Discussion and conclusion

Referencing a broad array of literature from politics, economics, and psychology several facts and findings

which are done by previous researchers can be explored to understand the relationship between gender and

corruption deeper and it direct us to know which gender condone bribe-taking at higher rates. In the

following parts, the most important elements and examples for each will be provided and discussed in detail.

Studies in Colombia (Fink and Boehm, 2011) found that women are less involved in corruption rather than

men. They are less selfish and have stronger values about the future life. Females are less tolerant of

corruption behavior (Swamy et al., 2001; World Values Survey, no date). Our study found almost similar

answers from our respondents, females are corrupt when they know that it will not bring any harm to them, it

means, they have fear towards corrupt behavior more than males. In addition, findings by Transparency

International’s Global Corruption Barometer show that women are against selfish behaviors and are less

prone to pay bribes. Fear of being caught and altruism towards corruption lead females not to condone bribe-

taking.

There are some studies that found a correlation between gender inequality and corruption. Studies by the

United Nations’ Human Development Report (2013) and World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicator

(2013) found that the higher gender inequality in the country, the higher corruption rate in it. Developed

countries such as Germany, Great Britain and Singapore in which genders are almost equal, corruption level

is very low (see Appendix …). However, Sung conducts research twice in 2003 and 2012 on this question

but could not find any correlation between inequality and lower corruption level. Moreover, gender

inequality and freedom of the press, rule of law and level of democracy influence corruption rate.
A high proportion of females’ in government associated with lower levels of corruption (Dollar et al, 2001;

Swamy et al, 2001; World Bank, 1999). They consider that high shares of women in parliament could be the

solution to the issue. Nonetheless, if we take the Bulgarian country as an example of this situation, it showed

the reverse effect. Allowing doing business among one gender despite it is female or male the percentage of

crime will increase, it will decrease only when the percentage of genders in government consists no more

than 45 percent and the best example for this can be clinics when nurses condone bribe-taking (Goetz, 2001;

Mukherjee, 2007).

From this study we came to the conclusion:

 No matter what gender involved in corruption they equally corrupt if their percentage will
increase from 45 percent and do business among themselves

 Women take a bribe only when they know that they are not in a danger

 Important factors such as gender inequality, freedom of press and democracy play a vital role
and have a huge influence on genders.

As you can see there are numerous facts that are opposing each other and every single person is a different

world, each of them has its own interests, needs, and outlook. These all factors which influence the

personality of humans regardless their gender should be included, however, we cannot decide that women

less corrupt than men or vice versa.

Limitations and future research

When doing the research we could not find the most recent studies that are 2016 and above as we know the

world is changing rapidly and the studies mostly did in developed countries. Our research respondents

consist of 70% of Uzbeks, we should also know the recent opinion of developed countries’ people.
In the future, we are planning also include age groups and conduct research on corruption among age groups

and their relationship. As mentioned in the literature review part the level of corruption also related with the

position of the state in the world, developed, non-developed or developing countries showed different results

that is why we came to decision that it will also be our future research.

Recommendations

 Educate the young generation and aware them from consequences that corruption can bring.

Education is the key to success, both the young and older generation should be educated

 Increase the proportion of females in the government up to 45 percent

 To decrease the level of corruption necessary to give freedom to the press and build democracy

in the country