Lingang Area

The low carbon satellite city of Lingang is located in the southeastern part. Shanghai and is intended
to house 800,000 people. The city is X. As a result of this, even in the earliest stages of urban
developent, energy was accounted for. Three primary considerations were made:

1. Reduction of energy demands through urban design. This inlucded new technology to reduce
thermal losses, and following Chinas green building standards.

2. Implementation of a suitable local energy mix through optimisation of local renewable energy
sources whilst minimising fossil fuel use

3. Design of the local energy system to optimise efficiency with coupled heating and cooling
networks

This was estimated to reduced CO 2 emissions and electricity peak load by 50% and residents energy
bills by 10%

A quick summary of the Current Energy Sources in Lingang

1. Distributed Solar Power

Utilises roof-top solar photovoltaic power technology with a capacity of 100 MW. The project was
split into more than 30 sub-projects each of which is at a different stage of development. Upon
completion, this project is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 73,000 tons per year; gas
consumption by 23,000 tons per year and coal consumption by about 32,000 tons per year.

2. Shanghai Lingang Wind Farm

The project is split into two phases (Shanghai Lingang Demonstration I and II) with a total of 53
turbines in two offshore windfarms: 25 in farm 1 and 28 in farm 2. The combined capacity for these
windfarms is 200 MW.

3. LNG Power Station

A natural-gas-fired power plant to meet rising demand for clean energy. LNG is imported from
Malaysia. The power station is said to have a capacity of 1400 MW.

Our proposed energy source in Lingang is Hydrogen

Hydrogen has the long-term potential as a new low carbon energy alternative. As energy leaders
seek solutions to decarbonise energy, hydrogen is quickly gaining momentum.

There are several applications for hydrogen in various sectors. Those we will investigate are:

Transportation/Mobility; Power; Heat

The maturity of these applications differs greatly. Several projects are currently being underwent
and vary greatly in terms of scale and readiness to switch to hydrogen. Some key projects will be
outlined here.
Hydrogen for transportation

Transport is often referred to as most promising sector for hydrogen and fuel cell development.

The short refuelling times, long ranges and the possibility to use hydrogen without emitting
greenhouse gases make transport a promising field for hydrogen and fuel cells.

However, these technologies face some challenges in terms of cost, required investments, safety
perception and lack of infrastructure.

One such example of hydrogen for transport is HYPE; the world’s first hydrogen-powered taxi fleet
located in France

This project is currently utilising Grey Hydrogen with plans to transitioning to Green Hydrogen in the
near future with on-site electrolysis

This is a commercial trial of 600 vehicles consuming around 1000t/year of hydrogen with an
investment of more than 100 million euros

This project allows for development of the technology required for hydrogen fuelled vehicles as a
mode of transport, it also contributes to normalising such vehicles and the risks commonly
associated with it.

Preliminary works using hydrogen for alternative modes of transport such as trains, trucks, have also
been seen. These remain in the early stages of development.
Hydrogen for power

While power generation using hydrogen is still very new, but countries such as Japan and Korea are
investing in technology development and demonstration projects.

The benefits of using hydrogen for power include fuel cell flexibility and scalability, the possibility for
seasonal storage of energy and can be used in the future to replace natural gas with hydrogen for
power generation

However, some problems include technological limitation, lack of a hydrogen delivery network, and
the cost of hydrogen

In the short term, hydrogen technologies are being explored to assist with both the integration and
expansion of low-carbon electricity generation as well as alternatives to generators and
rechargeable batteries as a backup power supply. In the longer term, base load power generation
from hydrogen is being explored in Japan and Korea. The main challenge remains the price of low
carbon hydrogen

H2Future is the world’s largest pilot plant in the world for the CO2 neutral production of hydrogen
located Austria.

The project will be used to assess the suitability of PEM to produce green hydrogen and supply grid
services.

It cost 18 million euors and is operational with a capacity of 6 MW and generation of 1,200m3/h of
green hydrogen

This study will address regulatory challenges which could enable a hydrogen economy.
Hydrogen for heat

The heat sector is perhaps the most difficult to decarbonise. Switching the existing gas system to
100% hydrogen is unprecedented. Key drawback from widespread use is likely the flexibility and
affordability of fossil fuels. The scale of the sector, the transition to low-carbon heat through the
conversion of natural gas to hydrogen, requires long term strategies, which should be adopted in the
few years to come. The gradual transition from natural gas to hydrogen has the potential to
decarbonise the sector of industrial, commercial and domestic heat. Direct combustion of hydrogen
to generate heat is unlikely to compete with natural gas on a commercial basis before 2030.

The advantages of such hydrogen for heat projects include: Decarbonisation of heat and Possibility
of flexible scale-up in output and infrastructure

The technologies face some challenges in terms of retrofitting and hydrogen costs, government
support, and limitations of carbon capture technology. Additionally in depth safety assessment
would be required

One of the most common remarks to this approach is the unsuitability of the existing distribution gas
grid for hydrogen

An example of hydrogen for heat project is the H21 in England

The project focuses on the transition from natural gas to 100% green and blue hydrogen for
industrial, commercial and domestic heat. The project is still in the feasibility study phase and is
expected to cost 23 billion pounds in capital costs and 1 billion in operating costs. The hope is to
have 3.7 million UK homes and businesses from natural gas to 100% hydrogen beginning in 2028.
This will allow for critical evidence of the safety and strategic evidence to be developed.
Current heat uses in Lingang

A new venture between Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shenergy Group and Lingang Group to build a
“hydrogen and fuel cell-related ecosystem” in Lingang. This project is in the early stages of
development.

By 2022, a hydrogen fuel bus route and 7 refuelling facilities for 200 light trucks and 20 heavy-duty
trucks will be implemented. This will create a low-emission refuelling infrastructure for buses and
trucks.

These projects will assist the transition into a hydrogen fuelled economy involving residential and
commercial buildings.