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ZONE EW concRETE ——- ADDITIONAL REINFORCEMENT cLoseD STIRRUP |——-wew coucrere. {ADDITIONAL REINFORCEMENT NEW CONCRETE co ADDITIONAL REINFORCEMENT ORILLED HOLES. (0 6,64) OUPERENT METHODES OF STRENGHENING USING EXTERNAL ADDITIONAL LONGITUDINAL AND/OR TRANSVERSE STEEL BARS CsA) Be wLapaged 5 [] 4 i ‘at wey Ay fy os “teh Na COMPOSITE BEAM SECTION :(a} STANORND REINPOHGENENT,< >) SOFFIY MADE OF THO ANGLES BACK.v0.. aK , (6) UNSTIFFENED CHANNEL , (a) STIFFEWED CHANNEL. U-BEAMS IN STRENTHEING(SS) t— Fl SUPPLEMENTARY EIMFORCEMENT (IN THE FORM OF EXTERNAL POSTSTRESEED REMPORCENIENT Fig. (2 12) EXTERNAL PRESTRESSING (95) EXTERNAL PRESTRESSING apo. crs sta Apo. STEEL AERC ADDITION OF NEW COMPRESSION ZONE AND TENSILE STEEL REINFORCEMENT TO AN EXISTING. BEAM (6T7 0) ce aySTRENGTHENING OF BUILDING SLABS: BUILDING COLUMMS STRENGTHENING OF STRENGTHENING OF BRIDGE GIRDERS BRIDGE SLABS: STRENGTHENING OF (sve) STRENGTHENING OF SUBWAY TUNNELS HORBOR SLABS aewer S Yl le > IS Be 55 gir ( cofo ) JS El Bh tale Jil op Bb gag ee CE oS pW aadly bly why ervey JXS v Ae ally BUI ey cpatin on gb dey on Ml yasAibeze dresden Baliye ar oi de eg ayrers eee aad ae | oy ub oF brill Aw Ay (8V/ 0) SSE unGatti! Ja ithe -4Cases Study Fei ieetekesieik Case Ls ‘An example of a damaged roof structure of an industrial building in Port Said, is presented. The described damage can be summerized in the form of cracking of concrete, corrosion of steel reinforcement and spalling of concrete cover. Repair Procedure : The proposed repair was as follows All the old plaster was removed to check the extension of the crack. As shown in Fig. 1 ), for the cracks of width less than 0.2 mm, a sealant mortar was applied all over the concrete element. For those cracks bigger than 0.2 mm and near the top surface of the element, the concrete cover was removed, the rust of the reinforcing steel was cleaned, the steel was painted with a KEMAPOXY 131 which is Zinc - Epoxy anticorrosion paint, then a new cover was applied. For cracks which are far from the top surface of the element, all the lose concrete was removed, rust was cleaned from the steel and steel paint was applied. It should be mentioned that in cases where the corrosion was severe and the steel sections were reduced, additional reinforcement bars were added. Case 2: Problem Description On completion of a reinforced concrete structure for a loading dock, the management of the company for which it was designed and built, realised that previously stipulated live load of 5 ton trucks was far from sufficient. The owner decided that the loading dock should support the traffic of 25 ton trucks. ‘The first impression was that such a massive increase in design load could only be met by demolition and reconstruction of the area in equation. However this was ruled out due to excessive cost and the time factor.Existing Structure : ‘The existing structure was a flat plate reinforced concrete floor with drop panels supported on concrete columns, the slab thickness varied from 25cm to 40cm. The structure was first analysed by computer for dead load only and then for live load. The live load consisted of trucks passing on the slab, two trucks on each dock. This loading pattern resulted in excessive overstress. However the slab as constructed was adequate for trucks of up to 8 tons. Repair Procedure : Tt was necessary to keep a close correlation between design and execution in order to ensure that design assumptions were effectively translated in practice. To increase the capacity of the slab it was proposed that an additional layer of 11cm reinforced concrete to be placed on top of the existing slab, and keyed to it by scabbling the contact surface and using a wet to dry epoxy. Special attention was given to this detail to ensure a sufficient bond to resist the horizontal sliding shear as shown in Fig. (3 ). The additional llem reinforced concrete, besides, increasing the effective slab depth to carry extra load, contained new top reinforcement to be used instead of the existing top reinforcement and not supplimentry to it. This structure was again analysed for dead load and for a live load of trucks having a gross weight of 25 tons. High positive moments at mid span in the column strip produced greater stress than allowable in the bottom — reinforcement. Even by increasing the negative moments 15 %, the existing bottom reinforcement was still overstressed. Even though this full overstress were achieved, the slab would not collapse, but tension cracking would occur. Noting that, it would require two trucks loaded with above maximum loading and rolling side by side to achieve these results, we considered that this would not be impossible, but highly unlikely. We also considered that a figure in excess of 15 % may be redistributed, and could reduce the overstress further. We made sure that reinforcement over the column was adequate both in section and length of bars, to count for a large redistribution as shown in Fig. (2 ).-3- Specifications for Strengthening Execution = The most important aspects are listed below : 1 - Surface preparation All existing concrete surfaces against which the new concrete is to be placed shall be prepared as follows : a- through scabbling with mechanical tools to roughen the surfaces. b- clean off dust and debris by vaccum or oil free blast. 2 - Reinforcement Placing Areas shown without reinforcement on plan shall have one layer of F72 fabric placed with 2.5 cm cover and lapped 30 at splices and joints with main reinforcement. 3 - Surface Treatment After placing reinforcement and prior to placing concrete the existing surface shall be treated as follows : a-repeat cleaning by vaccum or oil free air blast. b-spray an epoxy resin on the concrete surface using a gun in accordance with the manufacturer 's specifications. c-new concrete shall be placed on the prepared surface and complete within work time recommended by the epoxy manufacturer. 4 - Pouring Breaks a-pouring breaks shall be located in the position shown on the key diagram Fig. (4 ). b-reinforcement shall be continuous through the joint. Joint surfaces shall be prepared and treated as specified above. 5 - Curing Curing was stipulated to be by covering with polythene sheet for 7 days. After 7 years of intensive use there was no signs of structural problems and contrary to expectation no cracking in the soffit of the slab had taken place.Case (3): Problem Description : The building under consideration is a reinforced concrete skeleton building, composed of a ground floor and five other typical floors, occuping an area of about 300 m It_was founded on isolated reinforced concrete footing 50 cm thickness, resting on 50cm plain concrete footing. The foundation level was 1.7m below ground level, on a sandy soil strata, and the columns were connected by a reinforced concrete semells with a cross section of 25 x 60 cm resting directly above the reinforced footings. The ground floor was left empty, while the above five floors were occupied by residents, Troubles started due to the construction of an adjacent twelve storey building on a raft foundation. The raft foundation level was lower than that of the isolated footings for the building under consideration, the situation was made even worse during the execution of the raft because underground water was pumped surficially causing eventually an internal erosion and loss of ground from beneath foundations as soil particles were carried into the newly excavated pit with flowing ground water. As a result, some of the footings adjacent to the raft had to undergo severe settlement which led to its rotation; thus damaging the connection and continuing between these footings and the columns above, and it also led to the fracture of the connecting semells and the tilting of the building. Repair Philosophy : The repair method had to have the following charactaristics : a- To strengthen the damaged columns or to offer a substitute capable of carrying the imposed load. b- Tt had to ensure a sound, active and reliable connection between the reinforced concrete footings and the required columns above.-5- c- It had to ensure sufficient load bearing capacity of the soil, especially where severe settlement took place, and to guard against its repetition. In other words it had to prevent the possibility of any future differential settlement. The use of conventional method of wrapping the damaged structural elements by a reinforced concrete jacket was not adopted, because : 1- The vital factor in the repair process was to ensure that the soil load bearing capacity was sufficient, and that no differential settlement could occure, that is to say, it was to a large extend a stability problem and not just an element strength problem. 2- All the damaged columns were exterior columns eccentrically placed on its foundation, which meant a restricted efficiency in the column repair and in load redistribution to the supporting ground . 3- It did not seem wise to disturb the stability of the damaged building with the repair works. Based on the above argument, it was decided to construct a closed reinforced concrete rigid frames spaning between columns, Fig. ( 5), where its upper chord was connected to the ground floor roof slab and its lower chord rested on the two adjacent footings also a plain concrete mat was introduced between them, Fig. (6). This repair technique offered a much better redistribution of loads to the supporting ground and at the same time prevented any possibility of differential settlement. Repair Procedure : 1- Alternative spans were taken for treatment, 2- The vicinity of the work area was adequately propped. 3- The column adjacent to the vertical frame leg was carefully stripped of its finishing material and any lose concrete was removed 4. A plain concrete mat 50 cm thick was casted along the span length between old reinforced concrete footings. y5- the steel reinforcement of the whole closed frame were placed in position small holes were drilled in the ground floor roof slab along the span length, to connect the slab reinforcement with the new reinforced steel. 6- Concrete was poured in the vertical frame leg through openings introduced in the above slab as shown in Figs. (7, 8 , 9). 71- The same process was taken, then repeated for the other spans, starting along the building side where settlement occured then the other sides. 8- Details of the reinforcement is provided and the concrete dimensions for the whole repair process are shown in Figs. (5 —=10 ). Case (4): Problem Description : The skeleton of the building understudy, was almost finished when it was found that high stresses existed in a number of columns due to negligance, and was made even worse by the construction of several floors in excess of design limits. The problem had to be contained before stresses would reach critical levels when the building loads are fully applied. Repair Procedure : A modified procedure for the strengthening of columns was adopted. This procedure was chosen with aim of combining the merits of both repair methods {providing a reinforced concrete jacket - providing a steel jacket} It adopted the slendemess in form and the simplicity and the construction speed of a steel jacket beside attempting to capture the confining effect of a concrete jacket.-7- A steel jacket was used and additional longitudinal reinforcement was welded to the metallic collar at the two ends. Steel straps, heated before use, provided the transversal reinforcement, then the new concrete shell was applied by shoterete ( gunity ) over a light steel mesh welded to the jacket to eliminate future shrinkage and creep cracks. Since the building was required a few years ago, no cracks or any sign of distress has been reported.Crack width 1.6. Crack width 0.2mm Typical psttern of arches TYPE? ypical_pettern of arches TYPE~!- WB. 6 Type -1- Mo orscke Cane of orch tus oreck wit « thom Frovious repair of front foce Mh, baie cracks fend potters of {oe3 psttera of arches & oF 93 Pigt-a)TTPICAL CRACK PATTERN 3H THE MATH ARCHRS a ReMax creck width o ! sm, 2365 08 Crack videh = .5 to 2 om .04 Max crack jeidteden ts crack width = Om 14 . Typtest_pattarn of beama { TRB -3- i Fig. (A)TePIcAL CAC PATTERN Ti THE SECONDARY GRAS ee\ ot+ magt | | @ a &- t RAY i \ a i ; 5 cru irs . 2 wc iffy i tot J ad = s 4 3 5 eal lceul | re : = tool feel wel Inc ig —{ fort iS 7 7 : , 1 4 =H | al EH /] — ee an 1822 1823 I 11 a |__ so SY ae IAIN ANFig.(4) KEY DIAGRAMFig.(5) DISTRIBUTION OF REPAIR FRAMES LOCATION OF NEW BUILDING.Opening for Bounireanerete 8 8 e105m Repair frame (8) “k-aa0 teat sadkesa aro baof for pouring concrete. Bree) Io 1: 31m el Tet i B1_ (new) rea a So10/m Lo aa g 3 2919 — 060 4o19 q RE. Feoting (old) 40504 0.50, 030 7030, 060 _, 030, Fig.(J) SECTION C ~C PC. 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