Design of a Graphene-Based Field-Effect Transistor
Biosensor in the Rapid Detection of COVID-19
Causative Virus (SARS-CoV-2) in Human Sputum
Specimen
Leila G. Ablao
School of Electrical, Electronics, and Computer Engineering
Mapua University
Manila, Philippines
lgablao@mymail.mapua.edu.ph
Raymond Paolo Lacayanga
School of Electrical, Electronics, and Computer Engineering
Mapua University
Manila, Philippines
rplacayanga@mymail.mapua.edu.ph
Neil Alexander G. Macasaet
School of Electrical, Electronics, and Computer Engineering
I. INTRODUCTION
Bioelectronics deals with the application of the concept
of electronics to medical biology. Over the past decades, the
use of biosensors has widened to further improve present
technologies associated with clinical practices. Today,
several factors are greatly affecting this industry. As this
world is facing a pandemic, due to the spread of the SARS-
CoV-2 or COVID-19, the search for a cure has persevered.
Several trials have already been conducted, from vaccines to
detectors, to create a potential cure, and eventually prevent
the spread of this virus. Infection from the SARS-CoV-2 or
the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) started last December
2019. Phylogenetic studies suggest that the virus was
acquired from consuming bats and pangolins, which were
considered as a delicacy in Wuhan, China, where COVID-19
originated. As of September 2020, there are a total of 30
million cases worldwide. In the Philippines, the total number
of infected is continuously rising to almost 300,000,
according to the Department of Health statistics.[1] With
inadequate response to the pandemic and severely hitting the
poor, the researchers have considered the use of a Field-
Effect Transistor-based biosensor to aid the needs of the
country. Field Effect Transistor has been widely used in the
fields of electrical and electronics industry. In general, a
Field-Effect Transistor or FET is a three-terminal component
mounted in circuits for better control of current flow. Since it
has a high impedance, a greater output signal can be
generated, despite its miniscule parts. The use of Field Effect
Transistor-based devices as biosensors have increased in the
past years. These are composed of metal-oxide-
semiconductor structure which enables the electric field to
induce ‘band bending’ of the semiconductor which refers to
the change in the energy of the bands in a semiconductor,
allowing the ‘bending’ of the bands near the semiconductor
surface, thus making it highly sensitive. Since Field-Effect
Transistor-based biosensors are highly sensitive to different
factors (i.e. Temperature, pH solution, etc.), the use of FET
to detect small amounts of analytes has been considered. A
great example of bio-FET is the Graphene FET. Graphene
Field Effect Transistor is composed of a thin graphene sheet
composed of carbon atoms that are laid out throughout its
XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE
Mapua University
Manila, Philippines
nagmacasaet@mymail.mapua.edu.ph
Zmantha Ysabel B. Tupaz
School of Electrical, Electronics, and Computer Engineering
Mapua University
Manila, Philippines
zybtupaz@mymail.mapua.edu.ph
surface. Because of its properties, it has been used in various
sensing programs. A Graphene Field Effect Transistor or G-
FET is used in many sensing applications (e.g. Biosensing).
Its advantages are commonly used to detect receptor
molecules present in the human body system. To complete
this process, a linker molecule can be attached to the
graphene surface for it to fully react with human body
bioreceptors. [2]
In the Philippines several tests had already been
conducted to detect possible COVID-19 carriers.[3] But the
most commonly conducted are the COVID-19 rapid test and
the RT-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test. The COVID-
19 rapid test results can be acquired within a few hours. This
is conducted through blood sampling, either collected from
pricking or can be done like any other blood drawing through
a vein. Although results may be acquired in a short period, it
is not as reliable as the RT-PCR test. The RT-PCR test is
more accurate than any other test being conducted. This is
because RT-PCR tests detect the genetic makeup of the
SARS-CoV-2 itself. It is done through nasopharyngeal and
oropharyngeal swabs since samples from these provide more
accurate results. RT-PCR tests can be costly and could take
up to two to five days, depending on the facility since this
type of testing is conducted through laboratories.
Researchers considered the use of Field-Effect
Transistor-based biosensors to detect SARS-CoV-2 because
of its advantages due to its high sensitivity. According to the
group, “SARS-Cov-2 spike antibody was immobilized onto
the fabricated device through I-pyrenebutyric acid N-
hydroxysuccinimide ester (PBASE), an efficient interface
coupling agent used as a probe linker”. This fabricated
biosensor is specifically aimed to detect SARS-CoV-2 DNA,
by means of nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs. It
detects antigen protein present in the SARS-CoV-2 and due
to the sensitivity of the graphene material, it could
distinguish SARS-CoV-2 DNA from MERS-CoV.[4]
In the previous studies, FET has been used multiple
times: it has been used for glucose sensing[5], and also for
the rapid detection of Ebola[6]. However, this has not been
tried and tested in the Philippines. The Philippines have two
testing mechanisms: University of the Philippines’ Real-
Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction
(RT-PCR), which uses polymerase chain reactions to detect
SARS-COVID antibodies, whereas the other test, the Rapid
Antibody Test, requires blood samples to be analyzed[3].
This study will focus on understanding the possible
efficiency of a field-effect transistor as an alternative for
rapid testing in the Philippines, using sputum specimen,
which are shown to be a better source in the detection of the
virus[7]. A similar study has already been conducted in
South Korea[4], and this study will focus on its effects and
effectiveness in the Philippine setting.
The research aims to achieve the main objective, which is
to design and create a graphene-based biosensor device that
will rapidly produce a detection of the SARS-COV-2 virus.
The study’s also aiming to (1) utilize the usage of graphene
in detection of the virus, (2) utilize Raspberry Pi and
Aruduino in order to analyze the specimen gathered from an
analog sensor, to a digital input, then analyzed by a
microprocessor to create a digital output, which will be
analyzed in the overall output to determine the existence of
the virus, (3) to be able to test the device and compare its
overall utility to current testing devices in the country.
This research about the utilization of Field-Effect
Transistor-Based (FET) Biosensors on detecting the virus
purpose is to be used effectively in patients affected by the
SARS-CoV-2. With the existence of other testing kits in
detecting the virus, the significance of the study is to acquire
information on using FET to compare the effectiveness of it
with the current testing kits. In situations where the results
should be released immediately; an example is when entering
airports. The significance of the research is to have a new
testing kit that takes a lesser period of time in detecting the
virus. Another factor in significance of conducting the study
is its relevance with the current pandemic that is occurring.
With various testing kits available, this research can develop
also as another way of detecting the SARS-CoV-2.
The scope of our research mostly revolves around the
device Field Effect Transistor-based biosensor in detecting
COVID-19. The device FET involves an additional material
of a graphene as a sensing material, and also a chemical
pyrenebutyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester also known
as “PBSE”, used as a prob linker with the molecule placed in
the graphene[2]. The research will also compare different
tests such as the COVID- 19 rapid test and the RT-CPR with
the COVID 19 FET sensor. This research will observe data
of the other testing kits in terms of how fast the result will be
released comparing it with the COVID-19 FET sensor. This
device is designed for an alternative way to detect COVID-
19 where it can be used by a med tech practitioner or a doctor
to know if the person has COVID-19. The delimitation of
this research are diseases that do not involve COVID-19, and
all other devices besides FET and the additional material
used in this research. The research also does not involve
actual patient diagnosis, as patient diagnosis remains in the
hands of the doctors or medical practitioners only.
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. FET Biosensors
1) Recent Advances in FET Biosensors
FET has a wide array of usage in the field of
biosensors. Biosensors, since its introduction by
Clark in 1962, has been used in a rather wide
variety of applications, ranging from cancer
diagnosis, to the simplest health prognosis.
Biosensors are analytical devices converting
biological responses into electric signals, and
usually consists of at least two components being
combined together, a biological receptor, and a
physical-chemical transducer. The biological
receptor would convert the responses made from a
biochemical domain into a chemical or physical
output signal, with a certain sensitivity, and the
latter would transfer the signal from the output
domain, to mostly the electrical domain. Field
effect transistor (FET) biosensors (BIO-FETs) and
ion-sensitive field effect transistors (ISFET) have
emerged as the most developed candidates with
regards to recent advances in the field of FET as
biosensors. ISFET, since its introduction by
Bergveld in 1970, have marked the beginning of
the evolution of transducers in multiple biosensor
applications. In an FET system, the sensing
elements are immobilized in the channels wherein
they are sensed, or the semiconductor path. This
channel is connected to the S (source) and D
(drain) electrodes, to capture the said targets using
high specificity and binding affinity. Then a bias
potential is applied and modulated in the G (gate).
The conductance across the channel is recorded,
and further processed by an electrical measurement
system. These transducers are notably either
silicon-based, which uses silicon nanowire, or
carbon-based, which uses graphene and carbon
nanotubes. Silicon nanowire has demonstrated
high-sensitivity for label-free and real-time
detection, and has been used in large-scale
assembly techniques such as field-assisted
electrospinning, fluid flow directed assembly.
These sensors have been used to detect a variety of
molecules like nucleic acids, viruses, and targeted
substances. Carbon nanotubes, on the other hand,
possess superior applications such as high
mechanical strength, outstanding conductivity and
it is said to be ideal in semiconductor behaviour for
nanoscale FET. It has been used to immobilize bio-
probes like antibodies, enzymes, and the likes, and
is created by producing a mixture of
semiconducting and metallic tubes, which can
degrade electrical performance, and will also create
variation, in devices, making it difficult to produce
commercially. During the most recent years, there
have been multiple studies on improving the
sensitivity of FET through nanotransducers and
probe devices.[8]
2) Disposable FET Biosensors
Biosensor development for disposable
biosensor chips are used for most bio markers.
These are usually developed due to the baseline
shifting after it was measured, and after the chip
size has been minimized. This has been developed
due to its advantages. A disposable chip would
have a simple process, it can easily be mass-
 produced, and it would have a low cost.[9] To
achieve a low cost, the packaging carries a heavy
part in achieving such. Among those mentioned in
the study, wire-bonding and flip-chip are among
those that were mentioned that were not
recommended in packaging FET biosensors. Wire-
bonding, an automated technique that is produced
by a setting machine. This is commonly used on a
large height-difference chip, and it requires a 3-D
space. In the microfluidic system, which is usually
the case for FET biosensors, wire-bonding is
influenced by the liquid in the channel, so if Wire-
bonding is conducted, the chip may be extremely
extended, increasing the cost. Flip chip applies a
special substrate covered with the chip, and later is
removed in the packaging process. This, however,
causes liquid leakage, thus needing a large diameter
to prevent leakage, and using a large diameter will
add to the cost.[9]
3) FET Glucose Biosensor
In another study, FET biosensors have also
been used to detect glucose changes in the
bloodstream.[5] The researchers have used a silk
fibroin-encapsulated graphene FET enzymatic
biosensor that uses the silk protein as the device
substrate and enzyme immobilization material. The
glucose molecules were detected using a
conductance change, like most FET-based
biosensors, but this has used the Dirac Point shift of
the graphene transistor, with the glucose being
oxidized by the oxidase, which was immobilized in
the silk film on the graphene FET. This happened
due to the glucose which was diffused into the
film. Graphene FETs are able to transduce the bio-
recognition events that had occurred as an
analytically useful electrical signal. The study was
seen to have fabricated the FET as a glucose
biosensor through coating of a CVD-grown
graphene FET coated with silk fibroin/GOx Film,
which have induced a response from the glucose,
showing that silk is biocompatible with the
substrate material. The silk-based graphene FET
sensor was seen to be flexible, and it can provide
highly-sensitive sensors for continuous real-time
monitoring.
4) FET Ebola Rapid Detection Biosensor
FET has also been used in the rapid detection of
Ebola during the 2014-2015 Ebola Virus disease
(EVD) in West Africa.[6] It was a highly
contagious and fatal disease, and it was transmitted
using human contact through infected body fluids.
FET has shown its promise with fast-response, low-
cost monitoring due to its high sensitivity for
specific biomolecules. Its utility has been more
used in detecting analytes in gases and in water. In
Chen’s study, they have used a rGO-based FET
device with the Ebola antibody immobilized to
detect the said antigen. They have also used gold
nanoparticles for antibody conjugation. The model
can be seen in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Ebola FET Biosensor. This was an
rGO (reduced graphene oxide) based FET wherein the rGO sheet was
deposited unto the device to bridge the drain and the source electrode, then
Al2O3 was coated on the sheet to allow surface passivation. Anti-Ebola
particles were then linked up to golden nanoparticles on the channel, and
these were used as the sensing probes for capturing the Ebola antigens.
5) FET Biosensors in Detecting Norovirus DNA
Norovirus is a contagious virus that causes
vomiting and diarrhea, and the FET biosensor can
also be used to detect Norovirus DNA and
immunoglobulins (IGg)[10]. They have used a
double-SiNW-FET biosensor, which allows a
decrease in noise, and precision at low
concentrations. The fabricated schematic diagram
can be seen in Figure 2. They have notably
bombarded the device with oxygen plasma to
improve the efficiency of the biochemical
modification, and they were functionalized with a
chemical reaction on the surface for selective and
sensitive detection of the Norovirus.
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of a Double-SiNW-FET Biosensor. This was
the biosensor used in order to detect the Norovirus DNA.
B. Recent Advances in Graphene-Based Biosensors
The use of graphene in Field-Effect Transistor-based
biosensors has been studied in several fields of
engineering and medical biology. Due to the high
sensitivity and electrical conductivity of graphene, it has
been used in detecting antibodies in the past few years.
With this, due to its sensitivity and conductivity
advantages, the transfer of electrons between the surface
of an electrode and the oxidation-reduction or redox
properties of the enzymes present in an antibody was
marked as excellent.[10] The Oxidation-reduction
reaction is commonly tagged when there are chemical
reactions due to the change in oxidation number of a
certain chemical category. Graphene acts as an “electron
wire”. When the redox center of the enzyme meets the
surface of the graphene sheet, the graphene rapidly
detects the antibodies. Several researchers grabbed this
opportunity to use graphene in FET-based biosensors to
 detect not only antibodies but also other RNA and DNA
probes including glucose and cholesterol.
1) Highly-sensitive Graphene Field Effect Transistor
Biosensor using PNA and DNA Probes for RNA Detection
Graphene, as mentioned, has a highly sensitive
property. Researchers in the fields of engineering and
medical biology took this advantage to create
biosensors that could detect antibodies. Not only it
could detect antibodies but it can also detect
ribonucleic acid or RNA using DNA and PNA
probes. Due to the problems occurring when using
DNA probes to detect analytes, the group has then
switched to RNA. Detecting analytes using DNA
resulted to an increase in background electrical noise
and prolonged hybridization time. With RNA, the
limit detection is better than using DNA probes for
detection[11].
2) DNA/RNA Absorption on Penta-Graphene
Pentagraphenes were studied due to the adsorption
properties of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA).[12] With the highly
sensitive graphene and adsorption behaviors of DNA
and RNA, several researchers have suggested the use
of graphene sheets to detect DNA and RNA probes.
It is observed that the nucleobase pairs possess strong
physisorption. By following the concept on weak
Van der Waal forces, a state has strong
physisorption, when gas molecules can easily
penetrate solid states. When these nucleobase pairs
make contact with the surface of the graphene, it can
rapidly penetrate without any problem, thus making
graphene a good conductor of bioelectrical properties
and could detect antibodies through probes.
3) Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors Using
Laser-Derived Graphene
The use of laser-derived graphene or LDG for the
development of biosensors has also been a direction
graphene biosensors have headed to[8]. Graphene
was discovered in 2004 by Geim and Novoselov,
gaining popularity in the engineering and biomedical
fields. Unlike other graphene synthesis, the use of
laser-derived graphene has been considered more
efficient in several terms. This is due to its good
electrical conductivity and stability and more
economically friendly. LDG also has a large surface
area wherein there is more room for conductivity.
With this, several researchers have already used
laser-derived graphene in biosensor production rather
than other graphene. More biosensors can be
produced if the overall production is cost efficient,
making it more accessible to public. This could help
hospitals, other sectors, and most especially the
general public save up for early antibody detection
and cure.
4) Graphene Biosensors and Protective Textile in Virus
Detection
Since the start of pandemic due to the Coronavirus
disease (COVID-19) earlier this year, the search for a
potential cure and detection device has been
conducted by various groups from different fields. It
has been mentioned that graphene was one of the
leading materials in terms of COVID-19 detector
production.[13] Due to its high sensitivity and
conductivity and its history as a material for
biosensing devices, it has been studied for COVID-
19 test productions. Also, because of the rapid
adsorption properties of DNA and RNA nucleobase
pairs, it can easily penetrate the highly sensitive
graphene as it acts as an electrical bridge between the
DNA and RNA structure of the antibody and the
Field Effect Transistor in which the graphene is
attached. With rapid adsorption and detection, more
COVID-19 tests could be implemented
C. Arduino and Raspberry Pi for Biosensors
There has been a recent study wherein Arduino and
Raspberry Pi were both used to develop an optical
biosensing system, where the biosensor was fabricated with
pathogen-specific sensing molecules in order to detect the
pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa using low-cost
components, with a certain period of incubation[14]. The
molecules have generated a fluorescence signal using an
intracellular amplifier. There had been a detection system
designed for solid surfaces, and this study was used to detect
pathogens at a rapid speed. They have genetically mutated e-
coli bacteria to be able to create the fluorescence signal that
they have needed. The Arduino controlled the incubation
temperature and the LEDs, then the Raspberry Pi triggers
the module to take an image of the chip.
D. COVID-19 Testings
Different testing kits in detecting the virus are being
developed around the world. Researchers and experts
continue to create a faster and more reliable device for the
process of detecting the virus.
1) Philippine Testing Kits
There is a Philippine-made test kit called RT-PCR
test kits developed by the University of the
Philippines National Institutes of Health (UP-NIH)
and funded by the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST). This test kit can save a lot of
money from the government made by UP because
imported test kits from China and Korea cost
between ₱4,000 and ₱8,000, or more than double
than locally made[15]. It was said that the RT-PCR
made by the UP-NIH is the gold standard in testing
for COVID-19. RT-PCR is a test kit that actually
detects the presence of the SARS-COC-2 which
causes COVID-19. The RT-PCR made by UP-NIH is
the leading test kit that has accurate results in
detecting COVID-19[15].
2) Other Testing Kits in the Philippines
The other form of test kits in the Philippines is the
use of rapid test kits (RTKs) which is endorsed by
the Malacañang even though medical practitioners
and the Department of Health (DOH) are not
convinced with the said result of the RTKs (Geducos,
2020). The RTKs should not be used for diagnosis of
COVID-19 said the DOH because RTKs are low
sensitive, high false-negative test rates and have
uncertainties to its connection to immunity unlike the
RT-PCR made by the UP-NIH [16].
3) South Korean Testing Kits
Sources have said that in the country of South
Korea last March 2020, it has been claimed that it
approved the first four COVID-19 test kits under
urgent-use license[17]. The approval comes on the
heels of Hong Kong’s University of Science and
Technology (HKUST) claims to have developed the
fastest known COVID-19 diagnostic kit. The kit can
diagnose the virus in 40 minutes. The first approved
device is the Kogene Biotech’s Powercheck 2019-
nCoV RT PCR kit, where it was approved on
February 4 of 2020. The device has also been utilized
during the MERS-CoV outbreak last 2015. The
succeeding devices are the Seegene’s Allplex 2019-
nCOV Assay, Solgent’s DiaplexQ N Coronavirus
Detection Kit, and the Sd Biosensor’s Standard M
nCoV RT Detection kit. These devices were all
approved in the month of February. These devices
can detect the E gene and RdRP gene strains of the
virus. The four approved devices are currently being
used to diagnose COVID-19 cases throughout the
country
4) Abbot’s Rapid Antigen Test and NAVICA™
Another testing kit is from the test manufacturer,
the US-based Abbott Laboratories[18]. Besides from
South Korea’s SD Biosensor, they have agreed to
provide 20% of their test kits to lower- and middle-
income countries. The remainder will be made
available to wealthier nations, some of whom are
helping to finance that drive. Their testing kit is
called the Abbott’s rapid antigen test, where it serves
as an affordable and reliable tool that can
accommodate a massive scale in detecting active
COVID-19 infections. The test is highly portable,
easy-to-use, cost-effective, requires no
instrumentation and provides results in 15 minutes .
It was also stated that this test pairs with an
application that is available to Android and iPhone
devices. This was named as NAVICA™, where it
would allow people who test negative to get a
temporary encrypted digital health pass with a QR
code through a healthcare provider. Another device
from the manufacturer is their Abbott’s ID NOW
COVID-19 test where they consider it as their vital
weapon in this pandemic. It was referred to as a fast,
molecular point-of-care test, and its difference from
other testing kits is it can deliver the results for as
little as 5 minutes. Just as importantly, it can take
portable testing outside of a traditional hospital and
into physician’s offices, urgent care clinics and other
point-of-care settings.
III. METHODOLOGY
A. Sensor Fabrication
In fabricating the sensor, using conventional wet-transfer
methods, graphene was transferred to a SiO2/Si substrate.
Then Polymethyl methacrylate, or PMMA C4 was spin-
coated at 500 rpm for 10s and at 3000rpm for 30s onto
graphene on Cu (copper) foil. Then the PMMA/graphene on
the copper foil was etched in CE-100 copper etchant. After
the etching process, the layers were moved using clean,
glass slides using a deionized water bath, with the copper
etchant being washed away. Then the PMMA layer was
transferred to the substrate and was dried overnight. The
layer was then removed in an acetone bath for two hours.
Then graphene was transferred onto the substrate after being
washed with isopropyl alcohol, then the sensor is dried
under a stream of gas. The transferred graphene was then
pattered into linear shaped using photolithography, and then
it was etched using a reactive ion-etching method. Then,
metallization was performed using a thermal evaporation
method and a lift-off technique to produce an Aluminum
(Au)/ Chromium (Cr) on the etched graphene layer. Then
the device is to be passivated by SU8-2010. After that, the
device was soaked in 2mm PBASE in methanol for an hour
in room temperature and then rinsed several times with PBS
and DI water, then the device was exposed to 250 μg/mL
SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody for 4 hours.
B. System Block Diagram
Signal
Sensor Device
Signal
Conversion and Microcontroller
LCD Display of
Recognition POS or NEG
Amplification
Figure 3. Device system block. The sensor device is where the sample will
be incubated until the temperature is greater than 30C. The incubation is
done for precision. Then the signal that is converted and amplified will be
transferred to the Raspberry Pi, which will now process the signal that was
gathered, and the output will be seen in the display.
The sensor device is first placed in an incubation
chamber, which will incubate the sample until it reaches 30
degress Celsius. A temperature sensor in the chamber will
work with the relay and the Arduino, as the Arduino
controls the incubation until it is ready for transfer. Then the
signal is transferred to the Raspberry Pi, which processes the
data, and later releases the aformentioned data to the screen.
The output will be seen in the LCD, which will produce an
output of POS on the LCD for a positive reading, and NEG
and for a negative reading.
C. Prototype Design

Sample Graphene Testing Testing Remarks

Number -based Kit 1 Kit 2
Sensor Response Response
response Time Time
time

Figure 4. Prototype Proposed Design. As seen in the figure above, this is 1 1h 2h 30m Delay at
the proposed prototype design. First, the sample is placed in the incubation
chamber, which will be heated until it reaches 30 degrees Celsius. The device
incubation is necessary for precision of data gathering. Then the
temperature sensor and the heating coil under the sensor works together
with the relay switch and Arduino, as the Arduino controls the incubation,
until the data is to be transferred to the Raspberry Pi microcontroller, 2
wherein the algorithm will be influenced by non-linear regression.

β1 x 3
f ( x , β) =
β2+ x Figure 4.5. Comparing the response time between testing kits. This
Figure 5. Michaelis-Menten Model where β is a vector of k parameters and graph is meant to be used to compare the testing response time of
x is a vector of p predictors. The figure above shows the statistical the testing kits to the device. It is to test if the device can give off
treatment that will be used to determine whether the sample contains the
virus or not. This was used as to determine the rate of reaction with respect the response faster than the two other kits.
to time. A high rate will indicate the presence of the virus.
REFERENCES
D. Proposed Figures and Tables
[1] Department of Health - Philippines, “COVID-19
Case Tracker.” Department of Health, Manila,
Philippines, 2020, [Online]. Available:
https://www.doh.gov.ph/covid-19/case-tracker.
[2] B. V. Krsihna, S. Ravi, and M. D. Prakash, “Recent
developments in graphene based field effect
transistors,” Mater. Today Proc., no. xxxx, 2020,
doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.678.
[3] R. Co, “Here’s What You Need To Know About
COVID-19 Tests In The Philippines,” Tatler Ph,
May 2020.
Figure 6. Diagram for COVID-19 GFET Sensor reaction. This graph is [4] G. Seo et al., “Rapid Detection of COVID-19
going to be used to determine whether the sample has been infected by the Causative Virus (SARS-CoV-2) in Human
virus or not. In a previous study, it has been determined that the ratio of the Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens Using Field-
change in current to the initial current’s sudden spike indicates that the Effect Transistor-Based Biosensor,” ACS Nano, vol.
sample is infected with the virus.
14, no. 4, pp. 5135–5142, 2020, doi:
10.1021/acsnano.0c02823.
Sample Graphene- Testing Testing Remarks
[5] X. You and J. J. Pak, “Silk stabilized graphene FET
Number based Kit 1 Kit 2 enzymatic glucose biosensor,” 2013 Transducers
Sensor Output Output Eurosensors XXVII 17th Int. Conf. Solid-State
Output Sensors, Actuators Microsystems, TRANSDUCERS
1 Positive Positive Positive None EUROSENSORS 2013, no. June, pp. 2443–2446,
2013, doi: 10.1109/Transducers.2013.6627300.
2
[6] Y. Chen et al., “Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor
3
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Table 1. Comparing the overall output of sensor against the commercially- 017-11387-7.
available testing kits. This table to be used for testing was created as to [7] A. Mohammadi, E. Esmaeilzadeh, Y. Li, R. J.
compare whether the fabricated sensor and the device would be able to
keep up with the comercially-available kits, regardless if it had a different Bosch, and J. Z. Li, “SARS-CoV-2 detection in
method of testing. different respiratory sites: A systematic review and
meta-analysis,” EBioMedicine, vol. 59, pp. 1–6,
2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102903.
[8] A. A. Lahcen et al., “Electrochemical sensors and
biosensors using laser-derived graphene: A
comprehensive review,” Biosens. Bioelectron., vol.
168, no. August, p. 112565, 2020, doi:
 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112565.
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