Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Virtual

16-08-2020
National Safety Council, India
National Safety Council

India
Plot No.98-A, Institutional Area, Sector
15, CBD Belapur,
Navi Mumbai - 400 614
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND for
RISK ASSESSMENT
By
Kishor D. Patil
Assistant Director
NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, INDIA
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Coverage
❖ Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment,
❖ Job Safety Analysis,
❖ Safety Inspection and SRD Report,
❖ Accident Reporting, Investigation and Analysis,
❖ Hazard assessment of New Equipment,
❖ Hazards from Radiation Sources,
❖ Control measures for specialized industrial hazards like Work at
Height and Work in Confined Space
Hazard Identification and

Risk Assessment
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Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment
Hazard
Anything which has the potential to cause harm
Risk
Likelihood or probability of occurrence
Important part of any Safety and Health Program is:

 Identification of hazard,
 Assessment the measures provided
 Control of risk at the workplace.
Plant has to take decision.
Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment techniques
Hazard Identification Methods:
1. Checklist – for quick identification

2. Safety Audit – To ensure the procedures match with design intent
3. Hazard Indices – for identifying relative hazards for ranking of
plant process units based on degree of risk
4. PHA – Preliminary Hazard Analysis – at design phase to provide
guidance for final design
5. What if Analysis – To identify possible (accident) event sequences
related to hazards during modification, development or pre start-
up stage.
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Hazard Identification Methods:
6. FMEA - Failure Mode and Effect Analysis – To identify equipment

failure and effect on plant operation
7. HAZOP - Hazard and Operability Study
Guidewords : No,
Less,
More,
Part of,
As well as,
Reverse,
Other than
Hazard Analysis Methods:
1. FTA – Fault Tree Analysis: Deductive approach for identifying

how basic events lead to an accident event by using AND, OR gates.
2. ETA – Even Tree Analysis: For identifying the event sequences
from initiating event to accident scenario.
Risk Analysis Methods:
1. HIRA : Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment / Qualitative Risk

Assessment
2. QRA : Quantitative Risk Assessment / Consequence Modeling
a. Source Model
b. Fire and Explosions Model
c. Effect Model
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Why Assess Risk
Risk assessment is a way of understanding the full potential of any hazard or

incident. By understanding the risk we can:
Allocate appropriate resources

Ensure our efforts are in the right place - high risk first
Prioritise actions
For Proactive Approach to Safety
Process of Risk Assessment
1. Classify work activities

2. Identify hazards
3. Determine risk
4. Decide if risk is acceptable
5. Prepare risk control action plan for significant risks
6. Implement additional controls and review.
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Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA)

(Qualitative Risk Assessment) – OHSAS 45001 (F1)
Sample Format:
Activity Hazard Risk Existing Initial Risk Level Prog. Residual Risk
Ref.
SN control Level
Proposed control
Acceptable (Y/N)
No
Measures
Legal (Y/N)
Measures
Severity
Severity
(13x14)
(If any)
Likely
Likely
Level
Level
hood
hood
(7x8)
Risk
Risk
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
*Hierarchy of control: (1) Elimination, (2) Substitution, (3) Engineering Controls, (4) Signage/
warning and/or administrative control, 5) Personal Protective Equipment
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HIRA Matrix
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Hierarchy of Controls
1. Elimination 100% effective

2. Substitution 75% effective
3. Engineering 50% effective
4. Administration 25 % effective
5. Personal Protective Equipment 5% effective
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Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA) – as per MSIHC Rules - IS 15656

R = FC
R = Risk (loss or injury per year),
F = Frequency (event per year), and
C = Consequence (loss or injury per event)
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Technique Applicability - Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation

Procedures
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Statutory Requirement
Statute Rule Provision

The Manufacture, Rule 10 – Safety Safety report to be prepared (new and existing
Storage and Import of Reports and Safety industrial activity) --content -Schedule 8 - submit to
Hazardous Chemical Audit Reports the authority.
Schedule 8 - Items 5 and 7 under the schedule
Rules, 1989
related to hazard analysis and assessment.
(Amendment 2000)
The Factories Act, 1948 Sec. 7-A : Duties of the Provide and ensure risk free environment to the
Occupier workers at workplace.
Model Rule. under the Rule 7 (e) – Safety Discussing reports on safety, environmental and
Factories Act 1948 Committee – occupational health surveys, safety audits, risk
Prescribed under assessment and disaster management plans and
Section 41 and 41 G of implementation of the recommendations made in the
The Factories Act, reports.
1948.
Rule 82A (11.2) – Site Enclose a copy of the report on Risk Assessment
Appraisal Committee study.
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Model Rule. under the Rule 82B (5) – concerning Relevant techniques and methods, such as
Factories Act 1948 Health and Safety Policy – risk assessment for periodical
Prescribed under Section 7A(3), assessment of the status on health, safety
and environment and taking all the
41B(2) and 112 of The Factories
remedial measures.
Act, 1948
Rule 82G (a) : concerning A report on status relating to risk

Disclosure of Information to assessment and environmental impact
District Emergency Authority: assessment and the measures taken for
prevention of accidents.
The Building and Other Rule 39 - Health and Safety Techniques and methods for assessment
Construction Workers policy of risk to safety, health and
(Regulation of Employment environmental and remedial measures
there for;
and Conditions of Service)
Central Rules, 1998
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Audit Checkpoints for HIRA
Was an initial process hazard analysis (PHA) completed?

What are the stages of PHA? Whether a dedicated group is identified for PHA?
Was the PHA appropriate for the complexity of the process and identify,
evaluate, and control the hazards involved in the process?
Does the hazard evaluation use one or more of the following PHA
methodologies: What-If Analysis, Process Checklist, HAZOP, FMEA, FTA or
any other appropriate equivalent methodology?
Does PHA assures addressing issues of inherent safety features with respect to
material and their properties?
Does the PHA address the hazard identification, incidents history,
consequences of failures (engineering and administrative controls), human
factors, consequent analysis with respect to possible safety and health effects
of failure of controls?
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Audit Checkpoints for HIRA
What are the stages of PHA? Whether a dedicated group is identified for
PHA?
Does the system exists to promptly address findings and recommendations of
PHA?
Are the PHA’s updated and revalidated at least every five years by a qualified
team to assure that the PHA is consistent with the current process?
Whether the activities requiring Job Safety Analysis have been identified?
Whether the identified jobs for Hazard Identification have been carried out by
trained and experienced persons?
Whether the checklists have been prepared on each Job Safety Analysis and
are being used while carrying out the job?
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Accident Reporting, Investigation and Analysis
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Accident Reporting and Investigation
The Primary reason for accident reporting and

investigation for finding the root cause and to:
to prevent the recurrence of similar

accidents and
to develop an effective Safety Management
System for Protection of workers
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Near-miss V/s Accident
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Clarity for Unsafe Condition/Act/Near miss/ Accident
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Statute Sec/Rule Provision
The Factories Sec. 88 Notice of certain accidents - including fatal or any bodily injury – within
Act 1948 forty eight hours or more to the concerned authorities. The authority shall
make an inquiry within one month
Sec. 88A Every occupier of factory shall send the notice regarding dangerous
occurrence to the authorities within a time period.
The Model Rule – 121 Fatal/Dangerous Occurrence - Manager of a factory shall forthwith
Rule send the notice thereof by telephone, Special messenger or telegram to
inspector and Chief Inspector.
Notice of bodily injury to any person as is likely to cause death in factory shall
also send to
a. The District Magistrate or Sub-divisional Officer;
b. The officer in charge of the nearest police station
c. The relatives of the injured or deceased person
Non-fatal/Reportable Accident - Send the report of accident or Bodily
injury due to dangerous occurrence to Chief Inspector in prescribed format
within 24 hours after the expiry of 48 hours from the time of accident or
dangerous occurrence.
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Maharashtra Factories Rule 73 J Function of Safety Committee – Causes of accident can be
Rules, 1963 identified with H/S surveys
The Maharashtra Safety Rule 8 Duties of Safety officer – Advice regarding reporting &
Officers Rules, 1982 investigation of accident, to investigate accidents as well as
dangerous occurrences and maintaining the record of
accidents
The BOCW Act, 1996 Sec. 39 Send the notice to authority - format - causing death or bodily
injury /person injured prevented from working for a period of
48 hours or more.
The BOCW Central Rule 208 Function of Safety Committee -identify probable causes of
Rules, 1998 accident and unsafe practices to suggest remedial measures.
Hazardous Wastes The occupier or the operator or the transporter shall

(Management, immediately intimate the SPCB send a report in prescribed
Handling & format.
Transboundary
Movement) Rules
2016
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Rule 67 Notice of accidents
Gas Cylinder Rules, Inquiry into accidents and Inquiry into more serious
2016 Rule 68
accidents
Static & Mobile Rule 67 Notice of accidents
Pressure Vessel Rule 68
(Unfired) Rules, Inquiry into accidents
2016
The Electricity Act, Section 161
2003 Notice of accidents and inquiries
CEA Regulations, Reg. 8 Accident shall be reported to the authorities within 24
2011 hours.
Section 3 Employers liability for compensation
The Workmen’s Section 10 Notice of claim
Compensation Act, Section 10-A Power to enquire from employer’s statutes regarding fatal
1923 cases
Section 10-B Reports of fatal accidents at serious bodily injuries
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The Workmen’s Part III Reports of Accidents

Compensation Rules, Rule 11 Report of fatal accidents
1924
Dock Workers (Safety, Section 10 Power of appropriate Government to direct inquiry into
Health & Welfare) Act, causes of accidents
1986
Dock Workers (Safety, Reg.91 Reporting of accidents
Health & Welfare) Reg.110 Statement of accidents
Rules, 1990
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Documents to be checked for Accident Reporting

Recording and Investigation
Procedure for accident/ incident/ dangerous occurrence reporting?
Documented -Documentation to be checked
Register of accidents and dangerous occurrences as specified under
the State Factories Rules.? Check the register.
Accident data for the last five years -are available?
Corrective actions as per recommendations –to avoid recurrence -
verified at workplace for compliance
Segregation of the recommendation on short term and long term –
time-frame and implementation of the recommendations to avoid
recurrence
Accident analysis - reducing similar accidents in last five years?
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Audit Checkpoints for Accident Reporting,

 Accident Reporting and Database Management
a. What is the procedure for accident / incident / dangerous occurrence
reporting?
b. Whether the accident data for the last five years for reportable and non-
reportable accidents are available?
 Accident Investigation
a. Are all the accidents investigated?
b. Whether accident investigation procedure is documented?
c. Whether accident investigation reports are submitted to top management?
d. How are the findings from accident investigation reports communicated to
workers?
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Audit Checkpoints for Accident Reporting,

 Analysis of Accidents
a. Whether accident analysis is done as per IS 3786?
b. Whether root causes of accidents are analysed?
c. Is the accident statistics effectively utilized? If yes, how?
d. What nature of injuries occurred during the last five years?
 Implementation of Recommendations
a. How does the management ensure implementation of the recommendations to
avoid recurrence of accidents and incidents?
 Reporting and Investigation of Near-miss Incidents

a. Are all near-miss incidents reported and investigated?
b. Is there any system of classifying and analyzing the near-miss incidents?
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Safety Inspection
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Safety Inspection
Purpose is to:
Detect/identify potential hazards before an unintentional
injury or illness occurs.
Checklist for:
1. Safety
2. Fire
3. Mechanical
4. Electrical
5. Occupational Health, etc.
Frequency of Inspection: Daily, Weekly, Fortnightly,

Monthly, Quarterly, Half year, etc.
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Safety Inspection
Types of Inspections:
1. Periodic inspections: planned and made at regular intervals
2. Intermittent inspections: unannounced inspections made at

irregular intervals
3. Continuous inspections: Continuous inspections of tools
4. Special inspection: Inspections during special campaigns,

Inspections during special campaigns, investigation of accidents
to determine causes.
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Factories Act, 1948 Sec 7(A) Occupier to ensure -H/S/Welfare of all workers while they
are at work - Through inspection
Model Rules under Rule 69 (3) – (v) & Advice -to carry out plant safety inspections; -observe
the Factories Act (vi) – Duties of Safety the physical conditions of the work /practices – to advice on
1948. Officers – Prescribed measures to be adopted for removing the unsafe physical
under Section 40B conditions and preventing unsafe actions by workers;
The Building and Rule 104 (b) (c) – Employer to ensure - person responsible for concreting
Other Construction Inspection and work/demolition work to regularly inspect the work
Workers‘ (Regulation supervision
of Employment and Rule for 116 –
Conditions of Service) Inspection for
Central Rules, 1998 demolishing
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Audit Checkpoints for Safety Inspection

Is there written procedure/frequency and designated team for safety inspection?
Are checklists available for inspections?
Are Safety Related Deficiency (SRD) generated based on the area wise
checklists? And What is the procedure for resolving the SRDs?
Whether the procedure exists for notification and root cause analysis of non-
conformities and action taken on them?
Are the safety inspection records maintained?
Whether an inspection report is generated?
To whom the recommendations are submitted
Are recommendations of safety inspections complied in time?
Is compliance of recommendations sent to top management?
Is compliance of recommendations reviewed by safety committee?
Does top management follows-up the compliance?
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New Equipment Review
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New Equipment Review

The technique to reduce possible hazards due to
additions/change in the process / area.
Changes can range from single equipment installation
to total change in process with multiple new
installations, change in technology, procedure and
operation. It is a deviation from the original design,
fabrication or operation.
These changes may bring new hazard or addition of risk
but its review is essential.
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SMPV Rules A certificate of safety by a competent person
before any vessel is used for the storage of any
compressed gas or whenever any addition or
alteration to the installations or foundations for
the vessel is carried out.
Model Rules Rule 82B – Health and (a)Whenever any expansion or modification
under the Safety Policy – Point No. having implications on safety and health of
Factories Act 8 - Prescribed under persons at work is made; or
1948 Section 7A(3), 41B(2) and
(b) Whenever new substance(s) or articles
112 of The Factories Act,
are introduced in the manufacturing process
1948
having implications on health and safety of
persons exposed to such substances.
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Audit Checkpoints for New Equipment Review
What is the system for effecting any change in the existing plant,
equipment?
Is there system for evaluating hazards from new equipment?
Whether the P and I diagrams and other related documents are
updated accordingly?
Is any Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) carried out after installation of
new equipment?
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Hazards of Radiations
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Radiation hazards
Purpose is to:
Detect/identify potential hazards of Radiation energy
Radiation is a type of energy, like heat or light, emitted through space
and matter and which cannot be detected by any of our senses.
Causes of Radiation:
 Death
 Cancer
 Skin Burns
 Cataract
 Infertility
 Genetic effect
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Radiation hazards
AERB Standards:
 Safety Code for Industrial Radiography. (AERB/SC/IR-1)

 Safety Guide on Radiological Safety in open field industrial Radiography.
(AERB/SG/IN-2 1987)
 Safety Guide on Radiological Safety in enclosed Radiography installations.
(AERB/SG/IN-1 1986)
 Safety Guide for handling Radiation emergencies in Industrial radiography.
(AERB/SG/IN-3 1989)
 Safety Guide on procedure forwarding transport, handling & storage of
radio active consignments. (AERB/SG/TR-3 1991)
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The Rule 2 Adequate Protection, contamination, employer, operational limits,
Radiation radiation, surveillance, Radiological Safety Officer (RSO)
Protection Rule 3 No person shall handle any radio active material except in
Rules, 1971 accordance with the terms and conditions of a license granted to him
framed by the Competent Authority from AERB of Central Government.
under the Rule 5 Prohibition of employment of persons below the age of 18 years
Atomic Rule 6 Conditions precedent for the issue of license
Energy Act,
Rule 7 Period of validity of a license
1962
Rule 8 Power to revoke or modify a license
Rule 9 Power to withdraw a license
Rule 12 Radiological Safety Officer - Every employer shall designate, with
the approval of the C.A., either himself or a person under his
employment as R.S.O. who shall in addition to his other duties,
perform the duties and functions specified in Rule 13
Rule 13 Duties and functions of Radiological Safety Officer
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The Rule 14 Action to be taken by the employer in certain cases
Radiation Rule 15 Radiation Surveillance
Protection
Rule 16 Prior approval of the Competent Authority necessary in
Rules, 1971
certain cases
framed under
Rule 18 Duty of the employer to maintain certain records of the
the Atomic
radiation workers
Energy Act,
Rule 19 Medical examination of radiation workers
1962
Rule 20 Power of the Competent Authority to modify medical
examination of radiation workers
Rule 21 Duty of the employer to maintain complete medical records
Rule 22 Duty of the employer to send certain records to the
Competent Authority when asked for
Rule 23 Period of preservation of records
Rule 24 Power of the Competent Authority to requisition such records
Rule 23 Power of the Competent Authority to give directions in
certain cases
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The Rule 26 Duty of the employer to give alternative work in certain cases
Radiation Rule 27 & Resumption of radiation worker
Protection 28
Rules, 1971 Rule 33 Sealed & unsealed sources - Every employer shall maintain or cause
framed under to be maintained registers
the Atomic Rule 36 Loss of radioactive material: If any radio active material is found
Energy Act, missing, the employer shall make immediate efforts to trace it, and the
1962 Compatent Authority shall be informed immediately about the loss.
Rule 40 Precautions to be taken by the medical institution in certain
cases
Separate rooms for carrying out the treatment.
Separate exclusive wards for patients so treated.
Rule 42 Precautions to be taken regarding a sealed source
Rule 44 Unsealed sources to be securely closed
Rule 46 Ventilation systems involving air borne contamination
Rule 47 Spillage of radioactive material
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Audit Checkpoints for Radiation hazards
Whether licenses have been obtained for storage / handling of radioactive

material?
Whether approved Radiological Safety Officer appointed?
Whether appropriate PPEs are used against radiation hazards?
Is the flooring of the radioactive material handling area amenable for proper
decontamination?
Is the storage room of radiation source as per the license condition?
Are all persons working in the facility have radiation safety training?
Is the operators handling devices using radioactive materials qualified and
possess the necessary certificate?
Is the periodical radiation monitoring carried out?
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Audit Checkpoints for Radiation hazards
Are the records of inventory of radioactive material maintained in the

standard format and submitted to the competent authority as per the period
specified?
Are emergency handling tools available?
Are the personnel monitoring badges (TLD, Pocket dosimeter etc.) assigned
and worn by each radiation worker?
Are the radiation symbol and red light displayed as required?
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Control measures for Work at height
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Work at Height
 The exact height at which employers have to implement controls
will vary from country to country (it is between 1.8 to 3 meters).
 Falls from height can also be due to unguarded holes in floors

such as hatchways, inspection holes and pits, and from falls into
process tanks and machinery.
 Other significant hazards associated with working at height

include falling objects and the potential for a working platform to
collapse or overturn as well as contact with overhead electrical
services.
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Work at Height
 Work at height (where unavoidable) should preferably be carried
out on platform with suitable edge protection in place.
 In such situations, a ladder may be used; however, ladders are
best used only as a means of gaining access to and from a
workplace.
 They should only be used at a workplace for light work of short
duration and only after careful hazard identification, risk analysis
and planning.
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Work at Height
Control Measures for Means of access or egress:
 It should be stable and of sufficient strength and rigidity for their purpose
 It should be rest on stable and suitably strong surfaces
 It should be of sufficient size to allow safe use for persons, plant and material
 It should have suitable means for preventing a fall
 It should have a surface which has no gap through which a person or material
could fall and cause injury
 It should be constructed, used and maintained to prevent the risks of slipping,
tripping or any person being trapped between them and any adjacent structure
 For working at height Workers should be Medically Fit ,it Means he should not
have high/low blood pressure, heart ailments, prone to epilepsy, prone to
vertigo and examined by a MBBS doctor.
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The Rule Work on steep roof
BOCW 169 a. All practicable measures to protect the building workers against sliding when
Central carrying out work on steep roof.
Rules, Rule Construction and Installation of roofing bracket
1998 170 a. Roofing bracket constructed to fit pitch of step roof and used to provide level
working platform.
b. Roofing bracket is secured in its place by nailing pointed metal projection
attached to the underside of such bracket and securely driven into steep roof.
Rule Crawling board
171 - a. All crawling board are of adequate strength, of sound material, and of type
The approved for the work as per relevant national standard.
b. The above boards should be in good repairs and inspected by a responsible
employ
person before being taken into use.
er shall c. They should be secured to step roof on which it is used by rigid hooks or with
ensure other effective means.
d. A firmly fastened lifeline of adequate strength is strung besides each crawling
boards throughout its length while using crawling boards.
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The Rule 172 Construction and safe use - Ladders And Step Ladders
BOCW - The a. Every ladder or step ladder is of good construction work, made of sound
Central material and of adequate strength
employer b. when a ladder used as means of communication it should be lashed to a
Rules, shall fixed structure so that it does not slip
1998 c. It should not stand on loose bricks or other loose packing. It should have a
ensure
level and firm footing
d. Wherever required sufficient foothold and handhold is provided with the
ladder.
e. Every ladder is-
i. secured to prevent swaying
ii. equally and properly supported on its legs
iii. So used as not cause undue sagging
iv. placed at an inclination of 4: 1
v. they confirm to relevant National Standard (IS 3696- 1987, Part 2)
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The BOCW Rule 173 Ladder of defective or missing rung or rung solely dependent
Central Rungs upon nails, spikes or other similar fixing for its support should not
Rules, 1998 be used.
Rule 174 - Ensure that all wooden ladders-
Materials for a. are constructed upright of adequate strength and are made of
straight- grained wood, free from defects and grains of such
Ladders wood running length wise.
b. are with rungs made of straight grained wood free from
defects and mortised or securely notched into upright.
c. are with reinforced metal ties,if the tenons of such ladders are
not secured by wedges.
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The BOCW Rule 178 Safety belt and its use
Central Ensure that-
Rules, 1998 a. Safety belt, life line and devices for the attachment of lifelines
conform to the relevant (IS 3521: 1999)
b. Every worker is supplied with safety belt, safety lifelines for his
protection and he uses it during the work.
c. All workers have knowledge of safe use, maintenance of such belts
and are given then necessary instructions
d. The responsible person supervises, inspects such belts and lifelines
are fit for use at every time
Rule 179 Safety net and its use
Ensure that
a. every net is of adequate strength, of sound material, is suitable for
the use and conforms to the relevant standard (IS 11057: 1984)
b. the responsible person ensures its maintenance, safe fixing, and
sufficient and suitable anchorage for its intended use
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Audit Checkpoints for Work at Height
Is adequate safe access provided to all places where workers need to work?
Are all such access in good condition?
Are all scaffolds are properly designed and erected?
Are scaffolds inspected every day before work begins?
Are ladders securely clamped or lashed in place?
Are planks in good condition?
Are scaffold walkaways, platforms, runs or stairs free of debris, grease, any
unnecessary obstruction and projecting nails?
Are the scaffolds higher than 20 m.? If yes, is a netting or intermediate railing
provided between toe-boards and hand railings?
Are folding stepladders properly used?
Are ladders set up at the proper slope of about 1:4?
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Audit Checkpoints for Work at Height
Do workers use hand lines to lift tools or materials?

Are proper ladders used around electrical hazards?
On sloping roofs, are crawling boards, lifelines, safety belts and edge
protection provided where needed?
Whether the weak spots, skylights, or deteriorated asbestos-cement boards
through which a worker might fall while working in the roof has been
identified and safety net provided appropriately?
Are the workers being medically examined for their fitness to work at height?
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Control measures for Confined Space
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Confined Space
 A confined space is a fully or partially enclosed space which is not primarily
designed or intended for continuous human occupancy, has limited or
restricted entrance or exit.
 Confined spaces can be below or above ground.
 Confined Spaces include silos, vats, hoppers, utility vaults, tanks, water
supply towers, sewers, pipes, access shafts, truck or rail tank cars, aircraft
wings, boilers, manholes, pump stations, digesters, manure pits and storage
bins. Ditches and trenches may also be a confined space when access or
egress is limited.
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Hazards in Confined Space

 Poor air quality: insufficient amount of oxygen for breathe or availability
of poisonous substance.
 Hazards from asphyxiants –Low oxygen levels (19.5 percent or less) can
cause symptoms such as rapid breathing, rapid heart rate, clumsiness,
emotional upset, and fatigue. As less oxygen becomes available, nausea and
vomiting, collapse, convulsions, coma and death can occur.
 Chemical exposures due to skin contact or inhalation of 'bad' air.
 Fire hazard: explosive/flammable atmosphere due to flammable liquids
and gases stored before.
 Process-related hazards such as residual chemicals, release of contents of
a supply line.
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Hazards in Confined Space

 Physical hazards – noise, heat/cold, radiation, vibration, electrical, and
inadequate lighting.
 Safety hazards such as moving parts of equipment, structural hazards,
engulfment, entanglement, slips, falls.
 Shifting or collapse of bulk material.
 Barrier failure resulting in a flood or release of free-flowing solid or liquid.
 Visibility
 Biological hazards – viruses, bacteria from sludge, fungi, or moulds
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Confined Space
Control Measures:
 Entry Register
 Continuous monitoring
 Natural ventilation is not sufficient to maintain the air quality, Mechanical
ventilation (blowers, fans) is necessary to maintain air quality.
 Warning system for failure in the ventilation equipment
 All flammable gases, liquids and vapors are removed before the start of any
hot work
 Oxygen content should be less than 23% but maintained at levels greater
than 19.5%
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The Section 36:  No person shall be required or allowed to enter any chamber,
Factories Precautions tank, vat, pit, pipe, flue or other confined space in any factory
Act, 1948 Against Dangerous in which any gas, fume, vapour or dust is likely to be present
to such an extent as to involve risk to persons being
Fumes, Gases
overcome thereby, unless it is provided with a manhole of
(Entry To Confined adequate size or other effective means of egress.
Space)  A certification in writing (Permit) has to be given by a
competent person, based on a test carried out by himself that
the space is reasonably free from dangerous gas fume,
vapour or dust.
 Such person should wear suitable breathing apparatus and a
belt securely attached to Rope, the free end of which is held
by a person outside the confined space.
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Audit Checkpoints for Confined Space
Is work permit system followed for working in confined space?

Whether monitoring of the atmosphere inside the confined space is carried
out and ensured that there is no flammable or toxic gas in the area?
Whether the person entering the confined space is using suitable personal
protective equipment (PPE)?
Is rescue team available in case of any emergency?
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You should know your risk

Thank You..
and Act in Advance
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Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Virtual

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16-08-2020

National Safety Council, India

National Safety Council

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND for

National Safety Council, India

National Safety Council, India