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Advanced payload architecture for a hyperspectral earth imaging CubeSat

based on Software Defined Radio and Deep Neural Network

Conference Paper · March 2019

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 Advanced payload architecture for a hyperspectral earth imaging CubeSat
based on Software Defined Radio and Deep Neural Network
Monirul Islam
Dept.of ECE Rashedul Huq Partha Pratim Das
North South University Dept.of ECE Dept.of ECE
Dhaka, Bangladesh North South University North South University
mmonirul.islam@northsouth.edu Dhaka, Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh
rashedul.huq@northsouth.edu pratim.das@northsouth.edu
Bhuiyan Sakib Sadman
Dept.of ECE Saifur Rahman Rushmian Annoy Wadud
North South University Dept.of ECE Dept.of ECE
Dhaka, Bangladesh North South University North South University
sadman.faruqe@northsouth.edu Dhaka, Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh
rahman.saifur@northsouth.edu annoy.wadud@northsouth.edu

Mehnaz Ferdous Md. Enamul Haque Mosabbir Hossain Chowdhury

Dept.of ECE Dept.of ECE Dept.of ECE
North South University North South University North South University
Dhaka, Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh
mehnaz.ferdous@northsouth.edu haque.enamul@northsouth.edu mosabbir.chowdhury@northsouth.edu

Md. Shadman Sakib Shahnewaz Siddique

Dept.of ECE Dept.of ECE
North South University North South University
Dhaka, Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh
sadman.sakib13@northsouth.edu shahnewaz.siddique@northsouth.edu

Abstract— Earth observation nanosatellites are
increasingly popular since they can be deployed quickly and
inexpensively. In this paper we have designed an innovative
payload for imaging targeted locations on earth from a
nanosatellite, for example a 3U or 6U CubeSat. Unlike generic
payload systems our designed payload is an independent
system in the larger structure of the CubeSat. The payload
consists of two cameras, a hyperspectral (VNIR) camera and
an LWIR thermal camera, each for capturing different
spectral images. For data handling and payload management,
we provide a dedicated On-Board Computer (OBC). Another
important module, a low powered Deep Learning accelerator
is included for the first time in a real-time system (to our best
knowledge) to perform machine learning operations when
required. For advanced communication we have included a
Software Defined Radio (SDR) that will provide an advanced
backup and recovery system for the satellite’s communication
sub-system thus reducing the sat-failure probability.
Additionally, a payload sensor module consisting of various
sensors is added which will collect numerous data for ongoing
and future missions. Our design verifies the feasibility of the
earth imaging payload concept.
Keywords—CubeSat, MINEOS, Hyperspectral imaging,
VNIR, LWIR, SDR, OBC, ADCS, DNN, VPU, RTOS, GIS,
GSD, Remote sensing, Image processing.
I. INTRODUCTION
We have designed the payload system differently from
generic payload systems, as an independent system in the
larger structure of a CubeSat. The payload consists of two
cameras, a multispectral camera and an IR (Infrared)
thermal camera, each for different purposes. For data
handling and payload management, instead of tasking the
main on board computer (OBC), we have provided a
dedicated OBC for it. Another important module, a low
powered deep neural network accelerator is also included
for the first time in the CubeSat to perform machine-
learning operations as required by our sub-mission goals in
Multispectral Imaging and Neural Earth Observation
Satellite (MINEOS), which is an ongoing project of North
South University’s first approach to build a 3u CubeSat.
We have included a software defined radio (SDR) with
three antennas, which we will do experiment and gather
data transfer metrics for survey and if needed can be used
as a backup communication channel. Lastly, a payload
sensor module comprising of various sensors will be added,
which will collect numerous additional data for future or
ongoing sub-missions.
II. BACKGROUND
A. Hyperspectral imaging
Imaging spectroscopy known as hyperspectral imaging
helps measuring the spectral signatures and/or chemical
composition of all features within the sensor's field of view
(FOV) [1]. Hyperspectral data extracted from each pixel
across a sequence of continuous, narrow spectral bands,
contains both spatial and spectral properties which produce
a one-dimensional spectrum when pixels within the
"spectral cube". are sampled across multiple narrowband
images at a particular spatial location The spectrum
visualized as a plot of wavelength versus radiance or
reflectance can be used to determine and characterize a
particular feature within the scene, based on unique spectral
signatures known as "fingerprints" [2],[3].
The medium wave infrared (MWIR) ranges from 3-5
microns and long wave infrared (LWIR) ranges from 8-14
microns. These bands are sometimes referred as the
"fingerprint" region of the electromagnetic spectrum, since
many effluents and gases have distinctive absorption
features used in their identification. Analysis of
hyperspectral data across the visible, near-IR (VNIR) and
Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) portion of the spectrum deal
with the reflective nature of solid and liquid materials
[3],[4].
Figure1: Application of Hyperspectral and IR Thermal
imaging
The reflective region ranges from 0.38 to about 3
microns in the spectrum except for the shorter wavelength
which Earth's atmospheric cutoff in the near-UV (Ultra-
violet) limits. When applied to hyperspectral imaging, the
emissive region ranges from 7 to 15 microns where LWIR
region is also used to identify various gases [5].
Hyperspectral imaging permits finer sampling of the
spectrum of scene features which can be used to identify,
and occasionally define scene features based on their unique
spectral signatures (absorption or emissive features).
Quantitative assessment of scene materials (solids, liquids
and gases) is also allowed with the help of ultra-spectral (in
addition to some advanced hyperspectral sensors with
especially narrow spectral bandwidths) sensors [6]. Imaging
spectroscopy in LWIR is advantageous as it eliminates
problems associated with solar illumination as encountered
in the VNIR/SWIR and can also be used at night. In both the
MWIR and LWIR, it is the emissive properties of materials
that dominate their nature. Different materials within a
given scene can be identified and characterized based on
their unique emissivity [3],[7],[8].
B. Image processing with deep neural network and
machine learning
Emerging focus on remote sensing applications of
satellite and aerial imagery, including hyperspectral,
multispectral and natural light images, including high-
resolution imagery has redefined geoscience. Artificial
neural network (ANN) due to the possibility of learning, is
an appropriate tool for environmental modeling [9],[10].
Satellite imagery analysis, including automated pattern
recognition, change detection and image classification, are
the areas of focus in deep learning [11]. What is driving
some of these now is large image repositories, such as
landsat, aster, worldview satellite repositories and ImageNet
which can be used to train image classification algorithms
such as CNNs(Convolution Neural Networks) [12]. In
effect, many urban patterns across the world show
similarities where that variation in the morphology of
features allows programs to understand expected variability
for a class of feature. This helps the categorization models
to be aware of different spatial signatures for features such
as built-up areas, roads, airports, parklands, and other
features. It can also be used to detect and monitor changes
in large construction projects in mega urban cities. Deep
neural networks (DNNs) is also a method that has become
practical for identifying and extracting high resolution aerial
and satellite imagery [5],[13],[14]. As one example, the
extraction of roads from imagery can allow the mapping of
development and likely vectors of developed areas in the
future to be more rapidly understood long before an area
even builds up[15]. Common approaches used include
neural networks models such as CNNs and other similar
algorithms that derive from CNNs or deep neural networks
[11],[16]. Deep learning has a potential to transform image
classification and its use for the spatial sciences also,
including geographic information system (GIS) [17],[18].
With large repositories now available that contain millions
of images, computers can be more easily trained to
automatically recognize and classify different objects. In
effect, this area of research and application could be highly
applicable to many types of spatial analyses.
C. Software Defined Radio (SDR)
Figure2: Block Diagram of SDR architecture[28]
The beauty to have a software baseband processing
chain on DSP/FPGA on small satellite payload is, it will
help in correcting real-time baseband and RF related
impairments present in I/Q data with the use of advanced
algorithms. Typically algorithms such as DC offset
correction, I/Q gain and phase imbalance correction, time,
frequency and channel impairment correction are
implemented in SDR receiver [19],[20]. SDR offers
multitude of advance technique for real time telemetry
operations due to its flexibility to be configured on different
mission scenarios on a satellite mission. It also opened a
field of high speed data communication in smaller satellite
radio communication platforms.
 III. PROPOSED PAYLOAD SYSTEM DESIGN
Figure3: Block Diagram of the Payload
The concept of the payload includes a modular design
capable of experimenting the possibilities offered by the
multi camera imaging system. Enabled by neural algorithm
and additional software defined radio communication this
payload system shown above will enable on board image
processing and data processing features promising an
innovative design in the future. Based on the proposed
mission in MINEOS, following objectives can define few of
many opportunities that wait for future exploration.
A. Mission Analysis
Analysis and Identification of Agricultural Areas
and Remote Sensing Study of Planimetric Changes of
River Morphology and Impacts of Climate Change in the
Coastal Region of Bangladesh: Hyperspectral camera
features higher spatial resolution and range in
panchromatic mode with 20m resolution in the green, red,
and near – IR bands.Various cartographic-based maps from
combined images and histogram data, such as national level
crop suitability map, land inundation map, land use map,
nutrient deficiency map, flood prone map, drought area
map etc. with different types of maps relating to soil
nutrient status, soil fertility and salinity levels, land use,
land suitability etc. can be mapped using the payload
system we have proposed [23],[24]. To find out the extent,
condition, location, and spatial and temporal changes of
coastal shrimp farming along the coast remote sensing
images, aerial photographs, topo sheets, salinity data and
tidal data can be used to assess the shrimp/fish farms, salt
pans and mangrove forest area of Bangladesh according to
our project planned in MINEOS [25],[26]. Spectral images
from the payload will help us to understand driving forces
of land-use change, develop diagnostic models of land-
cover change, and produce regionally and globally
integrated models [22]. Geo-referencing of multi-
resolution satellite images followed by mosaicking of the
images are performed to extract the study area.
Identification of the river bank lines, on-screen digitization
of river morphology require standard digital image
processing which generates the morphologicall datasets of
rivers in coastal areas using GIS technique [27],[28],[29].
As proposed in MINEOS to study the coastal shores,
including the Sundarbans coastal zone, multispectral
images of seven bands at 30m resolution with a
panchromatic band of 15m resolution of the targeted
locations should be taken and analyzed. For studying the
impact of climate change of rivers in the coastal zone,
various temperature readings of air particles, water body
and the environment should be collected by the equipped
IR-thermal camera to generate a thermal map of the
location [30].
Figure4: Coastal Zone of Bangladesh.
Analysis & Prediction of Urban Growth with
Identification and Classification of Satellite Images for
Change Detection using Deep Neural Network: To
analyse and predict urban growth, different methodologies
are used, by applying machine learning and neural network
in satellite imagery [13],[14]. To measure urban growth
pattern for analysis, three techniques are used initially
starting with mapping the extent of urbanized land in the
targeted cities which involve processing and analyzing
satellite imagery from the equipped two proposed cameras.
Then to describe the analysis of the cities’ Greenfield
development patterns primarily calculating the increase in
the area of urbanized land over the decade relative to
changes in population and dwelling units, as well as change
in both the gross density of the urbanized area and the
composition of the housing stock. Analysis of the urban
growth in the cities is the final method to follow. Prediction
of urban growth involves techniques like knowledge based
ANN [31],[32],[33]. ANN extracts models showing
behavioral dynamics of a system and enables quantification
and characterization of complex behavior pattern.
Composed of input, intermediate and output layers ANN is
used to identify nonlinear patterns in system. Through
transfer learning with CNN consumption can be predicted
effectively [33]. CNN is a class of deep, feed-forward
artificial neural networks, most commonly applied to
analyzing visual imagery.
 satellite communication [39]. The radio link offers
multitude of application for mission control and better
understanding of SDR operation on a small satellite
platform. Advanced techniques like inter satellite link,
formation flying, constellation design are left open for
further exploration. By using SDR and combining different
modes to operate will increase productivity of the whole
CubeSat operations. A multichannel, multimode SDR
module such as proposed in our system can be programmed
to perform redundant operations and intricate
communication schemes based on different mission
scenarios and needs. Collected data of SDR functionality in
space will be used in later space endevours and will
advance the understanding of communication options for
such radios.
Figure5: Image from Wang ET AL, 2015.

CNNs utilizes a variation of multilayer perceptron designed

to require minimal preprocessing and is usually trained
using a semi-supervised model to profile, tune and compile
[34].
Change detection in temporal images uses the method
of image rationing and change vector analysis. Vegetation
index, spectral mixture analysis, scale-invariant feature
transform operator and forest canopy variables including
multivariate alteration detection, principal component
analysis and Gram–Schmidt transformation all these
methods involve projection of difference in feature areas Figure6: NanoCom TR-600 SDR Block Diagram
[35],[36],[37]. Apart from these conventional change
detection methods, semi-supervised learning helps to
extract accurate information from satellite images [38].
Artificial intelligence in image processing via CNN, DNN B. Hardware Design Criteria
and forms of active learning and other algorithms have
The hardware design presented here is a proposed
already been proven to detect different change pattern
justification of all the module required to fullfil the
including urban growth, vegetation health and disease
minimum system criteria analysed above. The payload
analysis, atmospheric data acquisition and prediction,
module contains the following.
shoreline change detection and many new evaluations are
 The IMT CubeSat on-board computer (OBC).
being performed on ground. But we propose to set this
machine learning capabilities on board to perform real time  OCI™-M Hyperspectral Camera.
classification and processing which may reduce our data  FLIR Tau2 640 long-wavelength infrared thermal
link budget in a significant amount. We are using a push imager with suitable lens.
broom hyperspectral scanner which often contains noises  Intel® Movidius™ Neural Compute Stick (NCS).
due to its complex requirement of relatively stable orbital
journey. There are methods for comparing pixel density in  NanoCom TR-600 with NanoMind Z7000 Space
AI which will help us to select proper payload data to be Qualified SDR.
transmitted to the ground thus reducing total link and power We have left the sensor module unspecified for now as
budget. In this case, we will need to train the machine these sensors will be added upon our specific mission
learning module on ground meticulously by choosing scenario that may arise in future while working on the
appropriate datasets of current satellite image samples from CubeSat build up. Typical radiation, vibration and
different repositories. The training of the module via
temperature sensors will be evaluated if there are available
predetermined location based data itself will be a great
challenge to figure out exact and optimum advantage from spaces left in the main structure of the satellite.
our proposed mission.
TABLE I. PAYLOAD BUDGET ANALYSIS
Experimental Satellite Data & Metrics Acquisition
Using SDR: As propoed use of an additional SDR Payload
Design parameter
transceivers will work as a backup radio for telemetry Component Dimension(mm x mm x
Weight(g) Power(W)
mm)
which will also be used to experiment image transmission
IMT OBC 96 x 90 x 10 38 0.3
to ground and relay station via core UHF (Ultra High
OCI™-M
Frequency) and S band medium. Satellite imagery Hyperspectral 80 x 30 x 30 180 2
acquition via SDR shows emerging promise in the recent Camera
 Payload
Design parameter
Component Dimension(mm x mm x
Weight(g)
mm)
44 x 44 x 100 (With
FLIR Tau2 640
100mm lens)a
200
Intel®
Movidius™ 72.5 x 27 x 14 80
NCS
NanoCom TR-
65.0 x 40.0 x 14.8 65.3
600
a. Different lens can be chosen within the space limit of 3u and larger CubeSats
IV. DESIGN REVIEW
Figure7: Block diagram of Payload interface
Our double redundent OBC design enables cubesat
payload to handle data independently without interrupting
the core functional OBC which for sure adds extra
advantage to different mission scenarios. In 3U or larger
CubeSats this idea can be applied to gain better
performance by combining different payload suites with
the module. A payload OBC ( such as IMT OBC) contains
high performance microchip PIC32MZ M14K based on the
MIPS™ core, 32 analog channel inputs with hot
redundancy and other standard interfaces like SPI (Serial
Peripheral Interface), CAN (Controller Area Network) bus,
I2C(Inter Integrated Circuit), UART (Universal
Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) and an on-board
camera interface(OBCI). We have chosen this computer as
it provides better reliability in terms of availabilty of dual
flash memory ( NOR and NAND) and RAM (Random
Access Memory) panels which enables live firmware
update and with two real-time clocks and calendar which
allows time keeping without power from external source
for 5 days.
Our proposed camera module allows hyperspectral
imaging with a minimum of 8 spectral bands across VNIR,
have ground sample distance (GSD) less than 100m, 63 m
incase of OCI™-M Hyperspectral Camera. Combined with
the FLIR tau2 640 LWIR thermal imager the module
produces hyper spectral cubedata, which will be
compreesed later through standard algorithm that use
standard data protocol for data cube transfer. Individually
both the camera module consume very low power and they
are capable of operating freely . But in the proposed
scenario mission operatives should be wisely moderated
and designed to achieve maximum efficient performance
from the module within the available power capacity on
board. In case of CubeSats larger than 3U the power
Power(W)
problem should diminish as these CubeSats have enough
power sources to run our entire payload distribution.
1 Additionally in case of a 3U CubeSat both the camera
module will take up a lot of space close to 1.5U or more, so
0.9 a compact design is required for best possible construction
of the payload with other subsystems installed within the
3.6 constrain. We propose to fit the cameras on one of the side
of the cubesat which is unconventional in such systems. To
do this lens sizes should be selected as with as minimum
length as possible (in our case the lens is approx. 70 mm in
length and mounting the camera with the lens and keeping
it restricted to 1U for horizontal installation will be a
challenging task). Pointing and operation of the cameras in
coordination with the satellite’s orbital flight çreate space
for practicing and envisioning interesting and exciting
engineering techniques for the curious minds.
By performing the neural networking algorithm to
process the satellite imagery which can be used for multiple
detection and prediction schemes, we can gather advanced
science data in the future. On board DNN of a satellite is a
fresh idea waiting to be explored in detail in the future. As
imagined AI could open numerous doors for satellite data
processing, orbit determination, etc.. Intel® Movidius™
NCS seems like a good choice for early trials as it features
Myriad™ 2 VPU (Visual Processing Unit), one of it’s first
kind. It enables rapid prototyping, validation and
depolyment of deep neural network with very low power
requirements. The movidius SDK (software development
kit) allows deep learning developers to profile, tune, and
deploy CNN with real time operation enabled.
The purpose for the addition of SDR is to benefit the
satellites by allowing them in-flight reconfiguration, and
communication attributes to support constellation designs,
intersatellite links and many more. The radio we proposed
Nanocom TR-600 comprises of 2 transmitter and 2 receivers
capable of transmitting telemetry and other payload data on
need basis. It can acquire knowledge from attitude
determination and control system (ADCS) if required and
maintain backup network link with ground and provide
improved stability.
TABLE II. MINIMUM SUBSYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
Subsystem Requirements
Attitude  High precision pointing is required for
determination and expected camera control to gather
control
sample imagery.
 ADCS should be capable of less than 1-
degree pointing accuracy.
 Should be capable of operating in all
power modes
Command and data  On board command and data handling
handling should allow high data rate and
processing with high frequency.
 Communication links enabled of
UHF/VHF and S band transmission.
 Antenna configuration based on payload
structure
Structure and power  Should conform to Calpoly design
restriction for 3U, 6U and 12U CubeSats.
  Capable of producing minimum 5-6 w
orbital avg. power (OAP) which is
challenging to accommodate in 3U
setup.
 Advance eps system capable of
interacting with ADCS and other
subsystem to improve stability and
minimize power consumption.
Mission operation  Minimum of 90 days of flight during the
mission.
 Orbital selection upon targeting
experiment zone.
V. CONCLUSION
While working for the MINEOS payload we have
imagined a compact payload package comprising of large
multispectral and hyperspectral imaging capability with an
onboard DNN in a 3U CubeSat which can be used as a
standard payload for multipurpose science mission in a
micro/nanosatellite (3U or larger). The payload covers
multiple criteria on remote sensing and deep learning
applications and is aimed to study and research never-
before-seen innovations and ideas in smaller platforms (3U
or larger). In our project, we have introduced a number of
new and innovative ideas including using two separate
OBCs as well as two Hyperspectral Cameras (VNIR &
LWIR) in a 3U satellite for reliable remote sensing and
earth observation. Software defined radio in CubeSat as a
backup or as an emergency recovery system in a Micro or
CubeSat’s Communication sub-system is an important
criterion for our study. The configurational advantages of
SDR can be used to study and conduct specialized
experiments, which later will be useful for such payload
systems in next generation satellite network operations like
formation flying, constellation design and spacecraft
docking/undocking. As proposed, use of an on-board deep
neural computing & machine learning module to analyze
and process the Multispectral images taken by the satellite
will add extra dimensions in future satellite imaging
missions. Innovative doors remain unexplored in terms of
AI based control of all the fundamental subsystems of
micro and Nano satellites. With the applications of machine
learning in mind our goal is to enrich the payload system
with continuous improvement and training in search of a
qualified neural algorithm for autonomous/semi-
autonomous satellite system for micro and Nano satellite
platform.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the professors and
faculty members of the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering of North South University for giving
us the platform to work and research into the field. Lastly,
we acknowledge and appreciate the support of Professor Dr.
Atique Islam, honorable Vice Chancellor of North South
University for helping and supporting us to complete this
research paper and continuing the MINEOS project.
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