Professional Documents
Culture Documents
This Presentation
Much of the information in this presentation be reinforced with
more detail and more examples when we discuss the additional
presentations:
– Ch.12 Routing Protocols
– Additional Semester 2 Presentations
• The Routing Table Structure
• Discard Routes
– Static Routing – Additional Information
Understanding the behavior and affect of routing protocols is the
difference between people who are “paper CCNAs” and those
people who have the skills and knowledge that the CCNA exam is
suppose to represent.
This presentation, like the others, is designed to help give you
those knowledge and skills.
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Topics
Part I. Routing Basics and Static Routing
Basic Concepts:
– Network Layer
– IP Routing Table
– Path Determination
– Routed Protocols versus Routing Protocols
– Network Layer Protocol Operations
– Path Switching (Introduction)
– Multiprotocol Routing
IP Routing Table and Directly Connected Networks
Static Routing
– Configuring Static Routes
– Static Routing in the Real-world
– Default Static Routes
– Recursive Lookups
– Static Routes and the Routing Table Process
– Advantages and Disadvantages of Static Routing
Topics – (Continued)
Part II. Routing Theory and Dynamic Routing Operations
Dynamic Routing Operations
– Routing Metrics
– Classes of Routing Protocols
– Convergence
Distance Vector Routing Protocols
– Distance Vector Concepts
– Distance Vector Network Discovery
– Simple Split Horizon (Introduction)
– Distance Vector Network Discovery with Split Horizon
– Network Discovery FAQs
– Triggered Updates
– Routing Loops
– Count to Infinity
– Defining a Maximum
– Split Horizon
– Split Horizon with Poison Reverse
– Holddown Timers
– TTL – IP’s Time-To-Live Field
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Topics – (Continued)
Part III. Routing Theory and Dynamic Routing Operations (continued)
Link-State Routing Protocols
– Link-state Concepts
– Link-state Routing Protocol History
– Theory of Link-State Routing Protocols
– Mathematical Point Of View
– Link-state Concepts
1. Flooding of Link-State Information
2. Building a Topological Database
3. Shortest-Path-First (Dijkstra’s) Algorithm
4. Shortest-Path-First Tree
5. Routing Table
– Exercise: From Link-State Flooding to Routing Tables
– Hello Messages and LSAs (Link-State Advertisements)
– Topology Changes
– Link-State Concerns
– Problem: Link-State Updates – LSA Sequence Numbers
– Comparing Distance Vector and Link State Routing Protocols
– For Additional Information on Link State Routing
Topics – (Continued)
Part III. Routing Theory and Dynamic Routing Operations (continued)
Hybrid Routing Protocols
– Concepts
– EIGRP (not IS-IS)
Path Switching
– Example: Host X to Host Y (with three routers in between)
– LAN-to-LAN Routing
– LAN-to-WAN Routing
Cisco Router Configuration
Summary
Topics (Review)
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Topics
Part I. Routing Basics and Static Routing
Basic Concepts:
– Network Layer
– IP Routing Table
– Path Determination
– Routed Protocols versus Routing Protocols
– Network Layer Protocol Operations
– Path Switching (Introduction)
– Multiprotocol Routing
IP Routing Table and Directly Connected Networks
Static Routing
– Configuring Static Routes
– Static Routing in the Real-world
– Default Static Routes
– Recursive Lookups
– Static Routes and the Routing Table Process
– Advantages and Disadvantages of Static Routing
Part I
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A router generally relays a packet from one data link to another, using
two basic functions:
1. a path determination function - Routing
2. a switching function – Packet Forwarding
The path determination function enables the router to select the most
appropriate interface for forwarding a packet.
The switching function allows a router to accept a packet on one
interface and forward it through a second interface.
Much more information later in the presentation on “The Routing
Table.”
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Routing Protocols
Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs): RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF,
IS-IS
– IGRP and EIGRP are Cisco Proprietary
Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs): EGP, BGP
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RIP
IGRP
Static
Connected
Topics
Part I. Routing Basics and Static Routing
Basic Concepts:
– Network Layer
– IP Routing Table
– Path Determination
– Routed Protocols versus Routing Protocols
– Network Layer Protocol Operations
– Path Switching (Introduction)
– Multiprotocol Routing
IP Routing Table and Directly Connected Networks
Static Routing
– Configuring Static Routes
– Static Routing in the Real-world
– Default Static Routes
– Recursive Lookups
– Static Routes and the Routing Table Process
– Advantages and Disadvantages of Static Routing
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.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
RTA#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
RTA#
.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
RTA(config)#inter e 0
RTA(config-if)#ip add 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
RTA(config-if)#no shutdown
RTA#show ip route
Codes: C - connected,.. <Other codes and gateway information omitted>
Configuring an interface
Adding an ip address/mask to an interface tells the router that it is a
member, “Directly Connected” to that network – just like when a host
computer is configured with an ip address/mask.
Notice the route is shown with the subnet mask and the “exit-interface.”
Don’t forget the “no shutdown”
Don’t forget the interface must be in “up” and “up”
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RTA(config)#inter e 0
RTA(config-if)#ip add 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
RTA(config-if)#no shutdown
00:28:56: RT: add 192.168.2.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, connected metric [0/0]
00:28:56: RT: interface Ethernet0 added to routing table
RTA#show ip route
Codes: C - connected,.. <Other codes and gateway information omitted>
RTA(config)#inter e 0
RTA(config-if)#shutdown
00:34:38: RT: interface Ethernet0 removed from routing table
00:34:38: RT: del 192.168.2.0 via 0.0.0.0, connected metric [0/0]
00:34:38: RT: delete network route to 192.168.2.0
RTA#show ip route
Codes: C - connected,.. <Other codes and gateway information omitted>
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.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
RTA#show ip route
Codes: C - connected,.. <Other codes and gateway information omitted>
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
RTB#show ip route
Codes: C - connected,.. <Other codes and gateway information omitted>
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1
RTC#show ip route
Codes: C - connected,.. <Other codes and gateway information omitted>
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Ethernet0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1
.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
RTC(config)#inter e 0
RTC(config-if)#ip add 10.1.0.1 255.255.0.0
RTC#show ip route
Codes: C - connected,.. <Other codes and gateway information omitted>
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.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
RTA#show ip route
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
RTA#ping 172.16.0.1
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.0.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 56/57/60 ms
RTA#ping 172.16.0.2
!!!!!
RTA#ping 192.168.1.1
.....
RTA#ping 192.168.1.2
.....
RTA#ping 10.1.0.1
.....
.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
RTA#show ip route
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
RTA#ping 172.16.0.1
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.0.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 56/57/60 ms
RTA#ping 172.16.0.2
!!!!!
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.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
RTA#show ip route
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
RTB#show ip route
Codes: C - connected,.. <Other codes and gateway information omitted>
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1
RTA#ping
Protocol [ip]:
Target IP address: 172.16.0.2
Extended commands [n]: y
Source address or interface: 192.168.2.1
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.0.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
.....
.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
RTA#show ip route
Codes: C - connected,.. <Other codes and gateway information omitted>
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
RTB#show ip route
Codes: C - connected,.. <Other codes and gateway information omitted>
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1
RTC#show ip route
Codes: C - connected,.. <Other codes and gateway information omitted>
10.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 10.1.0.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1
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Topics
Part I. Routing Basics and Static Routing
Basic Concepts:
– Network Layer
– IP Routing Table
– Path Determination
– Routed Protocols versus Routing Protocols
– Network Layer Protocol Operations
– Path Switching (Introduction)
– Multiprotocol Routing
IP Routing Table and Directly Connected Networks
Static Routing
– Configuring Static Routes
– Static Routing in the Real-world
– Default Static Routes
– Recursive Lookups
– Static Routes and the Routing Table Process
– Advantages and Disadvantages of Static Routing
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Static Routes
In this presentation we will look at how to configure static
routes.
Dynamic Routes
In this presentation we will look at the concepts of dynamic
routing, but will discuss the configuration and more of the
concepts in the Chapter 12 – Routing Protocols.
.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
RTA#show ip route
Codes: C - connected,.. <Other codes and gateway information omitted>
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
RTB#show ip route
Codes: C - connected,.. <Other codes and gateway information omitted>
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1
RTC#show ip route
Codes: C - connected,.. <Other codes and gateway information omitted>
10.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 10.1.0.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1
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.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
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.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
Network/subnet route
Intermediate-Address
RTA#show ip route (usually “next-hop”)
Codes: C - connected, S - static,
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0
S 192.168.1.0/24 [1/0] via 172.16.0.2
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
RTA#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static,
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0
S 192.168.1.0/24 [1/0] via 172.16.0.2
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
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.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
RTA#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static,
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0
S 192.168.1.0/24 [1/0] via 172.16.0.2
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
RTA#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static,
2 C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0
1 S 192.168.1.0/24 [1/0] via 172.16.0.2
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
Recursive Lookup
The router knows it can get to 192.168.1.0/24 network by forwarding
the packets to the router at the ip address of 172.16.0.2
How does the router know how to get to the ip address 172.16.0.2?
It does a recursive lookup – first (1) by looking up the 192.168.1.0/24
network and finding it needs to forward the packet to 172.16.0.2 – the
router then (2) looks up the 172.16.0.0 network and sees it can forward
it out the interface Serial 0.
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.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
RTA#debug ip routing
IP routing debugging is on
RTA#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
RTA(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.0.2
05:53:48: RT: add 192.168.1.0/24 via 172.16.0.2, static metric [1/0]
RTA(config)#undebug all
.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
RTA(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.0.2
RTA(config)#ip route 10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.16.0.2
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.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
RTA(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.0.2
RTA(config)#ip route 10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.16.0.2
RTA#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static,
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0
10.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 1 subnets
S 10.1.0.0 [1/0] via 172.16.0.2
S 192.168.1.0/24 [1/0] via 172.16.0.2
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
RTA#ping 10.1.0.1
!!!!!
RTA#ping 192.168.1.2
!!!!!
RTA#ping 192.168.1.1
!!!!!
Examining RouterA
Notice the 10.0.0.0 parent – classful information
Again, we will look at why in the presentation on The Routing Table.
.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
RTB(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.0.1
RTB(config)#ip route 10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.1.2
RTB#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static,
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0
10.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 1 subnets
S 10.1.0.0 [1/0] via 192.168.1.2
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1
S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 172.16.0.1
RTB#ping 192.168.2.1
!!!!!
RTB#ping 10.1.0.1
!!!!!
Examining RouterB
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.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
RTC(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1
RTC(config)#ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.1.1
RTC#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static,
S 172.16.0.0/16 [1/0] via 192.168.1.1
10.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 10.1.0.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1
S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.1.1
RTC#ping 192.168.1.1
!!!!!
RTC#ping 172.16.0.1
!!!!!
Examining RouterC
.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
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Advantages Disadvantages
Low processor High-maintenance
overhead configuration
No bandwidth No adaptability
utilization (except for floating
– Secure operation static routes)
don’t inadvertently
advertise networking
information to an
untrusted source
Predictability
(precise control)
.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
RTA(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 serial 0
RTA(config)#ip route 10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 serial 0
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.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1
RTA(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 serial 0
RTA(config)#ip route 10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 serial 0
RTA#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static,
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0
10.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 1 subnets
S 10.1.0.0 is directly connected, Serial0
S 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
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10.1.1.1/24
ISP
Cabrillo
College
172.16.0.0/16
Default
10.1.1.1/24
ISP
Cabrillo
College
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.1.1.1 172.16.0.0/16
Static routes in the real-world (continued)
What about VCC College and sending packets to the ISP – packets
going to the Internet?
It is also common for customer networks to use a special kind of static
route, known as a default static route.
Of course we will examine this later throughout the rest of this course,
but for now we specify the network and mask as “0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0”
(pronounced “quad-zero”).
This tells the router to forward all packets to this next-hop address (or
exit interface) that do not have an explicit route in the routing table.
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Default
10.1.1.1/24
ISP
VCC
College
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.1.1.1 172.16.0.0/16
RTB#show ip route
Gateway of last resort is 10.1.1.1 to network 0.0.0.0
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Ethernet0
10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 10.1.1.1
ip default-network command
The curriculum shows another command:
ip default-network
We will look at this command after we have discussed dynamic routing
protocols, specifically IGRP.
Note: This command is used when needing to propagate a default
route with the IGRP or EIGRP routing protocols. It is not commonly
used with static routes, RIP, or OSPF.
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