware, lacking knowledge.
: 'Travelling abroad broadens our knowledge IMPLICIT
(verb). Draw attention to, emphasise. and allows us to become less ignorant about :
Example: 'The increase in homeless people other cultures.' (adjective) Not spoken but understood
over recent years highlights the need for a between two or more parties. Example: 'We
better social welfare system.' have an implicit agreement not to talk about
IGNORANT
Keyword(s): the difficulty again. '
HIGHLIGHTS
Keyword(s):
ILLUSTRATE
: IMPLY
HONOUR (verb). Demonstrate, give an example, show.
: :
Example: 'The example used in the lecture
(noun) Privilege. Example: 'It was an honour (verb) Suggest, say something indirectly.
illustrated the theory we were being taught.'
to meet the Queen'. Example: 'Although my boss didn’t so say
directly, he implied that my having a holiday
then would be inconvenient'.
ILLUSTRATION
HORIZONTAL : IMPLIED
: (noun) A picture or diagram. Example: Keyword(s):
(adjective) Parallel to level ground. 'There is an illustration of the product on the
Example: If you have backache, it is box'. IMPOSE
recommended that you remain horizontal in :
bed. (verb) Make compulsory, force. Example:
'In some countries, penalties are imposed on
IMAGE families who have more than one child'.
:
HUMANITARIAN (noun). Impression, idea, view. Example:
: 'The behaviour of a country’s citizens
IMPOSED
(adjective) Caring, civilised, kind. Example: Keyword(s):
abroad influences the image of the country
'Humanitarian organisations deliver food itself.'
and supplies to poor communities all over IN-DEPTH
the world.' :
(adjective) Deeper, more detailed. Example:
IMAGINARY 'Market researchers often conduct in-depth
: interviews to find out specific and detailed
HYPOTHESIS (adjective) made up; unreal. Example: 'The information. '
: characters in children's books are usually
(noun). Theory, assumption. Example: 'The imaginary'.
research conducted so far indicates that the
hypothesis is accurate.' INADVISABLE
:
IMMIGRATION (adjective) Not recommended. Example: It
: is inadvisable to carry a lot of money in your
HYPOTHETICAL (noun) Moving into a country which is not wallet. It is better to keep it in a bank'.
: your place of birth. See also
(adjective) Theoretical, supposed. Example: EMMIGRATION
'The presentation he gave was based based Example: John is from England. He now
on a hypothetical situation.' INCENTIVE
: his indifference clearly through his comment (adjective) First, preliminary, original. For
(noun) Offering to encourage someone to do that he didn't care who won the election'. example: 'My initial impressions of my new
something. Example: 'Incentives such as job were negative, though now I enjoy it.'
lower tax rates could encourage companies
to expand their operations in rural areas'.
INDUSTRY
: INITIATE
INCENTIVES (noun) Manufacturing and processing. :
Keyword(s):
Example: 'The service sector is often bigger (verb) Start, begin, make the first move. For
than the manufacturing industry in many example: 'The Government should initiate a
INCIDENCE developed countries'. move towards more responsible recycling of
: rubbish.'
(noun) occurance, situation. example: 'There
have been a number of incidences where INDUSTRIES
children who have watched violent movies Keyword(s):
have acted violently themselves'. INJURE
INEQUALITY :
:
INCIDENCES (noun) A difference, something that is not
(verb) hurt, harm. For example: 'Insurance
Keyword(s): often does not cover individuals who injure
equal. Example: "Even today, there are themselves whilst taking part in dangerous
inequalities in the workplace for men and sports.'
INCOME women'.
: See also: DISPARITY
(noun) Money coming in (often for
working). Example: 'It is important to have a Keyword(s):
job that gives a regular income'. INNOVATE
INEQUALITIES :
(verb) make something new, something up
to date. For example: 'The company needs to
INCOMPLETE INEVITABLE innovate its image and products to attract
: : younger customers who currently think it is
(adjective) Not whole, not finished. (adjective) Unavoidable, certain. For old fashioned.'
Example: 'An essay is incomplete without a example: 'With advances in medical
conclusion'. treatment, it is inevitable that the aging
population will grow.'
INPUT
:
INCONVENIENT (noun)Contribution of ideas, opinions,
: INFER effort. For example: 'The CEO asked for my
(adjective) Problematic, awkward, badly : input at the meeting, which shows he values
timed. Example: "The meeting was (verb) Assume, suppose, suggest. For my ideas.'
inconvenient for everyone so the time was example: 'The message received infers there
changed'. will be trouble ahead.'

INSERT
:
INCORPORATE INFRASTRUCTURE (verb) Put in, include, add in. For example:
: : 'Illustrations are often inserted into a text to
(verb) Include, add in. Example: Some (noun) Network, roads and rail. For make the information more interesting.'
parents believe it is wrong for schools to example: 'Government investment in the
incorporate a sex education programme into public transport infrasturcture will help
their science classes. encourage more people to use public
transport.' INSIGHT
Keyword(s): :
(noun) Understanding, knowledge of a
INCORPORATED, INCORPORATES situation. For example: 'World news reports
INFRINGEMENT allow people from developed countries an
: insight into the suffering of people in the
(noun) A violation, a breach, an act against developing world'
INDEX something. Example: 'Some people believe
: that having to carry identification cards is an
(noun) Contents list Example: The quickest infrigement of our right to privacy.'
way to search for content is to look in the INSPECT
index. :
(verb) Check, examine. For example: 'The
INHERENT landlord will come to inspect our apartment
: for damage before we move out next week'
INDICATE (adjective) Essential, intrinsic. Hard work
: and dedication are inherent to success.
(verb) To show or suggest. Example: "He
indicated that he was bored." INSTANCE
(noun = INDICATION) A sign showing or :
suggesting something. INHIBIT (noun) Situation, case, occasion. For
: example: 'In this instance you will not be
INDICATION (verb) Hold back, prevent. For example: required to pay, though there is usually a fee'
Keyword(s): 'Excess criticism can inhibit a child's
confidence to try new things.'
INDIFFERENCE
: INSTITUTE
(noun)The state of not having an opinion :
one way or another. Example: 'He showed INITIAL (noun) Institution, organization. For
: example: 'The institution, which is
responsible for medical research, was (adjective) Opposite; converse; opposing.
founded in 1970.' INTERFERE WITH Example: 'There is an inverse relationship
: when something increases as the other
(verb) To have an impact on, to disturb, to decreases'.
interrupt. Example: 'It is important your
INSTRUCT native language does not interefere with
: people's ability to understand you when
(verb) Command, order. For example: 'The speaking English.' INVERT
company has instructed workers not to talk :
to the media about the problem' (verb) To switch around, to reverse, to
change order. Example: 'It is possible to
INTERMEDIATE invert your sentence structure to show a
: wider range of structures in your writing.
INSTRUCTIONS (adjective) Mid-level. For example: There was an increase in sales last month
: 'Students with an intermediate level of could become Last month, there was an
(noun) What you have to do. For example: English have problems getting a high IELTS increase in sales.'
His instructions were to deliver the package result.'
to Mr Jones.
INVERTED
Keyword(s):
INTERNAL
INSURMOUNTABLE : INVEST
: (adjective) Inside, within. 'Companies often :
(adjective) Cannot be solved or overcome. conduct internal audits to be sure operations (verb) put in, devote (time, effort, money).
'An insurmountable problem' are running correctly'. For example: 'Parents invest a great deal of
time, energy and money into the raising of
their children.'

INTEGRAL INTERPRET
: :
(adjective) Essential, central. For example: (verb) Translate into another language. For INVESTIGATE
'Useful learning outcomes are intergral to a example: 'The President's speech was :
good education system' interpreted into a number of languages.' (verb) Look into, probe. For example: 'The
police are currently investigating the crime
and hope to find the culprit soon.'

INTEGRATE INTERPRETATION
: :
(verb) Mix in, become part of, join together. (noun) Understanding, explanation. For INVOLVE
For example: 'It is useful for immigrants to example: 'The newspaper's interpretation of :
speak the language of the country they live events was very different to the information (verb) include, comprise. For example:
if they wish to integrate properly into the I saw on the news.' 'Setting up a new business involves a great
community.' deal of planning, risk and hard work.'

Keyword(s):
INTERVAL INVOLVED,INVOLVES
INTEGRITY :
: (noun) Gap, break. For example: 'The
(noun) Having honesty, honour and weather forecast says it will rain most of IRRELEVANT
reliability. For example: 'He is well tomorrow but that there will be brief sunny :
respected and known for his integrity.' intervals.' (adjective) Not useful or connected to the
subject. Example: 'You need to make sure
that the points you include in your IELTS
essay are related to the question. Do not
INTELLIGENCE INTERVENE include any irrelevant points.'
: :
(noun) Having intellect, cleverness. For (verb) Get involved, interfere. For
example: 'A sound education will allow example:'The State should not intervene in
anyone to develop their intelligence' the domestic affairs of its citizens' IRRESPONSIBLE
:
(adjective) Not showing responsibility or
maturity. Example: 'It is irresponsible to
INTERACT INTRANSITIVE VERB drive while under the influence of alcohol'.
: : See also RESPONSIBLE
(verb) The way people or things act and (noun) A verb that requires an object.
react to each other. Example: 'When Example: like, meet.
children go to nursery school or See also TRANSITIVE VERB
kindergarten, they can interact with others ISOLATED
their own age'. :
(adjective) Cut off, lonely, seperate. For
INTRINSIC example: 'University students can often feel
: isolated at first when they move to a new
INTERCHANGE (adjective) essential, vital, fundamental. For town away from their friends and family.'
: example: 'Fair discipline procedures are
(verb) Subsitute, use two things for the same intrinsic to the successful running of a
purpose. Example: 'Native speakers of school'
ISOLATE
Keyword(s):
English interchange going to and the present
continuous to talk about future plans and
arrangements'. ISSUE
INVERSE :
: (noun) Subject, topic, matter. For example:
'The internet is a useful tool for keeping diagrams'. LEGISLATE
people informed of global issues.' :
Keyword(s): (verb) Pass laws. For example: 'Many
people believe that the Government
LABELS, LABELLED
legislates in private matters which do not
ITALICS concern it.'
: LABOUR
(noun) A style of writing in which the letters
of the words lean to the right. This sentence
: LEGISLATES
(noun) work. For example: 'It is more Keyword(s):
is written in italics. beneficial to society to set up Labour
Schemes for non-violent criminals rather LEGISLATION
than imprison them.' :
ITEM (noun) Legal matters; law. Example: 'The
: government has introduced new legislation
(noun) Thing, article. For example: 'The relating to schools.'
LACK
packaging of a huge number of items on our
:
weekly shopping list is unneccessary and (verb) Not have something that is considered
damaging to the environment.'
desirable or needed. Example: 'Many elderly LESS ADVANTAGED
people lack the ability to surf the internet.' :
(comparative adjective) Referring to people
J LACKS who have less than average (commonly
Keyword(s): referring to money or opportunities).
JOB
Example: 'It is difficult for less advantaged
:
LAW families to be able to buy their own home'.
(noun) work, role. For example: 'Getting
an interesting and well-paid job is the goal :
for most university graduates.' (noun) Decision made by a government; rule
of a country. Example: 'The government has
just passed a law making it illegal to use a LEVY
JOBS mobile phone while driving'.
:
Keyword(s): (noun) tax. For example: 'Levies in the
country are so high that for finacial reasons
JOURNAL LAWS people are choosing to live abroad.'
Keyword(s):
:
(noun) academic publication, academic LEVIES
paper, periodical. For example: 'Journals can LAYER Keyword(s):
sometimes be difficult to read as the :
language used is very academic.' (noun) level, tier. For example: 'There are
many layers to this problem.' LEXICAL
:
JOURNALS (adjective) Talking about vocabulary
Keyword(s): LAYERS (words). For example: 'He has a good lexical
Keyword(s): ability - he knows a lot of words'
JUSTIFY
: LECTURE
(verb) Give good reason for, rationalise, :
excuse. For example: 'Governments should (noun) university lesson, class. For example: LIBERAL
be made to justify the high salaries of 'I often take a dictophone to my lectures as it :
politicians.' can be difficult to understand all of the (adjective) broad-minded, tolerant. For
information.' example: 'Some people believe society is too
liberal and that we should return to more
JUSTIFIED traditional values.'
Keyword(s): LECTURES
Keyword(s):
K
KEEP IN TOUCH LECTURER LICENCE
: : :
To stay in communication with someone. (noun) Similar to a teacher but presenting (noun) Having the necessary qualifications.
more academic subjects, often to a large Example: A driver's licence, a doctor's
group of people license

KEYWORDS
:
(noun) The main words in a sentence that
express the main ideas. Example: 'In the
reading test, you can find answers quickly
and efficiently by looking for keywords.'
LEGAL LIFE EXPECTANCY
: :
(adjective) Lawful, authorised by law. For (noun phrase) A prediction of the average
example: 'The death penalty is still legal in a time a person will live. Example: 'Life
number of countries.' expectancy in Japan is one of the highest in
the world.'

L
LEGALISE
LABEL
: LIKEWISE
:
(verb) Make legal. Example: Some people :
(verb) Mark, identify. For example:
believe that drugs such as cannabis should (adverb) Similarly, in the same way. For
'Unhealthy foods containing additives or
be legalised'. example: 'Some people see no benefit in the
with high fat or sugar content should be
clearly labelled.' arts and likewise have no interest in learning
(noun) A tag showing title or information. LEGALISED more about them.'
Example: 'In the IELTS test you should Keyword(s):
read any labels that are given on
LIMIT : :
: (noun phrase). Central focus. Example: (verb) expand, grow to full potential. For
(noun) A top or bottom point. For example: 'Paragraphs generally focus on a main example: 'Most companies wish to maximise
If you drink three bottles of beer, you are message but also include supporting their profits.'
over the limit to be able to drive. information'

MECHANISM
LIMITATIONS MAINTAIN :
: : (Noun) Physical or mental process. For
(noun) Drawbacks, weak points, short (verb) Keep, sustain. For example: 'The example: 'Behaviour and thought
comings. Example: 'Although the argument company has maintained its position as mechanisms vary from people to people.'
has some good points, there are also some market leader by selling high quality
limitations.' products at low prices.' MECHANISMS
Keyword(s):
LIMITATION
Keyword(s): MEDIA
MAJOR
: :
LIMITED (adjective) Huge, large. For example: (Noun) newspapers, TV, magazines etc. For
: 'Alcohol and drug abuse is a major problem example: 'It is important for the media to
(adjective) Restricted, kept within a certain in some parts of society.' have freedom of speech.'
amount. Example: 'You have to answer
some IELTS questions in a limited number
of words.'
MANIPULATE MEDIATE
: :
(adjective) Change, alter (for own benefit) . (verb) Act as a go between, encourage
LINK For example: 'Facts are often manipulated discussion between two parties. For
: by the media to give news stories additional example: 'An independent advisor will
(noun) Relationship, connection. For interest.' mediate the talks between the company and
example: 'Experts now believe there is a link its workers.'
between diet and bad behaviour in children.'
(verb) To make a connection, to join.
MANUAL
MEDICAL
LINKED :
:
Keyword(s): (adjective) Physical, labour-intensive, blue-
collar. For example: 'Manual workers (adjective) Related to medicine or health.
generally earn lower wages than skilled For example: 'There are proven medical
LINKING WORD benefits to taking regular exercise and eating
: workers or professionals.'
a healthy diet.'
(noun phrase) A word used to connect ideas.
For example: and, yet, however.
MARGIN
: MEDIUM
(Noun) Level. For example: 'It is important :
LOCATE (noun) Method, vehicle, channel, mode. For
: for companies to have a healthy profit
margin.' example: 'Email is nowadays the most
(verb) Find. track down. For example: 'I popular medium for communication.'
could not locate the street on the map and
had to ask for directions.'
MATCH
: MENTAL
(verb) To fit together, to be equal. 'Some :
LOGIC (adjective) Related to the mind or
: IELTS questions require you to match
information with a speaker'. psychological state. For example: 'Mental
(noun) Reason, sense, common sense. For illness is often more difficult for others to
example: 'The majority of people cannot see understand than physical sickness.'
the logic behind the recent decision.' MATCHES
Keyword(s):

MATERIALISTIC MENTION
LOGICAL : :
: (adjective) Motivated and finding pleasure (verb) To talk about, to refer to. Example:
(adjective) Makes sense, is reasonable. in physical possessions and objects 'The subject was first mentioned at last
Example: 'It is important to take a logical displaying wealth. Example: 'Many religions week's meeting.'
approach to the IELTS exam'. discourage their followers from being overly
(adverb: logically) materialistic'. MENTIONS
Keyword(s):
LOGICALLY
Keyword(s):
MATURE METHOD
: :
LOYAL (Noun) way of doing something, system. For
: (adjective) Responsible, stable through age
and experience. For example: 'Younger staff example: 'Modern methods of teaching have
To be faithful to someone or something. replaced traditional methods in some
Example: 'Dogs are very loyal pets'. benefit from interaction with older workers
as they learn from their mature outlook.' schools.'

M MIGRATE
MAIN MESSAGE MAXIMISE
: :
(verb) To move from one place to another or
one country to another. See
also EMIGRATION and IMMIGRATION
MIGRATION
Keyword(s):
MILITARY
: :
(Noun) Armed forces, army. For example:
'Food and medical supplies will be delivered
to the area as part of the Military's rescus
operation.'
MINIMAL
: :
(adjective) Smallest amount, minium
amount. For example: 'The recent
Government campaign has had minimal
effect and can be considerd a failure.'
MINIMISE
: :
(Verb) Make as small as possible. For
example: 'Parents should try to minimise the
effect that divorce has on the their children.'
MINIMISED
Keyword(s):
MINIMUM
: (Noun) Reason, cause. For example: 'The
(Noun) Smallest amount, least amount. For
example: 'I can study the course in my own
time, but it should take a minimum of 2
months to complete.'
MINISTRY
: multiple injuries from the car crash'
(Noun) Bureau, Department, Authority. For
example: 'The Ministry of Health will
release new healthy eating guidelines soon.'
MINOR
: employers and employees can be altered
(Adjective) Small, not of great significance.
For example: 'The minor issues on the
agenda were not covered at the meeting as
we ran out of time.'
MODAL VERB
:
(noun phrase) An additional verb used with
a main verb. Example: should, can, might,
would, will.
MODAL VERBS
Keyword(s):
MODE
: NOUNS
(Noun) Type, method, style. For example:
'Bicycles are an environmentally-friendly
mode of transport.'
MODIFY
(Verb) Adapt, adjust, change. For example:
'We often modify our behaviour and speech
depending on who we are talking to.'
MODIFIED
Keyword(s):
MONITOR
(Verb) Observe, check, supervise. For
example: 'A baby's deveopment is carefully
monitored particularly in the early stages of
growth.'
MORTGAGE
(noun) Bank loan for buying a house.
Example: 'Mortgage interest rates have
increased significantly over the years in
many countries'.
MOTIVATED
(adjective) Full of energy and purpose;
aiming for a goal. Example: 'It is important
to keep motivated when studying, even
when there are difficulties.'
MOTIVE
:
main motive to work for most people is to
earn money.'
MULTIPLE
:
(adjective) Many. Example: 'He had
MUTUAL
: form are not relevant, then you can write
(adjective) Joint, shared, common. For
example: 'Employment contracts betwwen
subject to mutual agreement.'
MUTUALLY DEPENDENT
: planets is almost impossible for us to
(adjective) When two things or people need
or rely on each other.
N :
NECESSITY
: that is used to name a person, place, or
(noun) Something needed or required.
Example: 'Water is a necessaity for life.'
NEGATE
: NUCLEAR
(verb) Cancel out, counteract. For example:
'The recent decision will negate all progress
made before.'
NEGATES
Keyword(s):
NETWORK
:
(noun) Connection, set of connections. For
example: 'A close network of friends is
important to most people.'
NEUTRAL
:
(Adjective) Unbiased, not taking sides. For
example: 'During the war, the country
remained neutral.'
NEVERTHELESS
:
(Adverb) Nontheless, yet. For example: 'The
project would be relatively inexpensive to
set up, nevertheless it would be of great
benefit.'
NORM
:
(noun) standard, average. For example: 'It is
no longer the norm in many cultures for the
wife to stay at home full-time and look after
the children.'
NORMAL
:
(adjective) Usual, standard, typical. For
example: 'Aerobic exercise is good for the
heart because it raises the heartbeat above
the normal level.'
NOT APPLICABLE
:
(phrase) Not relevant; does not apply.
Example: 'If questions on an application
N/A meaning that it is not applicable to you.'
NOTION
:
(noun) Idea, concept. For example: 'The
notion that one day people may live on other
visualise.'
NOUN
(grammar term) A noun is the part of speech
thing. Nouns can be countable (chair, table,
car) or uncountable (water, rice, air).
Keyword(s):
:
(adjective) Relating to atomic source. For
example: 'A nuclear war would be
devastating for the world and its population.'
 the guests for coming on my behalf as I had
to leave early and couldn’t talk to everyone.' OVERLAP
:
NUMEROUS (verb) Coincide, have similarities. For
: example: 'There are several areas where to
(adjective) Lots, many. Example: 'There are OPEN-MINDED two departments' responsibilities overlap.'
numerous charities that collect money from :
donations'. (adjective) To be open to new ideas;
tolerant. Example: 'When travelling
overseas, it is important to be open-minded OVERSEAS
about other cultures.' :
O (noun) abroad, in another country. For
OBJECTIVE example: 'In some countries people are
: resorting to having operations overseas as
(Noun) Aim, purpose. For example: 'The OPPOSING medical care there is cheaper.'
aims and objectives of the research project :
are found at the beginning of the report.' (adjective) Opposite point of view, against.
Example: 'There are many opposing views
on the subject of capital punishment'. OVERSEE
:
OBLIGATION (verb) To manage, supervise or control.
: Example: 'My manager is overseeing the
(noun) No choice; need to do something. OPT project'.
Example: 'It is the parents' obligation to take :
good care of their child.' (verb) To choose. 'He opted to take a few
extra days holiday'.
OVERVIEW
OPTED :
OBTAIN Keyword(s): (noun) A general idea, an outline. Example:
: 'He gave an overview of the situation at the
(verb) To get. Example: 'Application forms meeting, but did not go into all of the
can be obtained from the Admissions office'. OPTION
details.'
:
(noun) Choice, alternative, opportunity. For
OBTAINED example: 'There are several options
Keyword(s): available to him and he must choose the P
best.'
OBVIOUS PARADIGM
: :
(adjective) Clear, evident. For example: 'The (noun) Example, model. For example: 'A
obvious solution to the problem of passive OPTIONAL paradigm to illustrate the situation
smoking is to ban cigarette smoking in : follows.'
public places as some countries have already You do not have to have this; you have a
done.' choice PARADIGMS
Keyword(s):

PARAGRAPH
OCCUPY ORIENT :
: : (noun) Section of a text. For example: 'It is
(verb) Take up, absorb. For example: (verb) Adjust to, get used to. For example: important to use paragraphs in essay writing
'Marking and administration tasks occupy a 'The training week is designed so that new as it is easier for the reader to follow the key
large proportion of a teacher's time.' employees can orient themselves in the ideas.'
workplace.'
PARAGRAPHS
OCCUR Keyword(s):
: OUTCOME
(verb) take place, happen. For example: : PARALLEL
'Problems in families often occur when (noun) result, ending, conclusion. For :
communication breaks down.' example: 'People around the world are (adjective) Similar, matching, equivalent.
hoping for a peaceful outcome to the For example: 'It is important for couples to
situation.' have parrallel goals in life and beliefs.'

OFFENCE
:
(noun) an insult. Example: 'He took offence OUTPUT PARAMETER
at her comment about his country.' : :
(noun) Production, yield. For example: 'The (noun) limit, boundary. For example: 'The
factory is operational seven days a week and parameters of our knowledge are expanding
has continual output.' all the time.'
OMIT
: PARAMETERS
(verb) To leave out, not to include. 'His Keyword(s):
name was omitted from the list' OVERALL
:
PARAPHRASE
OMITTED (adverb) Largely, in the main, mainly. For
:
Keyword(s): example: 'Although there were a few minor
(verb) To write about something again
problems, overall the conference was a
in another form or other words.
success.'
on BEHALF
:
(preposition) For. For example: 'He thanked
PARTICIPATE
: speed limit is strict in many countries.'
(verb) Take part in, join, join in. For
example: 'Over 200 companies will
participate in next week's exhibition.'
Keyword(s):
PARTICIPATES
PARTNER
: world.'
(verb) Unite, connect, link up. For example:
'The two companies intend to partner
together for the purpose of the project.'
PARTNERS
Keyword(s):
PASSAGE
: resulted in more people immigrating to the
(noun) A piece of reading with more than
one paragraph. Example: 'In the IELTS
reading test, you have to answer questions
about the passages given'.
PASSIVE
: over 120 million.'
(adjective) Not active, learnt through
exposure not action. For example: 'We are
influenced in a passive way by many factors
in our lives.'
PASSIVE TENSE
:
A grammar term for a sentence that changes
the subject and object. For example:
'Someone has stolen my car' (active)
becomes 'My car has been stolen' (passive).
PATIENCE
:
(noun) Quality of being tolerant,
understanding or calm. Example: 'When
working with teenagers, it is necessary to
have patience'.
PATIENT
: (adjective) Possible, probable, likely. For
(noun) Someone who is receiving medical
care
(adjective) Tolerant, understanding, calm.
For example: 'When training a dog, you
need to be patient. Shouting at the animal
will not help.'
PENALISE
: poverty.'
(verb) To punish, to give a penalty.
Example: 'Students who hand in their
assignments late are penalised by losing a
percentage of their marks'.
PENALISED
Keyword(s):
PENALTY
:
(noun) Punishment; fine; consequence.
Example: 'The penalty for driving over the :
(conjunction) More, added to. Example:
Everything is half price plus they are giving
PENALTIES away free accessories.
Keyword(s):
PERCEIVE POINT OF VIEW
: :
(verb) Understand, comprehend. For (noun phrase) An opinion . Example: 'It can
example: 'The attitudes of our parents sometimes be difficult to understand other
influence the way in which we perceive the peoples' points of view.'
Keyword(s):
POINTS OF VIEW
PERCENT
:
(noun) proportion out of a hundred (%). For POLICY
example: 'According to the chart less than 8 :
percent of people never watch television.' (noun) Rule, strategy, plan. For example:
'The change in immigration policy has
country.'
PERIOD
:
(noun) Phase, time. For example: 'While
summer was very busy the company is now POPULATION
experiencing a quiet period.' :
The total number of people living in a place.
For example: 'The population of Japan is
PERSPECTIVE
:
(noun) Point of view, outlook, perception.
PORTION
For example: 'It is important to consider the
situation from more than one perspective.' :
(noun) part, piece. For example: 'The
company invests a significant portion of its
profits into research and development.'
PHASE
:
(noun) Period of time, temporary period. For
POSITIVE
example: 'Many of us go through phases in
:
our life when we have negative experiences.'
(adjective) In support, not negative. For
example: 'Customers' reaction to the new
product has been positive and sales are
expected to increase..'
PHENOMENON
:
(noun) Occurance, happening. For example:
'As our understanding increases many
POTENTIAL
previously unexplained phenomenons can
:
now be understood.'
(noun) The full possible extent of ability or
excellence. Example: 'The course allows
trainees to perform in their job to their full
potential'
PHILOSOPHY
:
example: 'The idea has a lot of potential
(noun) Viewpoint, way of life. For example:
benefits if put into place carefully.'
'Many traditional business philosophies are
still taught and useful today.'
POVERTY
PHYSICAL :
: (noun) The state of being poor
(adjective) Bodily. For example: 'Physical (opposite=wealth) Example: 'A large
proportion of the developing world lives in
beauty is often wrongly valued over
personality in our society.'
PLURAL PRACTIONER
: :
(grammar term) More than one. Example: (noun) A person with a professional skill.
'The plural of shoe is shoes.' For example: 'A general practioner or G.P.
refers patients to specialist doctors when
necessary.'
PLUS
 PRESUME
PRECEDE : PROCEEDS
: (noun) Assume, suppose. For example: 'In Keyword(s):
(verb) come before, preface. For example: many legal systems someone accused of
'He preceded his presentation with a commiting a crime is presumed innocent PROCESS
welcome speech.' until proven guilty.' :
(verb) Procedure, way of doing something.
For example: 'IELTS task 1 writing may
involve describing a process, such as, for
PRECISE PREVIOUS example, whiskey-making.'
: :
(adjective) Accurate, exact. For example: (adjective) Earlier, prior, before. For
'The information given at the meeting was example: 'The research results are similar to PROCESSES
very precise.' and support those in the previous study.' Keyword(s):

PROFESSIONAL
:
PREDICT PRIMARILY (adjective) Specialised, qualified, skilled or
: : trained in a given area For example: 'The
(verb) Foretell, estimate. For example: (adverb) Most importantly, firstly country needs to attract more professional
'Experts predict that house prices will people into its workforce.'
continue to rise.' (noun) Relating to people working in an
educated field such as lawyers and
PRIMARY accountants.
:
PREDICTION (adjective) Main, most important. For Keyword(s):
: example: 'The primary cause of skin cancer
(noun) A guess, an estimation about the is over-exposure to the sun.'
PROFESSIONALS
future. Example: 'The prediciton that the
world's population will rise is probably
PROHIBIT
correct.'
:
PRIME
(verb) ban, do not allow by law. For
:
PREDICTIONS (adjective) Major, key. For example: 'His
example: 'Laws exist which prohibit the sale
Keyword(s): of alcohol and cigarettes to children.'
experience and qualifications make him a
prime candidate for promotion.'
PREDOMINANT
:
(adjective) Main, most common. For PROJECT
example: 'The predominant reason people :
PRINCIPAL
commit crime is lack of money.' (Noun) An undertaking involving effort. For
:
example: 'Improving public healthcare is a
(noun) Head or boss of an operation (often a
significant project for the Government.'
school). Example: 'The school will have a
new Principal from next semester'.
PREFERENCE PROJECTS
: Keyword(s):
(noun) A preferred choice; something you
would rather have/do. Example: 'They are PRINCIPLE PROMOTE
both good universities, but my preference : :
would be to study at the university in my (noun) Idea, standard, belief. For example: (verb) Advertise, publicise An undertaking
hometown'. 'The principle behind offering free involving effort. For example: 'Improving
university education is to give equal public healthcare is a significant project for
opportunites to all.' the Government.'
PRELIMINARY
:
(adjective) Initial, first. For example: 'A PRIOR PROMPT
preliminary hearing is often held before a : :
major court case goes to trial.' (adjective) Previous, earlier. For example: (noun) Something used to help organise and
'In the years prior to cheaper air travel, few structure ideas. Example: 'Good public
people had the opportunity to experience speakers write notes in the form of prompts
different countries and their cultures.' to help them give a speech.'
PREPOSITION
:
(noun) A part of grammar that tells you
about place or time. Examples: PRIORITY PROPORTION
on the table : :
between the chairs (noun) Factor of number one importance. (Noun) Amount, quantity, part. For
at 12 p.m. For example: 'The main priority when example: 'A number of companies donate a
parents divorce should be the well-being of proportion of their profits to charity every
Keyword(s):
the children.' year.'
PREPOSITIONS
PROPORTIONS
Keyword(s):
PRESSURE PROCEED
: :
A force or a feeling that something has to be (verb) Go forward, begin, carry on. 'Please PROPOSED
done. proceed without me as I will be unable to :
attend the meeting'. (adjective) suggested, planned. Example:
'The proposed building was rejected because
of the cost'.
 (Verb) Go in for, take up, engage in. For example: 'People do not react well to
example: 'A number of teachers are criticism or blame.'
becoming disillusioned with teaching and
PROSPECT are pursuing different careers.'
:
(Noun) Opportunity, option, chance. For RECIPIENT
example: 'The computer industry offers a :
range of job prospects to qualified people.' Q (noun) The person who receives something.
QUALIFYING WORD Example: 'The recipient must sign their
PROSPECTS : name when receiving a delivery'.
Keyword(s): (grammar term) A word that gives more
information to the main subject. Example:
PROTOCOL 'Tokyo is a lot more crowded than
: Auckland'. RECITE
(Noun) Code of conduct, set of rules. For :
(verb) To speak from memory or from
example: 'Employees of the company are
something written. Not a naturally
expected to follow a strict protocol.'
QUOTE conversation. Example: 'He had to recite the
: whole poem in front of the class'.
PROTOCOLS (Verb) Cite, refer to the words of another.
Keyword(s):
For example: 'No more than two or three
sentences should be directly quoted from
PROVIDE another author in academic writing.' RECOGNISE
: :
(verb) To give or offer. Example: 'IELTS (verb) To notice; to identify. Example:
students need to provide evidence and 'When listening to the IELTS recording, you
examples to support their opinions.' R may need to recognise the voices of specific
RADICAL speakers.'
PROVIDES :
Keyword(s): (Adjective) Drastic, major. For example: RECOGNISED
'The new CEO has already made radical Keyword(s):
PSYCHOLOGY changes to the running of the company.'
: RECOMMEND
(Noun) Mental processes and behaviour, :
thoughts and emotions. For example: (verb) To advise or suggest as the best
'Human psychology is extremely complex.' RAISE MONEY course of action. 'He recommended I visit
: the doctor'
(phrase) To build funds (usually through
charity). Example: 'The school is currently Keyword(s):
PUBLIC TRANSPORT raising money to build a new sports hall'.
:
RECOMMENDED
Buses and trains for example.

RANDOM RECOVER
: :
(Adjective) By chance, unsystematic. For (verb) Get back, regain. For example: 'The
PUBLICATION
example: 'Members of the public will be Goverment is unlikely to recover its support
:
chosen at random to take part in the survey.' after the recent failure.'
(Noun) Printed work i.e. book, magazine,
newspaper, journal. For example: 'The
author's new publication is said to be his
best.' REFER TO
RANGE
Keyword(s): : :
(Noun) Variety, choice, selection. For (verb) Check, look at. Example: 'When
PUBLICATIONS example: 'The university offers a wide range sitting your IELTS test, it is important to
of choice to students interested in different refer to the plan you have made as you are
aspects of business.' writing''.
PUBLISH
:
(Verb) Make public, make known. For
example: 'Not all facts are published and the RATIO REFERENCE
General Public may not be aware of the : :
dangers.' (Noun) Relative amount, proportion, (noun) A mention of. Example: 'In the
fraction. For example: 'The ratio of men and reading test, look for references to the
women is unbalanced in a number of keywords in the question'.
countries.'
PUNCTUAL
REFERENCES
: Keyword(s):
Not late / on time.
RATIONAL REFERENCE WORD
: :
(Adjective) Sensible, logical, with reason. (noun phrase) Use of a pronoun (he, she, it
PURCHASE For example: 'It can be difficult to remain
: for example) to refer to a noun mentioned
rational about emotional issues.' before. Example: 'Dr Barton was responsible
(Verb) Buy. For example: 'Identification is
often required in order to purchase alcohol.' for the project, although he did not complete
all of the research.'
REACT
:
PURSUE (Verb) Act in response, respond. For
: REFINE
: basis for private loans'.
(verb) Improve, make better. For example: RELATIVE CLAUSE
'The company needs to refine its production : REPAYMENTS
process as a number of problems have been (noun) A grammar term for a sentence that Keyword(s):
indentified.' commonly uses that, who or which to add
more information. For example: 'London,
REPERCUSSION
which is the capital of England, is situated
:
near a river' or 'The man who lives next door
REGIME (noun) Consequence, effect, impact.
is a doctor'.
: Example: 'Many families are feeling the
(noun) System or routine. For example: repercussion of higher taxes'.
'When trying to lose weight it can be
difficult to stick to a strict exercise regime.' RELAX
:
REPETITION
(verb) Lighten up, loosen up, calm down.
:
For example: 'Many people use alcohol as a
REGION (noun) duplication; something repeated.
way to relax in social situations.'
: Example: 'It is important to avoid repetition
(noun) Area, district. For example: 'The in IELTS writing by using a range of
entire region suffered damage in the recent vocabulary'.
earthquake.' RELEASE
:
(verb) Set free. For example: 'Early release
REPETITIVE
of prisoners into society could be
REGISTER :
dangerous.'
: (adjective) Describing something that
(noun) Language used in a specific situation. repeats. Example: 'Some jobs are boring
For example: 'Formal register is required for because they are repetitive - the same thing
academic writing.' RELEVANT happens every day'.
:
(Adjective) Related to the point in question.
For example: 'His input at the meeting was
REGULATE REPHRASE
very relevant to the problem at hand.'
: :
(verb) Control, monitor. For example: (verb) To give the same information in a
'Introduction of the new examination system different way. Example: 'In IELTS writing,
will be regulated by the Ministry of RELIANT try not to copy words from the title. Try to
Education.' : rephrase as much as possible.'
Being dependent or needing something.

REHABILITATION REQUIRE
: RELOCATE :
(noun) Support and help to recover : (verb) Need, need to have. For example:
(physical, emotional or mental). Example: (verb) Move to a different place. Example: 'Visitors to the country are required to hold a
'The rehabilitation centre helps many 'The promotion involves having to relocate valid visa.'
patients to get better'. to another city'.

REQUIRED
REINFORCE RELY ON :
: : Something you have to have; something that
(verb) Strengthen, give more force to. For (verb) Depend on, count on. For example: is needed.
example: 'New information has reinforced 'Many people rely on television as their
our original ideas.' main form of entertainment.'
RESEARCH
:
REJECT REMOVE (noun) Investigation or study into a given
: : area or topic. For example: 'Most post-
(verb) Refuse, discard, throw out, dismiss. (verb) Eliminate, do away with, get rid of. graduate programmes are research-based.'
For example: 'Visa applications can be For example: 'Since barriers to trade have
rejected on the basis of a criminal record.' been removed the country's export industry
has grown dramatically.'
RESENTMENT
:
RELATE TO (noun) A feeling of anger or bitterness. For
: RENT example: 'Unfair treatment can cause
(verb) Have a connection with. Example: : resentment'.
'Supernova' and 'star' are words that relate to (noun) Money spent on accommodation
astronomy'. which is paid to the landlord of the property.
Example: 'Rents are often very high in
RESERVATIONS
capital cities'.
:
RELATIONSHIP (noun) Doubts, concerns. Example: 'Many
: parents have reservations about allowing
(noun) A connection. Example: 'There is a REPAYMENT young children to have mobile phones
relationship between good health and : because of the potential risks'.
exercise'. (noun) Money returned to the lender (often
in installments). Example: 'Many people RESERVATION
make repayments to the bank on a monthly Keyword(s):
RESIDE
: :
(verb) Live. For example: 'It is necessary to
reside in the country for two years before
applying for citizenship.'
RESOLVE
: :
(verb) Solve, put an end to, settle. For
example: 'Schools and parents should work
together to resolve the problem.'
RESOLVED
Keyword(s):
RESOURCE
: :
(noun) Something useful or helpful. For
example: 'The university library has a
number of useful resources for academic
writing.'
RESOURCES
Keyword(s):
RESPECTED
: from investments as their retirement fund.'
(adjective) highly thought of, considered
important and influential. Example: "The
owner of the company is highly respected by
his employees.'
RESPOND
:
(verb) Reply, answer. For example: 'It is
important that companies respond to
customer complaints quickly and
efficiently.'
RESPONSE
: time to revise .'
(noun) An answer, a reply. Example: 'You
should always try to use a range of
vocabulary and structures in your responses
in the IELTS speaking and writing tests.'
RESPONSIBLE
: businesses.'
(adjective) Reliable; dependable. Example:
'He is very responsible, despite being very
young'.
See also IRRESPONSIBLE
RESTORE
:
(verb) Bring back. For example: 'The good
results from my last test have restored my
confidence after a series of failures.'
RESTRICT
: himself or herself. For example: "Who can
(verb) Control, limit. For example: 'The
internet makes it difficult for parents to
restrict the type of information their children
are exposed to.'
RETAIN
(verb) Maintain, keep. For example: 'It is
difficult to retain a foreign language without
regular practice.'
RETIRE
(verb) To stop work permanently (often at
the age of around 60). Example: 'More and
more people are choosing to retire overseas.'
RETIRED
Keyword(s):
REVEAL
(verb) Make something known. For
example: 'The Government will reveal its
new Budget in April.'
REVENUE
: something. For example: 'A sound education
(noun) Financial income or return. For
example: 'Many people rely on revenue
REVERSE
: :
(verb) Turn backward. For example: 'The
Government has reversed its decision due to
enormous public protest.'
REVISE
: :
(verb) Study information for an exam, go
back over information already learned. For
example: 'Classes finish two weeks before
examinations start so there will be plenty of
REVOLUTION
: (noun) Plan, idea, project. For example:
(noun) Sudden and enormous change or
development. For example: 'The IT
revolution has improved the efficiency of
REWARD
: (noun) Range, capacity, extent. For
(noun) Prize or payment for something
done. Example: 'There was a reward offered
for any information about the crime'.
RHETORICAL
: (noun) part, division. For example: 'Business
(ADJECTIVE) A writing style where the
writer asks a question which either does not
need an answer or the writer answers
make a difference? You can!". Rhetorical
questions are not considered good academic
style.
RIGID
:
(adjective) Not flexible, strictly maintained.
For example: 'Soldiers in the army are
required to follow rigid rules and
regulations.'
ROLE
:
Job or position. For example: 'He is taking
the role of the Managing Director'
ROLE MODEL
:
(noun) A perfect example of behaviour to
someone. Example: 'Parents should act as
role models for their children'.
ROUTE
:
(noun) Way, direction of reaching
offers a solid route to success.'
S
SCENARIO
(noun) Situation, circumstance. For
example: 'Several scenarios could occur as
a result if this change.'
SCHEDULE
(noun) Plan, timetable, programme. For
example: 'He will be on a very busy
schedule during his business trip and will
have very little free time.'
SCHEME
:
'Many schools offer work experience
schemes to give students the opportunity to
experience the workplace.'
SCOPE
:
example: 'The full scope of the damage
caused by the earthquake is still unknown.'
SECTION
:
reports are broken down into sections to
allow readers to find information more
quickly.'
SECTOR
:
(noun) Segment, subdivision. For example:
'There is generally a shortage of workers in
the healthcare sector.'
Occupational sector relates to different
categories of job. Example: 'Salaries are
often high for people working in the
professional sector'.
SECTORS
Keyword(s):
SECURE
: SHIFT
(adjective) Safe, protected. For example:
'Since the company is experiencing financial
problems a large number of jobs may no
longer be secure.'
SEEK
: SHORT-SIGHTED
(verb) Look for, search for, try to find. For
example: 'Most people seek happiness in
their lives.'
SELECT
: SPECIFIC
(verb) Choose, pick. For example: 'The new
team for the next Olympic Games will be
selected soon.'
SEMI-FORMAL
: SPECIFY
(adjective) Between casual and formal.
Example: 'The dress code for the party is
semi-formal. Suits and ties are not
necessary, but jeans are not permitted.'
SENIOR
: :
(adjective). Older, more respected, higher
ranked. Example: 'New employees can get
useful guidance from senior staff'.
SENSITIVE
: (noun) Being the same or similar to
(adjective) Delicate. Example: 'Topics that
may cause offence to some people are
sensitive issues.'
SENTENCED
: SIMULATE
The penalty given for a crime. For example:
'He was sentenced to 2 years in prison for
the robbery'.
SEQUENCE
:
(noun) Order, series, progression. For
example: 'An unfortunate sequence of events
led to the closure of the factory.'
SEQUENCING WORD
:
(noun phrase) Words showing order of how
something happens/happened. E.g. then,
after that, following
SERIES
:
(noun) String, chain, run. For example: 'The
company has received a series of complaints
about its customer service.'
:
(noun) Move, swing, change (towards or
away from a pattern of behaviour). For
example: 'Increased health awareness has
resulted in a shift away from fatty foods.'
: SOURCE
(adjective) Unable to see future
consequences; unable to think over the long
term. Example: 'Many people think it is
short-sighted not to take care of the
environment'.
SIGNIFICANT
: is important to give some specific examples
(adjective) Major, large, big. For example:
'The graph shows a significant decrease in
numbers of smokers.'
(adverb = significantly)
Keyword(s):
SIGNIFICANTLY
SIMILAR
:
(adjective) Alike, almost the same, related,
comparable. For example: 'We often have
similar opinions and perceptions as our
parents.'
SIMILARITY
: Keyword(s):
something/someone else. Example: 'I think
there are many similarities between here and
my hometown. For example, the weather is
about the same'.
: SPLIT
(verb) Copy, replicate, imitate. For example:
'Car manufacturers often simulate accidents
in quality checks to assess the safety of their
vehicles.'
SITE
: :
(noun) Location. For example: 'The site for
the new school has now been decided and
building will commence soon.'
SLIGHTLY
: STABLE
(adverb) A little, not much. Example: 'The
lecturer said my coursework was slightly
improved but I still needed to work harder.'
SOLE
:
(adjective) Only, one and only, singular. For
example: 'Many people believe that human
impact is the sole cause of global warming.'
SOMEWHAT
:
(adjective) rather, fairly, to some extent. For
example: 'The topic is somewhat
controversial.'
:
(noun) Resource, supply. For example: 'The
internet is a useful source of information.'
:
(adjective) Particular or exact. Example: 'It
in your writing test.'
:
(verb) Detail, identify, give clear
information. For example: 'The instrcutions
specified clearly what we had to do.'
SPECULATE
(verb) To make a guess, prediction,
estimation. 'He speculated that Italy would
win the competition'.
SPECULATION
SPHERE
:
(noun) Area, field. For example: 'There are
many opportunities in the sphere of business
at the moment.'
:
(adjective) Separated, divided, not united.
Example: 'Opinion on this controversial
issue is split'.
SPONSORSHIP
(noun) Financial supporting; funding.
Example: 'Some forms of the arts, such as
ballet, require government sponsorship in
order to continue.'
:
(adjective) Steady, secure. For example:
'The economy is currently very stable and
consumer expenditure is high .'
STARVATION
: stressful'.
(noun) Hunger which could lead to death.
Example: 'Starvation is still common in
some regions of the world.'
STATE
: Union is organising a strike to protest about
(verb) To make clear, to say something
firmly. Example: 'The terms of the refund
policy were stated on the ticket'.
STATED
Keyword(s):
STATEMENT
: Example: 'Tigers have very striking orange
(noun). A sentence showing opinion or fact.
Example: 'Some IELTS writing tasks give
you a statement and then ask your opinion
about it.'
STATISTIC
: should have a clear structure'.
(noun) Numerical data. For example:
'Statistics show that more men than women
smoke.'
STATISTICS
Keyword(s):
STATIVE VERB
: STYLE
(noun phrase) A verb wihch describes a
feeling, emotion, or state. Example: love,
hate, believe, think, own.
See also ACTIVE VERB
(adverb) Following, consequent. For
example: 'The problem was already out of
hand and subsequent events have made it
STRESSFUL even worse.'
:
(adjective) Causing worry and concern.
Example: 'Buying a new house can be very
SUBSIDY
:
(noun) Financial assistance, grant, funding.
For example: 'Subsidies are available to
STRIKE businesses who meet the application
: criteria.'
(noun) An industrial protest where people
stop working. Example: 'The Teacher's
low pay.' SUBSTITUTE
:
STRIKES (noun) Something which replaces or takes
Keyword(s): the place of something else. For example:
'Substitute teachers take over classes
STRIKING temporarily when permanent staff are away
: from work.'
(adjective) Clear, obvious, notable.
and black markings on their coats'.
SUCCESSOR
:
(noun) A person who replaces another in a
specific role. For example: 'The president's
STRUCTURE
: successor is yet to be decided.'
(noun) The way in which parts are arranged
or put together. Example: 'A good essay
SUFFER
(verb) To arrange something into clear parts
:
or order. Example: 'It is important to
(verb) Endure, bear (negative experience or
structure your answer clearly in the IELTS
situation). Example: 'Students suffer because
test'.
of poor funding in education.'
STRUCTURED
Keyword(s): SUFFERS
Keyword(s):
: SUFFICIENT
:
(noun) Method, approach, way, manner. For
example: 'The majority of workers are (adjective) Enough, adequate. For example:
'It is a basic human right to have sufficient
unhappy with the new boss and his
management style.' food to eat, warm housing and clothing.'

STATUS SUITABLE
: SUBHEADING
:
(noun) Position, recognition, importance. :
(noun) A heading under the main heading (adjective) well matched, appropriate.
For example: 'Many people seek promotion Example: 'He is very suitable for the
not just for financial gain but also for status.' showing a sub section. Example:
THE IELTS TEST position as he has all the skills required'.
Reading module (this is a subheading) Antonym: unsuitable (not well matched,
inappropriate)
STRAIGHTFORWARD
: UNSUITABLE
(adjective) Direct, simple, clear. Example: SUBMIT Keyword(s):
'Some answers in the IELTS test are :
straightforward. Others are more difficult.' (verb) Present, give in, put forward. For SUM
example: 'University assignments need to be :
submitted by due date or a penalty will (noun) Figure, amount. For example: 'A
apply.' huge sum of money will be required from
STRATEGY the Government to fund improvements in
: the area.'
(noun) Plan, tactic. For example: 'Different
people find that different study strategies SUBORDINATE
work best for them.' :
(noun) Someone subject to authority and SUMMARY
control of another. For example: 'A good :
manager should support and motivate his (noun) Outline, review of main facts. For
STRESS subordinates.' example: 'In summary, it can be seen that
: the following advantages and disadvantages
(noun) Pressure, anxiety, nervous tension. exist.'
For example: 'A large number of school
teachers suffer from stress due to their job.' SUBSEQUENT
:
SUPERLATIVE
: another. Example happy/joyful,
(grammar term) The form of an adjective
used for comparing something against two
or more things. Example: Tall > the tallest
SUPPLEMENT
: (noun) Object for attack or criticism. For
(verb) Add to, enhance, extend. For
example: 'The Government often
supplements the income of mothers
returning to work in part-time jobs.'
SUPPORT
: (noun) Job, chore, duty. For example:
(verb) To back up, to make an argument
stronger / believable. Example: 'It is
important to support your arguments with
examples in the IELTS writing test'.
SUPPORTED
Keyword(s):
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
: is made up of a team of twenty workers.'
(noun phrase). Additional details. Example:
'Paragraphs generally focus on a main
message but also include supporting
information'
SURVEY
: (adverb) In that way, By this means, In
(noun) Study, investigation, analysis. For
example: 'The results of the survey will be
published ina report.'
SURVIVE
: :
(verb) Continue to exist, stay alive, live on.
For example: 'Cheaper imports from abroad
make it difficult for many companies to
survive.'
SUSPEND
: :
(verb) bar from a privilege, exclude for a
period of time. For example: 'Children who
misbehave at school are often suspended
from class as punishment.'
SUSTAIN
:
(verb) Maintain, keep up. For example:
'Advertising is an important tool for
sustaining sales of an older product.'
SYMBOL
: cause students to neglect their studies.'
(noun) Sign, representation, icon. For
example: 'Expensive cars are a symbol of
wealth.'
SYNONYM
: before an important exam.'
(noun) A word that has the same meaning as
sad/depressed.
TERMINATE
:
(verb) End, finish, cease. For example: 'The
T contract may be terminated with one
TARGET month's notice period.'
:
example: 'Motorists who speed near
TEXT
schools are the target of the Police's latest
:
saftey campaign.'
(noun) Book or part of a book, passage. For
example: 'In the IELTS reading exam it is
useful to underline key words in the text.'
TASK
:
THEME
'Passing of the course involves successful
:
completion of a number of tasks.'
(noun) Subject, topic. For example:
'Common themes for the IELTS test are
society, health, education and technology.'
TEAM
:
(noun) Group of people working together for
THEORY
the same aim. For example: 'The department
:
(noun) Idea, concept. For example: 'The
theories learned at university provide
background knowledge for use in the
business world.'
TECHNICAL
:
(adjective) Specialised, technological. For
example: 'The process is really very straight-
THEREBY
forward and not at all technical.'
:
doing so. For example: 'More investment
should be put into rural areas thereby
TECHNIQUE
increasing employment opportunities there.'
:
(noun) Method, skill, system. For example:
'It is a matter of practising and learning the
correct technique.'
THESIS
(noun) Academic research project. For
example: 'A university professor will be
TECHNOLOGY
appointed to each student to supervise the
:
writing of their thesis.'
(noun) Electronic/digital know-how. For
example: 'We know have the technology to
do many things we once thought
impossible.'
TO BE INCLINED
(verb) To prefer to do something; to lean
towards and action or idea. 'More pople will
TEMPORARY
be inclined to protect the environment, if it
:
is made easier for them to do so.'
(adjective) Short-term, not permanent. For
example: 'Temporary shelters were set up
Keyword(s):
until people were able to return to their own
homes.' INCLINED, INCLINE
TOLERATE
TEMPTATION :
: (verb) To accept, to allow to happen.
(noun) Something that seems attractive; Example: 'Too many parents tolerate bad
motivates someone to act in a certain way. behaviour from their children'.
Example: 'The temptation to socialise can
TOLERATES
Keyword(s):
TOPIC
TENSE
: :
(adjective) Anxious, worried, stressed. For (noun) Subject, focus. For example: 'Topics
example: ' It is quite common to feel tense for IELTS writing exams are often related to
social issues.'

TRACE
: behaviour. Example: 'There has been an
(verb) Track, locate, discover. For example:
'It is difficult to trace calls made from
mobile phones.'
TRADESPEOPLE
: TRIGGER
(noun) People that are employed in a skilled
trade such as carpenters, plumbers or
electricians.
TRADITION
: U
(noun) Custom, practice followed for some
time. For example: 'Many important
traditions are rejected or forgotton by
modern society.'
TRANSFER
: VALID
(verb) To move from one place to another
or from one type to another. Example: 'In
the IELTS reading test, candidates have to
complete the test and transfer their answer to
the answer paper in 60 minutes'.
TRANSFERS
Keyword(s):
TRANSFORM
:
(verb) Dramatically change appearance of.
For example: 'Landfill areas can be
transformed into beautiful park areas which
can be enjoyed by the public.'
TRANSITION
: (verb) differ, show differences. For
(noun) Conversion, changeover. For
example: 'It can be difficult for people to
make the transition from working all day to
a quieter life when they retire.'
TRANSITIVE VERB
: to be in charge of a vehicle while under the
(noun phrase) A verb that does not require
an object. Example: live, die.
See also INTRANSITIVE VERB
TRANSMIT
: expect, hope, demand
(verb) Spread, pass on. For example: 'On
rare occasions infections have been
transmitted through blood transfusions.'
TRANSPORT
: (noun) Form, type, style, variety. For
(noun) Form of vehicle used to get from one
place to another. For example: 'Free public
transport should be available to retired
people.'
TREND
:
(noun) General direction or pattern of UNITY
:
increasing trend towards having smaller (noun) Agreement, harmony. For example:
families'. 'It is important there is unity of purpose in
order to solve this problem.'
TRENDS
Keyword(s):
UNSCRUPULOUS
:
: (adjective) Without principles, morals or
(verb) Set off, cause to start. For example: ethics. Example: 'It is unscrupulous for
'The recent policy change has triggered a companies to exploit child labour.' See
great deal of protest.' ETHICS.
UTILISE
ULTIMATE :
: (verb) Use, use up. For example: 'Energy-
(adjective) Of the greatest size or saving light bulbs utilise less electricity than
significance. For example: 'Finding a regular ones.'
solution to this problem is of ultimate
importance.'
V
UNDER-PRIVILEGED :
: (adjective) Legitimate, justifiable. For
(adjective) Not having an acceptable example: 'Being late is not a valid excuse
standard of living. Example: 'Many charities for speeding.'
provide toys for under-privileged children'.
VARIATION
UNDERLIE :
: (noun) Alternative, different version of
(verb) Be the basis of. For example: 'There something. Example: 'There are many
are several reasons which underlie the variations of multiple choice questions in the
changes.' IELTS test - short answer, long answer etc...'
VARIATIONS
Keyword(s):
UNDERMINE
:
(verb) To weaken, to cause to collapse. VARY
:
Example: 'You can undermine an opposing
point of view by identifying its weaknesses'.
example: 'Opinions vary on this subject.'
UNDERTAKE
: VEHICLE
(verb) Commit to, take on. For example: 'At :
a wedding ceremony the bride and groom (noun) motorised form of transport. For
example: 'It is irresponsible and dangerous
undertake to support each other for the rest
of their lives.'
influence of alcohol.'
UNIFORM
: VERB
(adjective) The same, equal, very :
A verb is an action word. Example: run,
similar. Example: 'Fast food chains attempt
to offer a uniform standard of service across
all their sites.'
(noun) A specific set of clothes for a job. VERBS
For example: a nurse's uniform, a soldier's Keyword(s):
uniform
VERSION
:
UNIQUE example: 'The new version of the computer
: software has many more functions than the
(adjective) Only one of its kind, special. For old one.'
example: 'The company says that it offers
unique work opportunities to its employees.'
VERTICAL even though the first letter is a consonant.
: Example: hour, honour.
(adjective) At 90 degrees, straight up. See also CONSONANT
Example: Unlike aeroplanes, helicopters can
do a vertical take off.

VULNERABLE
:
VIA (adjective) Defenceless, helpless, at risk.
: Example: 'Older people are more vulnerable
(preposition) Through, by means of. For to ill health caused by cold weather'.
example: 'We can now access all kinds of
information quickly and easily via the
internet.'
W
WEALTHY
:
VIOLATE (adjective) Having a lot of something
: (commonly money) Example: 'Bill Gates
(verb) Disturb, intrude on. For example: 'It is a very wealthy man'.
is unacceptable where a situation violates
our human rights.'

WELFARE
:
VIOLENCE (noun) Well-being. For example: 'As a
: society we should be responsible for the
(noun) Physical harm to another person. welfare of the elderly.'
Example: 'Violence at football matches is,
unfortunately, a common sight.'

WHEREAS
:
VISIBLE (conjunction) While, but. For example:
: 'Promotion for women at work is even now
(adjective) Apparent, obvious, able to be sometimes difficult, whereas men often have
seen. For example: 'There have been no more opportunities and earn higher wages .'
visible benefits to the change in policy.'

WIDESPREAD
VISUAL :
: (adjective) Very common, all around. For
(adjective) Able to be seen by the eye. For example: 'Death from treatable diseases is
example: 'Visual aids help to make a widespread in the developing world.'
presentation more interesting to the
audience.'

VOLUME
:
(noun) Quantity, amount. For example: 'The
volume of water that we waste every day is
enormous.'

VOLUNTARY
:
(adjective) Unpaid, charitable. For example:
'A significant amount of assistance given in
third world countries is given by voluntary
workers.'

VOLUNTEER
:
(noun) a person works for free out of choice.
Example: 'Many volunteers help at the
homeless shelter.'

VOLUNTEERS
Keyword(s):

VOWEL
:
(noun) The letters a,e,i,o and u.
Some words can begin with a vowel sound