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Cognitive development –ability to learn and understand from experience to acquire and retain
knowledge.
To respond to a new situation and to solve problems.
IQ test- test to determine cognitive development
Mental age x 100 = IQ
Chronological age
Average IQ – 90-100
Gifted child- > 130 IQ
Principles of G & D
1. G&D is a continuous process
-begins form conception- ends in death
- womb to tomb principles
2. not all parts of the body grow at the same time or at same rate.
- asynchronism
Patterns of G&D
1. )renal
digestive grows rapidly during childhood
circulatory
musculoskeletal
2. )Neuromuscular tissue (CNS, brain, S. cord)
– grow rapidly 1-2 years of life
– brain achieved its adult proportion by 5 years.
3. )Lymphatic system- lymph nodes, spleen grows rapidly- infancy and childhood to provide
protection -infection
– tonsil adult proportion by 5 years
4. )Repro organ- grows rapidly at puberty
Rates of G&D
1. fetal and infancy – most rapid G&D
2. adolescent- rapid G&D
3. toddler- slow G period
4. Toddler and preschool- alternating rapid and slow
5. school age- slower growth
fetal and infancy- prone to develop anemia
3. Each child is unique
B. Environment
S – socio eco. status
H – health
O – ordinal pos in family
P – parent child relationship
Q – quality of nutrition
4.G&D occurs in a regular direction reflecting a definitive and predictable patterns or trends.
B. Sequential- involves a predictable sequence of G&D to which the child no9rmally passes.
a. locomotion- creep than crawls, sit then stand.
b. socio and language skills- solitary games, parallel games
C. Secular- worldwide trend of maturing earlier and growing larger as compared to succeeding
generations.
Theories of G&D
Developmental tasks- different form chronological age
-skill or growth responsibility arising at a particular time in the individuals life.
The successful achievement of which will -- a foundation for the accomplishments of future tasks.
Theorists
1 . Sigmund Freud 1856-1939 Austrian neurologists. Founder of psychoanalysis
- offered personality development
Psychosexual theory
a.) Oral Phase 0-18 months
- mouths site of gratification
-activity of infant- biting, sucking crying.
-why do babies suck?- enjoyment and release of tension.
-provide oral stimulation even if baby was placed on NPO.
-pacifier.
-never discourage thumb sucking.
b.) ANAL- 18 months-3 years
-site of gratification- anus
-activity- elimination, retention or defecation of feces make take place
- principle of holding on or letting go.
-mother wins or child wins
-child wins- stubborn, hardheaded anti social. (anak pupu na, child holds pupu, child wins)
-mother wins- obedient, kind, perfectionist, meticulous
OC-anal phase
-help child achieve bowel and bladder control even if child is hospitalized.
c.) Phallic- 3-6 years
site of gratification -genitals
activity- may show exhibitionism
-increase knowledge of a sexes
-accept child fondling his/her own genitalia as normal exploration
-answer Childs question directly.
Right age to introduce sexuality – preschool
d.) Latent- 7-12 years
-period of suppression- no obvious development.
-Childs libido or energy is diverted to more concrete type of thinking
-helps child achieve (+) experience so ready to face conflict of adolescence
e.) Genital- 12-18 years
-site of gratification -genitals
-achieve sexual maturity
-learns to establish relationships with opposite sex.
-give an opportunity to relate to opposite sex.
KOHLBERG- recognized the theory of moral dev’t as considered to closely approximate cognitive stages
of dev’t
-together with cognitive dev;t