Over-Damped Circuit Response RLC Step Response — Example 1 LS = Determine v,(t) Input is a unit voltage step v,(t) = 1V - u(t) 400 AOU vat) — 0} vit) 1V-00) 100nF == © First, apply KVL vs(t) — (eR - i vp(t) =0 © Eliminate i(t) using the i-v relationship for the capacitor wr) = rte di .d2vo iQ =CTP and ae © This gives the second-order ODE in terms of v, (t), which can then be rearranged to standard form ae _ cy (ry = ave 4 Rave Ly py oh v5(t)— ROT -LOTH—v(=0 > SE+i T+ rvlt) = Gus) © Find the complementary solution, vo_(t) © The homogeneous equation dv “dt © The characteristic equation R 1 24 isp st+rstT=0@ This can be rewritten as s? + 2as + a5 =0 where R400) gored © 70> 2-10nH Sec and w= 1 _ 1 = 1x 196204 0 VIC 10 nH 100 nF sec a The damping ratio is a 2x10 1X 108 o ¢ >1,s0 the circuit is over-damped Solution is of the form Voc(t) = K,e%t! + Ke o © Ss; and sz are the roots of the characteristic equation rad sp =-at Ja? - 0% = -268 x 103— sec d a — |a? —w3 = -3.73 x 19° sec he complementary solution is - 3 - 6 Voc(t) = Kye 268X107 4 K,e7 373x108 = o The particular solution is the circuit's steady-state solution Steady-state equivalent circuit: 0 Capacitor > open © Inductor > short =v 4 So, the particular solution is Vop(t) =1V 400 vott)© The general solution: Vo(t) = Voc(t) + Vop(t) vo (t) = Ken 268x107 4. Ke 3-73K10% 4 1 y © Next, we'll apply initial conditions to determine the unknown coefficients, K, and Kz © Initial Conditions: 4on 10H, o Fort <0 a » = oo) v(¢< 0) = 0 wo) vex 100nF wi(t<0)=0 = v(t <0) oAtt=0 = v.(0) =1V = Capacitor voltage cannot change instantaneously = v9 (0) = v(t <0) =0V = Inductor current cannot change instantaneously = (0) =i(t <0)=0A = And, current is related to the output voltage, so avo (= “atheag = OO =O 4 The two initial conditions are: 400 tt = w ¥9(0) = 0 Q) wo way toon ¥(0) =0 (2) © Use the initial conditions to determine K, and Kz o Applying the first initial condition p(t) = Kye + Kye! + 1V v,(0) = Ky + Kp +1V =0 K, =-K,-1V (3)a Applying the second initial condition Vo(t) = 5, Kye + soKpe% ¥0(0) = 51K, + 82Kz = 0 (4) © Substituting (3) into (4) 4on 1a) w sik; ~so(K, +1V) = 0 wo@ ay or K, (8, — Sz) = 8,-1V [ot S2 Ki= -1V =-1.08V S182 © Substituting the value of K, back into (3) 1 -1V =0.08V © The step response for this over-damped RLC circuit is vp (t) = -1.08 V+ et + 0.08V +e! 41V vo(t) = —1.08 V - e~268*10%" 4 Q.OBY. e7373x10°% 4 1 itically-Damped Circuit Respons 200 1H yy © Now consider the same circuit with decreased resistance wo 0 = To determine the form of the response, first wl vad - determine the damping ratio, a c Wo where R_ 200 «rad "= 97> Tan 1% 10 Se1 vic porad 1 = 1x1 10 wH + 100 nF sec The damping ratio is ¢ = 1, and the circuit is critically-damped a The complementary solution will be of the following form: ® Uoelt) = Kyest2t + Kytesi2t The critically-damped circuit will have two real, identical poles 1x road sec Sig =a The complementary solution is Vpc(t) = Kye7*10°" + Kytem1*10° a The particular solution is still given by the steady-state response, and has not changed Vop(t) = volt > ©) = v(t > 0) =1V a The general solution is the sum of the complementary and particular solutions vo (t) = Kyen*10% + Kyte“ PUE 4 1 Vo(t) = Kye" 10°F + Kate 10° 4 1 © Next, determine the unknown coefficients by applying initial conditions © Following the same reasoning as in the previous example, initial conditions are the same v9(0)=0 and ¥,(0)=0 Applying the first initial condition vo(0)=Ky+1V=0 > Ky=-1V© Applying the second initial condition y(t) = Kys, 2052" + Kp(ts, 2052" + e5n2t) (0) = KyS42 +Ky=0 > Ky =—S, 2K, =-1x 108V © The step response of this critically-damped circuit: v(t) 110% 1 x 10%rem 10° EY Under-Damped Circuit Res 100 10uHy.() © Again decrease the resistance 0” © First, determine the damping ratio, ¢ vty @) 1.0K 1000 a @ where, now = 108 500 x 10° 24 ©0210 nH sec 1 1 rad 0) => = = 11 x 10° — 0 VIC [10 uH- 100 nF sec = The damping ratio is ¢ = 0.5, and the circuit is under-damped a The complementary solution will be of the following form: Vpc(t) = Kye“ cos(wat) + Kre~™ sin(wat) Voc(t) = Kye" cos(wat) + Kye“ sin(wat) = The damped natural frequency is rad = = faz 3 wg = WT — 0 = faz a = 866 x 10 = The complementary solution is Voe(t) = Kye75%*10°t cos(866 x 10%t) + Kre75010°¢ sin(B66 x 103t)Once again, the particular solution is Vop(t) = vo(t > 0) = v4(t > 0) =1V The general solution is the sum of the complementary and particular solutions V9(t) = Kye759*2** cos(866 x 1032) + Ke~5*1** sin(866 x 107¢) +1V vp (t) = Kye cos(wat) + Ke~ sin(wgt) + 1V. Next, determine the unknown coefficients by applying initial conditions v,(0)=0 and %(0)=0 Applying the first initial condition v,(0) =K,+1V=0 K,=-1V Applying the second initial condition ¥,(t) = Ky[-wge sin(wat) — ae“ cos(wat)] +Kp[wge~™ cos(wat) — ae~* sin(wat)] ¥_(0) = —Kya + Krwg = 0 « 500 x 108 Ke = Kio = ~ Beggs = 7058 he step response for this under-damped RLC circuit is v9 (t) = —e~500%10°t cos(866 x 103) =0.58¢e7590%10°t sin(866 x 103t) +1V