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    69 views112 pages

    5 Giáo Trình Môn Nấm Học (NXB Cần Thơ 2005) - Nguyễn Văn Bá PDF

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    darkmar_611

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    TRUONG DAI HQC CAN THO VIEN NGHIEN CUU VA PHAT TRIEN CONG NGHE SINH HOC GIAO TRINH Mén NAM HOC yn: PGs. Ts. NGUYEN VAN BA PGs. Ts. CAO NGOC DIEP ‘Ts. NGUYEN VAN THANH 2005 Loi adi diu Nhim mye dich cung eép thém nhimg kign thie ca ban a8 sinh vign hoe tp t6t mén Ly thuyét NAM HOC, Gio trinh duge sogn theo thir ty phan loai cia nginh NAM. vA e6 nhitng vi dy cy thé nhitg loa nim ti bigu ea ting nia phy (hay Kip trong ds mt tuomg déi diy di: nhimg de diém sinh hoe cia méi nhém nim théng qua nhimg dang khuan ty, cong mang thi (boc) bao ni, cic loai bio ti, tom tat nhimg vong doi véi hing d3e tinh sinh sin hiu tinh... gu bigu va néu Ién nhimg khée bigt rb rt gita ce ing trong mét ho hay gidta cée Isp trong nginh. Gio trinh NAM HOC duge soan twong déi nginh phu (6p) dé sinh vign 6 thé so sinh va nhin bits Khe nau gita cie chi tét 8 sinh vign Bai he va cd hye vién Cao hge ce nginh ge ign quan thim Kho ‘nhimg thong tn edn tht dén nginh hoc Ching Oi mong ring giéo winh sé déng g6p duge nhiing thing tin ey thé v8 mon hige niy va chic chin gio trinh sé cin nhimng thu sit, ching 16i hy vong cée dng nghigp gop ¥ dé cho gido trinh ngay cing hoin thign hon. Ngodi ra, e6 nhtng tir duge dich ti cée tir dién Sinh hoe Anh - Vigt s8 gay si ng6 nbn, ching t6id& chi thich phn tigng Anh, ‘TM, Nhom bin soan LY PGs. Ts. Cao Neve Bigp Chuong 1 DAI CUONG VE NAM MOC ‘im mée (fungus, mushroom) lav sinh vt cin hgch,& thé tin (thatonbyte), {8 bdo King o6 dgp let, s6ng dj dudng (hoi sinh ky sinh, ong sinh), veh bao clu to chi yu I chitin, eb hay king o6 celular vi mgt sb thin pin ke ob him Irgng hip. ; ‘Nim hge (Mycology) duve Khai si boi nha thye vit hoe ngubi ¥ tb Pier Antonio Micheli (1729) qua ti ligu ng 6 “ng ey la” (Nova Plantarum Genera) hung theo Gido sir Eksksson Guanan (1978) thi ngudi ed céng nghita tu siu ve ‘nm mde a i Elias Pris (1794 1874), Theo Elizabeth Tootyll (1984) nim mBc c6 khodng 5.100 gidng va 50.030 oa duge m6 a, ty nién, use tinh e6 én 100,000 dn 250,000 losin higm ign een tei dat Nhiéu loai nam méc ¢6 kha ning ky sinh trén nhiéu ky chi nhw dong vt, the ‘vt de big rén con ngusi,edy ing, Vt nui, sin ph sau thu hoych cha hoe da ‘qua ché bién, bao quan, Mgt sé li tae niin gay bénh, lim hur cf thigt bj thay inh bao quan khéng tit nung cling 66 miu lod & ich nhw téng hop ea acit hia co, thube ning sinb, vitamin, kichthich 1 tng tring thye vat da duge dra vio sin xu cOng aghigp vi c6 mt sé nm duge ding lam di tugng ngbign edu v8 ditruyén he. L.Hinh dang, kich thuée, cu tao ctia nim méc 1.1 Hinh dang va kich thie Mats it nm g thé don bio 66 hin trimg (yeast-nim men), da cd hin sei (Slamentousfungi-ndm sei), sgi cb ngin vich (da blo) hay Khong o6 ngin vch (don bio), Soi nim thumg 18 mt Sng hinh try di c6 ki thude Kim aho Khe hau ty lod. Dung kinh ota si nm thadng ta 3-Sym, e6 Khia 1Qum, thm eh dn Imm, Chigu di cia spi nm e6 thé tiv ehyccentimet, Cae si. nim pitti chisu 4 theo kigu tng tring @ ngon (Hiah 1.1). Cae wi nim e6 th phan anh vi. fe nh 6 thé Ii pin nin ig tip to tanh hg soi nm (mycelium) ki sinh xi thu bing. Trén mai tg Be vi rin mtx chit trong min, Bio i,t tbo mim hoge mt doga si aim e6 thé phat tién think mt hg sq nd e6hinh dang shat dinh oi 1 Khun las nim (Hin 1.2) riba: Bia PG: Neg ie Bt Hinh 1.1 Syi nim va chu to ‘ich té bao spi nim (theo Samson vi et", 1995) inh 1.2. M6. 12° Churgo Té bio nim ed cfu tae twang ty nh hong té bio vi sinh vt chin bach Khe dage mo ts va tinh bay nhur@ Hinh 13, Mink 1.3 Ciw t30 & Hel (Chis thich: MT: ong, Mt: ae, SL: no Gough, V! nongrauy ain, ming si JR, 1979) hdr lip) ich té bio nim céu go boi vi so eitin vi ed hoge khéngc6 celluoz. Chitin fi thanh phn ehinh cia vich 18 bio @ hiu hét ede lod nm tir hom Oomyeetina Nh vis chitin duge inh thin nh vio enzim chitin symtaz (Hin 1.4). 2UDP-GleNAc + (GleNAc), + (GleNAc),.. + 2UDP. ‘alucose-6-prespnate ————r Frucose € oneaprete, ‘autarine 2 ‘Givcosamine-6shosphate Aca coonayme & Coenzyme A ‘acetgunoaamine-|-oheophte aceyoueceanine posse Une tnoephate Pyrophoaphate ‘Uo. nadetygueosamine Uridna denoechae ‘chan = Hinh 1.4. Con dung ting hyp chitin ‘Té bio chit cia io née chit mang ngi mac (endoplasmic reticulum), king, bio (vacuoles), ty thé (mitochondria) va hat du ed (glycogen vi lipid), de bitte tre ty th8 61 bio men tuomg tn cl tr ty thé 616 bio thye vat Ngo a, té bio ‘nm cin 66 ribs thé (ribosomes) vi nhting thé khie chua 16 chive ning. “TE bio nim khong c6 digp luc t, mt vai lai nm era re trong 1 blo wt loi she 1 dge tung mi Matsuda vi ctv, (1978) daw tiga Iy tvich duge vb epi li ‘eocercosporin (Cio Oe) mau tim do 6 nm Cercosporina hikuchi ‘T6 bao nim khdng nit thigt c6 mot nhiin ma thurimg c6 nhieu nhan, Nhin cia 18 bao nim c6 hinh edu hay blu dye v6i mang 46i phospholipid va protcin dy 0, jum, béa trong ming nhan chia ARN va ADN, 2. Dinh dudng va ting truéng cia nam méc i hit cic lod nim mée khdng cin inh sing rong gud trinh sinh ting. Tuy ign, o6 mét 6 lod lai cin nh sng tong qu. tinh ta0 bio te (Buller, 1980), Nigt 6 16 thigw cin cho sy phat wiém la tir 2°C dn S°C, t6i hio We 22°C dén 27°C va hig 6 ci da ma ching e6 thé chia dung duge 1b 35°C dn 40°C, cbt 06 mit bit loa c6 thé sing s6t & O°C va 6 60°C. Ni chung, nim me c6 thé pit tiem tt moi tevong acit (pH-6) nung pH thi hio Id $~ 65, mot sb loa phat én to pH <3 va mgt sb it phat ein ptt > 9 (ingold, 1967). (Ori ofing ofn cho sy phit trida cia dm mle'vi ching la ubeen ida bhi Bat bbuge vi sy phat trién 88 ngumg ki Khang c6 oxi vd nbign muse la yu tb ein thie cho a phat ign ‘Thoo Alexopoulos vi Minns (1979) cho bigt nim me e thé phit ria itn tye trong 400 nm hay’ hon néu ede digu kg mi ting dé thich hyp cho sy phit én cia ching Tin be kving 06 dig ue nn ching cin dye cng cp inh dng ben goa (ohm dj dudng), mot 56 sing st va phi tein nh kha nang Ky snh (Sing ky Sin trong ca thé dng vat hay thye vt) hay hai sinh (Saprophytes) in xe 98 ho 9, cfng 6 nhim nim ré hay diay ng eng sinh vi nom he vat nh nh Theo Alexopoulos vii Mims (1979) cho bigt nguon dudng chat cin thét cho nm duge xép theo thirty sau C, O, H, NP, K, Mg, S, B, Mn, Cu, Za, Fe, Mo vi Ca Cie nguyén t nly higa dif trong ede nauda thie an vb co. dom giin nhw glucez, ‘mudi ammonium... s8 duge nim hap thu dé ding, néu tr ngudn thie An hu co pte {ap nim a san sinh vi tra hen ngodi ede lei ents hich hop dé cit ede dai phn te uniy thinh nbiing pha tir nho dé dé hip thu vio trong té bao. 3. Sinh san cia nim méc [Noi chung, nim me sinh sin dusi 2 hinh thie: vO tinh va haw tink. Trong sinh sn v0 tinh, nim hinh thanh bio tir ma khong qua vige gdm phan, tai lai trong sinh ‘in how tinh aim hinh thanh 2 Toai giao te de va edi, 3.1 Sinh sin vO tinh The Alexopoulos vt Mims (1979), nlm me sinh sin v6 tinh thé hign qua 2 dang: sinh sin dinh dong bing oan soi ndm phat win di a hoge phan minh va sinh sin bn ci loa bot Mot 6 loi nim e6 nhg bio tr dc tumg nur sau: a. Bao tir tii (bio ti bge\(sporangiospores): cic ito tir dng (zoospores) (Minh LS a, b, ©) 66 6 nim Saprolegnia vi bao tir tit (sporangiopores) & nim Mucor, Rhizopus (Hinb 1.6) chita rong ti bio tir dng (zoosporangium) va ti bio ti (sporangium) duge mang di eudng ti bio i (sporangiophores). X4 Hinh 1.3 Bao tir dng (theo Samson vi etv., 1995) 9800 Hinh 1.6. Bio tir tii (6) & Mucor circinelloides, 2, cubng bio ti tii (theo Samson vi ety., 195) », Bho ti diab (conidium): cde bio te dinh khing 68 tt bao boc & gibng don Aspergits, Peni, .. Hin dang, kich thude, mu sk, tang ti va cich sip x6 cn bio tr dinh thay dBi ging ndysang ging Khde vi dupe ding im tiéu chin phan loai nim. ‘Cudng bio te dink dang binh 6 thé khong phn nhin why & Aspergillus (inh 1.7) hay dang the phan nhinh nus Peniciliuns (Mink 1.8) Bio tr dink hin thn tir jnhng cum (cluster) trén nhing cubng bao tr dinh & Trichoderma (Hinh 1.9). conidia —_ DP Reoo, E all /e Bio tiedinh thé binh 8 ind (1) bong. cuing Hinh 3.3. Cée kiéu eubng bao tr dink eis Aypergilus. a Kp, b.2 lop, c- phi, diac. t8 (theo Samson vie, 1995) (do int in ie: Bin sxe PG Ts Nan inh 1.9. Cubng bao tr phan nhinh & Trichoderma. a. T: vind, b.T: homing, © T.polysporam, dT. citrinoviride (theo Samson v i ctv. 1995) 6 gine Mirosporum vi Fusarium, 6 bai los both loi nh, ding at 0 3 ti6u bio tr inh (microconigia) (inh 110 a), loi len, da dang. go la dai bio tir inn (macroconidia (inh 1.115) Minh 1.10 Dinh bio wt eta Fusarium eumartit (aheo Von Arx., 1995) i bao tt dint teu bio ti din «bio tt vich diy b ‘nim men va ndm mde c6 hith thite ‘bit goi la bio ttn, Bio tr tino thé 8 ning loi sa: 1. Chi hinh thinh i bio nim men: Cryptococcus vi Candida 1 nOag loi 29) li bato tir chdi (blastospores) 2. Giéng Uslago ob non soi ndm cb xt hignté bao ob vich diy go ba tr ‘viieh diy cn goi la bio tir_éo (chlamydospores) (Hinh 1. 11 c). Vj tri cia bio ti yeh diy o spt nim o6 thé kena ty fo. 5. Ging Georichum vi Oosporae6 sot nim kéo thing, vung hay chi abit vib ‘mio ich dy go tbo tr dt (arthrospores) (inh 1.12) 1 (do int in ie: Bin sxe PG Ts Nun Hinh 1.12 Bio tir dit (theo Samson va ctv 1995) 3.2. Sink san hau tinh ‘inh sin hu tinh xay ra khi 6 sy Két hyp gita hai gino ti dye vi edi (gametes) e6 trai qua giai doan giam phan, Qua trinh sinh sin how tinh trai qua 3 giai éogn: 1) Tiép hop 8 bio chit (plasmogamy) véi sy héa hop 2 té bio trin (protoplast) eva 2 giao tir 2) Tip hop nhiin (karyogamy) v6i si hoa hgp 2 nhin eb 2 t8 bio giao tr «48 tao mot nhin nhj b6i (diploid) 3) Gili phan (meiosis) giai doan niy hin thinlh 4 bio ts don bi (haploid) {qua sr giam phan tir 2n NST (nj Boi) thin m NST (don bi. Theo Machlis (1966) tt ccc giai doantrén ké cai oan tao co quan sinh diye duge dia Khién bo me sé hich thich t sinh dye sexual hormones). Co quan sinh dye cia nim mbe e6 tin la i giao te (gametangia) 6 2 loa: co quan sinh dye dge go 1 ti de (antherdium) chia ce gia tt de (antherozoids), cn ca quan sinh dye ei goi tii non (Oogonivum) chia giao tt ci hay non, Kh e6 sy Aéthop gta giao te de va nodn s@ igo thank bio tt, bo td ding duge got la io {ir ong (zoospores), ‘Kigu ha soi nen o6 gi tinh de va ei ip hop na sinh ra bho tit etn la tigp hop tir (myxospores), tgp hyp tr a dje tramg cia nhém nim Myxomyoctes (inh 1.13). Bio tir sinh duc khi inh thinh e6 dang tii goi Ii nang (aseus) vit ti my chia shang bio tr goi Ii bio tk nang (ascospores), Nang va bio tr nang lade tame ea hom Ascomycetes (Hinh 1.14) . . Trong nhém Basidiomycetes, 4 bio te phat rin 6 phn tin eing ea elu trie And qui goi ki dam (basidium) vi bao te duge goi Ia bao te dm (basidiospores) (Hint 1.15) ‘no sn bitin (Deutromycetes-Deuteromyootin) gm nhig nm cho én nay chwa bidt r3 kiéu sinh san hitu tinh etia chang, Hin 1.14. Cic kigu bio ti dim. a. Astrea, b. Bovista, c. Avaricales, «. Clavulina, ©. Dacrymyces, f. Sitotrema, g. Repetobasidium,h Xenasma, isn, bao ti dam e6 videh,n, Puccinta, (theo Kreisel, 1995) 9 Vj tri va vai tro cia nm méc Nim méc ¢6 anh hung xiu dén cuge sing con ngwiri mot eich trye tiép bing ch lim hur hong, giam phim chit Iuong thye, hye phim tuge va sau thu hoach, trongehé bién, bio quan, Nim mc edn gay tne hai vat dung, quin do. bay gy bénh cho ngudi, dBng vat Khée vi ely ng. Tuy nhign ce qu inh ché bien thy phim e6 lign quan déa fen men déu edn dén sy e6 mat cia vi sinh vat rong dé 6 nam mée [Nim mbc cing gitip ting hap nha ogi Khng sinh (penicillin, griseofulvin, ait how co (acit oxalic, citric, gliconic..), vitamin (nhém B, riboflavin), kich thich gibberellin, auxin, cytokinin), mgt s6 enzim vi cde hoat chit ie ding trong cng nghigp thye phim vay, duge... da duge sir dyna rong ri tn thé gigi. Neo, nam con gh vai tb quan trong trong vig phi git chit hou co gi d3 mau mo cho dit ‘ning. Mét sé loi thuge ging Rhizopus, Mucor, Candide gay bénh ten ng, Microsporum giy bénh trén cho, Aspergillus fumigatus iy bénh trén chim; Saprolegnia vi deklya vay bénh nd ky sinh tne. Ning Todi nd gay bah én cay rong nhu Phytophthora, Fusariam, Cercospora.. de bit nin Aspergilus flavus Va-Aypergilus fmigams phat ign tea ngd coe tong dig kign thud lo sinh a de ‘Saflatoxn 'Bén can tic dng gay hoi, mts tai nim mée eit hou ch tong sin nuit va ai sing nh nim An, nam duge phim (nm linh chi, Peniclium noranom t6ng hep én penicillin, Penicillium griseofusam tng hop nén griseofulvin.) nim Aspergillus niger tong hap ce ast hou canbe ait circ, aeitghuconic, nim Gibberllafiaikuros {ng hop kich thich 16 gibberelin vi mt sli aim thuge nhimn Phycomyeetina hay Deuteromyeetina 6 ths kg sinh ttén con tring gay hai qua 435 the ding lim thién deh dit cS tring, Ngodi ra, nhing lai nm sng eng sina vi tye vat ny Nien ré (Mycorthizac), wtp cho 8 edy hit duge nhigw hon lugng phan v8 co khé tan vi cung cp cho nhu elu phat widn cia dy ting ‘Nam cén la di tugng nghién etru vé di truyén hoe nhu nim Neurospora erassa, nim Physarum polycephalum ding de tong hop ADN va nhoag nghién eit Kh. Phan logi nim méc iu tign, nim duge sip xép theo tién héa nur md hinh dus dy: (Hin 1.18) Dayal (1978) ligt k8 7 de tinh dé phin logi nim mBe nue saw 1) de diém hinh tha 2) ky chide thi 3) die digm sinh y 4) dic diém i bio hoe va di truyén hoe ') dle diém khang huyétthanh 6) dc tinh sinh ha chung 7) phan loai sb hoe i LS PROKARYOTA, CO — ARCHAEA Hin 1.15 yun pit sinh ng cho thy nim mec abi fin ga vi ‘hye vat (PLANTAE) va déng vit (ANIMALIA) (theo Hawkswort va ctv, 1995) ‘Theo Gwynne-Vaughan vi Bames (1937) chia nim thinh 3 lip chink: Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes vi Basidiomycetes dya trea khuin ty e6 vach ngin ngang hay khing vi die diém cia bio wt. Theo Stevenson (1970) di phin Tosi nim trong nginh Mycota gom 6 lép: Chytridiomyeetes, Oomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, vi Deuteromycetes. Gin diy, Kurashi (1985) nhan mank den tm quan trong cua hg théng ubiquinon trong phan Togi nam mée, cong nr tg dung ky ‘thudt sinh hge phan tr dé Khdo sit da dang di truyen va qua méi Hién he di truyén phn Joat Iai cho chinh xe hom, Gio ah Nn hie» Bien sogn: PGs. Ts. Ngundn win Bd vd PGs. Ts. Cao Nave Diep Chuong 2: NAM ROI - NAM TRUNG (nganh phy Chytridiomycotina) I. Lép Nam Roi LDai ewong Ngodi nginh Mycetozoa, nhim ném roi la mt trong hai nhiém thude nginh gid rim (Pseudofung)), nim roi c6 dng bio tr nguyén thuy véi véch bing chitin. Co thuyét cho rang nim roi xut phat tir rong (algal fungi) va a mat lu lap?, tin thos ‘da thanh ti bao tr e6 ré gia (chytridium) gidng nhur 6 16 tién dng vat nguyen sinh? 1.1L6p Chytridiomyeetes ‘Baie diém: Nam toi chi €6 moe tip, tin don bao khOng mau véi vach chitin, «ong bio tr m6t roi phia sau, Nim roi duge xem nhus tich khi ee nhém mim khiie vi li nhém nim eb xia (early paleozoie time). + Sink thi vt da dong sinh oct Ba 8 séng rong me, o6 mei ign hg ray thé hin vi mts horn ni Khe (Hinh 2.1) sceesrora (6 tin ndm roi) a 2, Omid A voices Beet Tusa (rei mage (hai ro di bing ‘hau ff ectomaten so] troy ‘Lagenidiales [Le ie | | otra, [Paamodiow 2 1 eninge Ree pe] | | i | 1 Gio ah Nn hie» Bien sogn: PGs. Ts. Ngundn win Bd vd PGs. Ts. Cao Nave Diep Hinh 2.1. Con dung tién héa gid dinh trong ede nhom ehinh eda ndm mudie * Tan vd tinh da dang: Lap nh, thurimg dom bio, ho8e sgi, tin eBng bao (coenoeytic ‘hall, tan ¢6 ¢6 gié thé lhe thong ré gid phin nhiinh hose té bio dy. Thé qua hoan ton ‘holocarpic), ode thé gua that (chi mot phiin tin chuyén thinh edu tgo sinh sin). ** Cha kpsinh sain Gio ti va bao ti sinh sin v6 tinh chuyén Gna bing mst chién mao phia wv. Tay theo ca ché md cia thi bio ti 06 thé phin bigt tii bio tr khong nip (inoperculate ‘sporangia) va tii bio tir ¢6 nip (operculate sporangia) (Hinh 2.2.). = Sasso ha. ding nia Kos nin = ‘Sin si hou phiis rit Khde_bigt vi & nhida loi chu bib 8. Bong giao te {planogamete) e6 roi pha sau, tong hi hétnhm dng giao tie hafe dng gia ta di a0 {Gnisogamous planogametes) tgp hyp, ng giao tr dye hod vi gio we bit Af, bio tirvach dy dage hin thi, Hinh 22. ab. Rhizophydium sphaerotheca a. tii dng bio ts (2) vb: bio te dng b. th ‘bdo tr Ong rong (h), ti bio tr (1), ti bao tr dng truce thin (2) 6 hat phin thing. c. Pleotrachelus brassicae, tii bio tir ding v6i I-4 ng ra va ti bio te (theo Sparrow, 1975), Gio ah Nn hie» Bien sogn: PGs. Ts. Ngundn win Bd vd PGs. Ts. Cao Nave Diep 3. Phan loat 3.1 BG Chytrdiaes Hw ht o6 in abo, sng rong nade, 6 gi, sino ted ding, ding gia, bao te dng hin cs nhurg ki th dir. C9 een 50D To dg bit xép a ron 18 km ha nay theo clu io chi it ea bo te din. Dai dign Chyridam thage ho Chiidaceae e& ti bio te dng 66nd, o Rhizophvun i bo wr dng kong cmap (Hinh 2.26). Hi dt ee ho et bo tr dng king nip Lani ky sin thong gp tong. Git ngdp nude, Civ ching thuge BG niy audi cy d2 ding irén mdi tring ag eb s pepton, yet exact va glucoz 2.2. Bp Monobleph Dai dign Monoblepharis polymorpha, nt hog sin rt hye vt x de vt, de Bit trey, si nim phat rién ng khing ed vach ngan ngang dng bao eh hin bin hep. Sih san hi tinh bing tig, thy in wh giao rd hinh hn rt thin ip ven eanh es: Hinh 2.3 Monoblepharis polymorpha, a-c, Che gisi dogn siah sin hiu i £. tan mang nhigu bio tr trimg dang nang (cyst) (theo Sparrow, 1975) 3.3. BO Blastocladiales: € © ro Hin 38. Sinh sin hw toh véi uuimg hop ding tin 6 ney (Sharma, 1998) opus seeualis 2.2 Chi Mucor ‘Mucor Ws nen nim hoai sinh urn xde ba hou ee de bit trong da dy eua ngya va ‘ru bd (Mucor mucedo),nhibu loa phat tin trong dit nhu Mucor racemosus va Mucor spinosus, nim niy eng e6 mat trén binh mie, tht, pho mat, nude tei eay...nhigu Jodi gay ra bgnh mycormycosis tren ngudi va gia si; Tuy nhign nhieu loai nim cong 6 ich nhur Mucor rouxii phan hay tinh bétthanh dug; Dic tinh phittrién cia Mucor ssi6ng nhu Rhizopus, vi dy nhu ching phat trién khusn ty teen bin mi eu trong 24 3 int i ica PO Go 2.2.1Sinh sin vb tinh (Asexual reproduction) Nim Mucor si sin v6 tinh nhu nm Rhizopus bing eich thinb lip c9ng mang ‘boc bao tir vi bio tir vach day (chlamydospore), ~ Cong mang bge bio ti véinhidng bio bit dng hinb thnk rong ei bao hay be ho (sporangia; mi boe bio ty phit ign tan ngon, khong phan nhinh vi cong ‘mang bge bao tr phittriénrigng big, Khong cing nh (hin 3.6) abu Khi ed niu lotic bigt eo thé mang bee bao tu phn nhnh nh Mucor racemosus (hi 3.7) va Mucor plumes ‘Minh 3.6. Cong mang boe bio ti vi | bye bio te (Sharma, 1998) ‘rong 1é bio chit chim nhitu nhan nhung 6 bio ti chi o@ 1 nin, ti bio tdi sang ‘miu du Khi blo t tut thinh va d& ding vé ra dé phéng thich bao t theo gio, nhigukhi bio te dinh vio chin cfn ting dé ph in tot nhomg ngudn thie An ke va hie id Kin th gn, bio fr ndy mbm cho ra mt Khun fy mi ‘hing ging nh nhing loi khic tong gibne Mucor, Mucor roi bio tr nly mim nhir nfm men rong dig ki ky Kh, ie bit Khic6 ign din ci Kh (COs: tay min Khe it ox hi Biot ym cho ra mgt khan sy bin hae. 2 Gl ih Nd i= Bing PT Cao ape OP Hinh 3.7. ThE mang bye bao tr vi higu boe bio tir sporangia wall = vi ti bio te sporangiospores = bio tir ‘branched sporangiophore = {ng mang boe bot phn nbn ctilamydospore = bao tr vich diy sporanigium ~bge bio tt Je WAY - Bio tir nang chi thiinh kip khi Khun ty tora nhiingté bio e6 thin diy nu ting hop Mucor racemosus (hinh 3.7) cree) Hinh 38.S0 40 ascii sinh sin hitw cg ema ae. tinh (dng tin) OOVEDON Rene) Macon sie iit oe ee Progameangiom spore prodsmetangivm sign giao tr , > ‘oom oN engi ws sow socfangium \oe er Zygospore = bio tir Crom) sexuar ‘pep REPRODUCTION gametengiom op oe Sa > evaoeoore rs 2.2.2. Sinh sin hau tinh (Sexual reproduetion) ‘rong sinh sin hOu tin, Aficor c6 aking de diém chung véi Rhizops, M. _genevensis va nh loli kh Hh Toa dng tin (te sn ra rt Kha ty va 3 tinh tip bio ws tgp hop)(Hin 3.8), tuy nhién, 4. mucedo va ning lod Kha lat ka di ‘im Chih 3.9) ASEXUAL spo;ngium REPRODUCTION Wares (+) +) mycelium (+) 2 mn Mucor progametangium nae mmycotum (Iq? + A Visouint eee — ium REPR ) DUCTION) spor Spores(—) —_ gametangium sporangium (-) (+) spores SEXUAL Cc) REPRODUCTION tenet) emanghim SB PES apa G7) inh 3.9, So d6 sinhsin haw tinh (sin) nim Mucor (Sharma, 1998) Hai gidng Rhizopus vit Mucor trong ho Mucoraceae c6 nhing diém khie bigt cor ban sa: u lo i Nd ig Bing PT Cao ape OP sidug Rhicopus sgidng Mucor (Cis khuin cd (Cékhudn ngang ‘Thite an durge hp thu tir khuin cin Cong bio tir phit tién rigng bigt v6i Kkhuén cain Bio ti din trén cudng bio ti vl kh hin in Khdng e& kuin ein Khong e6 khuin ngang, “Tha i durge np thu te bé mat Kinin ty Cong bio tir phat widn rgng bigt vakhOng cing tip hop thinh nom Bio tr dé phat tin theo gid “Tien quan trong cia bp Mucoraes L. Cie gidng trong b6 niy logi ti edy Khe Rhizopus oryzae vA R.stolonifer higu loai trong gid Nhigu loai trong ids Sufu it gidng ludn nhiém ede bio tir ia ce Rhizopus la vie nhan niém mde trén bdnh mi Cac giéng nm cdn gay ra mot s6 bénb én ngudi va gia sic Nhiéu lodi trong ging Rhizopus tong hop acit lactic va acit fumaric nh t sb ben trén Khoai tly, du, tio, v? nhigu ng rong nly Rhizopus vi Mucor ding 4 sin xuit erga ‘tinomucor vi Macor ding 48 sin aut Tempeh va 8 Nhiéu lodi eda giéng Blakes/ea ting hop nhiéu f-earotene 9. Nhu loi rong bp ny 66 kha nang ky’sinh tn niu loi nm Khe 10. Rhizopus stolonifer dupe dng sin sult corticoid 38 Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts. Cao Nape Dip Chuong 4: Nganh phy NAm Nang (Ascomycotina Ascomycetes) 6p ‘Nelnh phy Nim Nang ch gdm o6 ahang nh nm o6 bo a Ao te nang (ascospore), hm nim nay i nm bie eao hay nhém nim Gn hos. hom; Webster (10980) cho ring neanh phy ny’ nim ny lm nt Vi bon 15.000 Toa. oe ‘ang I io tr tong mt ei ti hay cm go i mang seus) hoge fh mim 1. Dic tinh tong quat av nim xult ign hha het ee ving o6 Kh hu ke nha va pt én ph én trong dit, trong ving nude mf hay nude ng, hog sinh én ade BI ding dye vat vi sinh tra hye vt vi dag vat 2. ‘Khuin gy phit ign va phin nhinh, c6 véch ngan ngang: mi dogn nr ela shigu nan, Tuy ahi, nim men fa sinh vat dom bio 3, Trong mei yh nin 6 mt Id nho dé ty thé, nin va nbn phan Khe 6 thi i chun 1 bio ny sang 6 bao Khe 4. Mai bio chiza chitin trong cae vi soi, ngodé ra cin ef mannose, gueose, amino ding va protein cing vii mgt enzim tong thinh phan vo 8 ba. ‘5. Dic tinh quan trong dé phiin biét véi ce nhém nim khée ld nang (aseus) chia cd bao sinh sin 6, Bo tr nang Guye tyo ra sau giai dogn hop nin (caryogamy) vi gir phin, trong mbi nang thaeme chia bio Nt. Tuy’ aha, c& mot 8b Toi cos me thay d6i tr | da hon 1000 bio te trong nang, 7. Bio nang duge xem i bio hon chin ‘8, Nang hgp thinh nhém goi la bdo nang (ascocarp), thé qua bao tr hay thé qua ti 9. Thé qui bio tie6 dang ly (cup) hay dang binh (ask) 10. Bio te Khng ¢6 roi trong tit ed ede eu ky sinh truomg. 11. Sinh sin v6 tin vai bio tr inh (conidia), bio te dinh 6 trong mote hoe go 1a euing hao ti dinh (conidiophore). Trong mts lod, sin sn vb tin vi bao te phn (pycniospore), bio tie wich meng (oidia) hay bio te véch day (chlamydospore) ‘Tam quan trong vé kinh té Nhigu nhém nim trong nginh phy ny o6 nig tée i nb sau 1. Nhigu loti Asperzifus vi Penicillium wiy ra sy hi thye phim cling rhu vét dung khéc nhur da, nhiéu foai the vat chiza cellulose bj nm Chaetoniim buy hogi 35 Gio in Nm oe Bien sogn: PGs Ts. Cao Nave Dep 2. Nhiéu loat nim cdn tin cOng cay tring gay ra bénh dm phn, thi tr, W. 3. Ching edn gay bénh tén gia si, nguts hur teudmg hop beak Aspergillosis do nim Aspergifis umigatas gly ra, Aspergillus flavus vi A. tutes tg afatoxin vi Aspergillus niger gay ra trigu chimg giéng nhu bénh lao. 4. Die bigt Claviceps purpurea cha nhieu alkaloid c6 the iy ehét 6 ng vt va 8 con ng nhumg né cing duge si dyng lim thud. Tuy nhién, nginh nm ny cing e6 Ii ich quan trong khée nh sa 1. Nhiu Todi nim men duge biét 06 Kha ning Ken men bia va sin xudt men bain 2. Penieiltm notatu ting hp ra khing sinh penicilin 3. Nhiéu Jodi nim san xudt ra acid how co nur acid cittic, acid oxalic, acid sluconic, vitamin va glycerol 4. Aspergillus went duge ding 48 1én men du nanh & Nba ban 3. Hop nhin Diy Limit uwdng hep dic bigt @ ahGm Nim Nang gm e6 abing truing hyp de this 3.1Hgp gino tir (gametangial copulation) Hai giao tt twong dng hop nhau tir 2 du hay 246 bio 48 tro thinh té Kio nj ‘giv hinh think mée nang (hinh 4.1: A —F) 36 Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts Cao Nave Dp Ce ots i X 5 Hinh 4.1. Qéa trinh hop giao ti (A ~ F); Toan giao (Hologamy)(G ~ 3); Tiép xie ita 2 gin tr (KL); Ty giao (autogamy)(M ~ NySharma, 1998) 3.2. Tinh toa giao (Hologamy) G nim Sehizosaecharomyees octosporus, hai tbo dink dutg trueng thigh 32 tn thin hai giao trv gud ten hop nan tr qua giai dogn hyp nn vi hype bio chit (hh 41: GL, 3.3. Tiép xtc gitta hai giao tir (Gametangial contact hay gametancy) ‘VE mit hinh tii, ce giao tr cia nginh nim rét Khe nau o6 thé do don nin (ninueleate) hu gidng Sphacrotheca hay da nhin (multineclete) nu gidng Pyronema Giso ti due duge goi li hing Kht (antherdium) va giao ti edi hay trimg (Godin) thing qua 16 tgp xe gia 2 giao, nin cua hing Kh di choyén vio rims, A Gio inh Nm hoc Bien sogn: PGs. Ts. Cao Nape Dip ‘age bigt mot vai loai nim chita mt dng chuyen bigtgoi ld bag nod bao (trichygyne) 48 tip nisin nh cua hing kh (inh 4.1 KL), 3.4. Tw-giao (Autogamy) 6 nin Pencil vermiclrum, ada cia hing kh ip xe v6 natin bio sity dng ai nh bat cap go i nan ep (ikaryonthinh 4.1 °M ~ N): Niu vay, hing Kh chi thy ding eh eke hap cia ani go I 1 ia, ty nbign Kh pi lod no trong nim Ascomycetes thinh lp hing Kh 3.5. Hign turgng hyp giao tr (Spermatization) 6 nim Newraspora sitophylla, Mycosphaerella mulipiferae vi mo s6 london Lc kg tao thinh hing oo, bo gio te due ¢6 hi bia de, dom na go atin si (spermatia; trong mot sb loti, tinh wr phit ign thinh eudng sinh tinh we (spermatiophares) hing trong ce loi nim phat tein hod chin in i di chun ie Khun ty cha me t6i dng noi bio, hay nhiéu khi tinh tir di chuyén nh@ gid, muaie hay cin tring Si hop wian gia inh i vi co quan nodn bo go i ign exon hep so, hig kh ho tdi (conga vi bio veh meng (oii) tinge thin tinh ie ‘vi ching tén vio eo quan nodn bio dé sis hah si hap giao, 3.6, Sy giao phéi gia hay sy tiép hop sinh trudng (somatogamy) ‘rong mt mi tiga hos how, su hop nbn xy 40 gid hai Khun ty di dng, sn eia Khun ty ny tin vo Khuan ty kia vi hop nha, 4. Sir twrong hgp (compatibility) ay 18 traimg hop két hop hai khuin ty 66 tinh dye kh nhau, nganh phy nay chia lam hai nm: L. Loa déng tam (homothallic) fa nhang lodi nm ¢6 thé ty thank lap nang (asei) ri Khding ein 06 sy Két hap eta tink due eua mot loai Khe, ching we két hep vi nha 48 tanh thé nj 2. Lodi dj tan (hetetothallic) Ii nhiing lodi nim két hop hai tinh de tt hai khusin ty khde nhau dé thinh nag va di nhign mdi Khusin ty eta n NST (dem bi) ‘Thanh lip NANG ‘Sau Khi thy tinh, nang s® thinh tgp va phat trim bing each true iép hey gin tiép 51 Syr phat trign gin tigp 38 Gio vin Nm oe Bien sogn: PGs: Ts Cao Nape Dip Hai giao tir tiép xe vi nau, nhan dye Q tir hing khi thong qua dng din t6i tdi moan (ascogium) vi két hop véi nhin edi Eé diy nburng king o6 st hoa lin nhiin Ova nin E, bit ep hai in goi li niin kép (dikaryons)(hinh 4.2). secogonium teria hyphae khuin ty eq hypnae, Abvlinigy nang; ‘antheridium c Hinh 4.2. Sy phat trién gid tiép voi Az hinh thinh nhin kép (dikaryon) vi noan jphdng (ascogium), B: phat trién cua khuan nang (ascogenous hyphae), C: bao nang (ascocarp) trong boc, D = J: ce giai doan phat trién eda chia mot nang (ascus) Sharma, 1998) Gi tinh Na he = Bin san: PGs, T. Can Nee Dip ‘dng thoi 6 nhidu nn kép wong moe ts nod va veh ca th node ngay can it trién chigu dai va chidu dig goi I khusin nang (ascogenous hyphae)(hink 4.28) ‘va nhitng kép di chuyén vio cfc khudn nang nay, ede khuan nang phit wién din dan (binh 4.2C) trong 46 nhang t8 bio mang 2n NST (me tr hing kh va mbt te moan ‘bio),phit ign thinh cud te day cd nang bat du tg thinh & di cudng vi cc té bio mang n NST hinh thinh te sy tach d&i ba nhin kep(hinh 42D ~ 3) de to rac bio tr nang (ascospore) chim trong ec nang (ase). Sy phit trién trye Trong nhimg nim ha ding, skét hop té io chit (plstogamy) xy ra ngay san sar két bgp nin (Karyogemy) va hong té bio nj bi sé phi ten tre gp thinh ce tang, sau 46 nln 8 giam phn cho ra 4 bay 8 akin don bi va go think bao t nang, truing hap niy thudng gp 6 Schizosaccharomyces, Saccharomyces, Dipodascis, Eramascus 6. Bao nang (Ascocarp) goa tr nm men va mot s6 lai nim thupe Endomycetaes, bao nang hinh thin 48 ch ee tt non, nang, bi we mang, hing ki. ign ke vi nau think moe ‘hS qua hay bao nang ‘Cé bn Logi bao nang thong gap trong nginh phy nay la: 6.1 Th qua kin Cleistitheeium) Bao nang hinh edu hoge gin tron vil md ra bén ngodé nue trvimg hep trong b§ Erysiphales, Eurotiales(hinh 4.3 va hinh 4 3B) 6.2.Thé qua mo (Apothecium) 1 o6 dang hin tc, ly... thdmg gap & i) Helotaes vi Perales (inh 6.3 Thé qua dang chai (Perithecium) Bao nang 6 dang bu hinh tam gid, ma ra. migng hay 16 thvdug gp 6 Kop Pyrenomyestes(hinh 43D) 6.4 Thé qua gid (Pseudothecium) Bao nang ging nhu thé qua dang chai nung o6 biu chia nho vit ming fo (hin 438) 7. Phain Logi Ainsworth (1973) phin chia nginh phy Ascomycotina thinh 6 lop: Hemiascomycetes, Loculeascomycetes, Plcelomyzsts, Laboulbeniomyeetes, Pyrenomycetes vi Discomyeetes 40 idan Non he Btn sop PG. Te. Ca Ne Dip 7.1. Lap Hemiascomyeetes Lop nganh gm nhumg lai nim c6 dang dom gin (don bio), ie bigu nm NAM MEN Tir “YEAST 1a tir dé ehi dang dom bio, phin niy ny chbi hay phn doi (fission), cho nén. Kreger van Riz (1973) nhieu nim men thae nginh phi Ascomycotina, ck thige Basidiomycotina hay ném bit ton a = Aseomyectous yeasts ~ Basidiamycetous yeasts ~ Deuteromyectous yeasts re _— Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts Cao Nave Dp Minh 43. Cie dang bao nang: Thé qua kin (Ceistthesium}\A it B), thé qua mo {Apothecm(C), thé gu dang chai [Pertheeim D), the go gi [PscodathocinmE) (Sharma, 1998) ‘rong phin ny, chi thio hain v8 phin Ascomycetous Yeas. Bg Endomycetales ‘Ho Saccharomycetaceae ‘Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ging [Chi] Saccharomyces c6 khodng 40 loa (van der Walt, 1970) va ee loi trong ging niy duge bit nhiéu do ehing duge img dung trong Kam néi binh, bia, ‘gt ching hign diga nhigu trong sin phim c® duimg, dit, xii cay chin, phin hoa... Nim men 6 hinh bu de, win won, kiehthuse Khang 6 8 ym x 5-6 jm, vo 18 bio cu to boi earbohydat, lipid, protein dy khsing 0.5 jm, mang tao chit, tb ‘bio chit va nhin d duge tinh bay chung & phin “Té bio vi sinh vi hin sim men (hih 44) 6. phin trén la tang thé (centrosome) va centrochtometin va phn dy eda nhan 6 thém Khong bio (vacuole), bn trong chia 6 cp nhim sie thé (NST) va bén ngoai mang nbn c6 nhigat thé bim quanh, gel wall vo 16 ba cytoplasmté bio chit Plasaya A PRAEREAR Cenrname nugle MB chromosomes: URL EPERSNS bao 2 Gio inh Nam hoc Bien sogn: PGs. Ts. Cao Nave Dp Hinh 4.4. Nhan cua nim men voi nhtng than phn dgc bit (Sharma, 1998) ‘Nim men 1a nhom dj dung, ngudn thie an chink 1 dung (Sucre, gluco, Facto...) va ee nguyén tb Khic,nhidu loa dBc bit e6 thé it dung dupe tinh bis. N6i chung ‘nim men tng hep mgt sb ensim cin thit dé od thé sit yng ede ngun carbon én va cui cing i sin phim rapu vi Kh earbonie im men a Cil:05. ———* 2. CHO + CO; + 2H + ning tuong Sinh sin v6 tinh @ nim men thug gp nh la ny chit (hinh 4.5, theo Harwell (1974) khi mgt chdi oda chinh s phat tri ngay nolo dS ch sé ni én v6 bo ‘me (bud Sea) Va khi chi ri até bio me goi la diém sinh sin (birth scar)(hinh 4.6). tod vacuote King B61 Hinh 4.5, Ny chdi 6 nim ‘men (Sharma, 1998) idan Non he Btn sop PG. Te. Ca Ne Dip inh 4.6, Cie gi dogn pit weidn ei vi chbi teh rk té biome (Sharma, 1998) Sy phin di (Fision) khng nhin thiy & Saccharomyces cerevisiae nung ting gp 6 Schizosaccharomyces + Sinn sim hau tah [Nim mea khng sinh ra ee co quan sinh dye ma ching sinh raha bio din Sink sn v6 inh Khun ty inh thinh mpt e9ng mang ti bio ti (coniiophore) vi big tr dn (coniiayink 4.10) vi cong mang ti bio ts khng wich nga viking auat pit {E bio chin (fot cel), Tui hay bong (vesicle) ki té bio da nhin va pit eign 9 mgt tz Tién v6 the binh (phialde hay stexigmata). The bin vi be. | hay bje 2, bi thé binh i edu tne dann vi tn di thé bin to thinh met chub bio din, ning ‘bo tir non 6 song vi cing xa wing gis bo Ui ten thinh sé phéng thich vio hing Kv nly mi, © Sink sn hittin Sinh sin hittin ehi due ht hin 6 mt vi oa, chng thin lap nhing ph sn die ati de (hing Khi(antherdia) va ti nodn fascogonia), Noain phang: Pit widn tr Khun ty (hin 4.11) 6 thé 66 veh mgain ding thi teh ea mt bg phn E goi ki eudng ti noan (archicarp), dng non bao (trichogyne) kéo dai va tgo Ihinh nodn phng dé KE hop vi giao, Lt c 8 bio eta cudnt nod I da han ‘vi cudng Ia eine niu dng ten hay vong xoin . Hang eo: (ida rin Non he Bltn sop PG. Ti, Ca Ne Dip ing co phit wién rong nhénh chung voi i nod, sau nh nay phat eign thanh ao ta (pollnodiump, nkénh ny tién ti 6g notn bio va cit phn ra go thing eo, ‘hin cn a gil cud hay thi alk), hing ea cing fi nhimgté bio dann, The Bah ea aTY, 30 . Gio int Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts. Cao Nape Dip Hinh 4.10. Nim Aspergillus v6i té bio chin to cong bio tu, thi vA bao ti dinh (Sharma, 1998) ~ vegetative mycelium npn ty sah ng ascogonium wichogyne aacf antheridium stalk antherigivm ascocarp bio mans Hin 4.11. Chu ky sinh sin hit tinh 6 nim Aspergitlus (Sharma, 1998) st Gio int Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts. Cao Nave Dp . Phi hgp té bio ehit (plasmogamy) iu cia hing co tip xite vai dng nodin bio va viel té bio cia hai du miy tan sadé hai t bao chit nay trdn v6i nhaw 4. Phat trign bao nang hi bit du hop niin, nhin don bo tong tit non $8 nn di, mbit Ko nh ‘bdi tgo ra si nolin (ascogenous hyphae), hai nhén ctia mdi si nodin tip tue phin chia ‘va tgo thiinh soi nodn da nhiin, 6 wich ngain ngang, cudi edmg té bao euing lai thin t& ‘bio dom nbn, nhw vy trong méi té bio 66 vich ngan cia Se nodn e6 hat nhan va s8 pit tein hin bo nang sau ny (gdm mt vi mE). ai hn trong nang #8 a0 ‘thanh nhan tiép hop nhj boi; Nhin nbj béi trong nang giim phin thinh 4 ahia don boi ‘i mdi nhin dom bois ding phin dé cho 8 nbn dom bai, minh s& hin thinh ‘mang bao vi ph ign tinh mt nang bao : ‘Ni vy nang va bio tr nang phttién Wr si non vi nhigu soi moan phi tién to ra mgt bao nang vach diy chia ahicu nang hen tong va nhieu bao nang nim rong ‘ntti Kin e6 vich gm nhigu pt bo gos I i ho te (periian) teong dng ae ‘mt tai ban iu gua cho thé qua cua bao nang goi 18 Te nang thé Clestothccum). [Nang chia 8 blo tr nang vi kh bio nang trudmg than thi vo nang va v8 bo rang nim tong Ti nang thé vi kh nio Ti nang thé vr ra thi bot phong thich ra ben ngod Bio tirnang: M&i bo tir ed dung inh Khodng $ jm, vo bi tr 66 mgt dai ming bén ngoai +a mdi bo trang ndy mim cho me kuin ty méi * Giding [Chi] Penicitium é hon 100 Iodi dupe mi ti tong giéng nay, Penicilfum ob nhitg de di chung v6i Aspergillus ung ching o6 nhag die thi 63 khign cho nhigu aki phn Toaixép ching ring hay dat én Khe nhu Talarompces, Carpemtles. Penicillium dic tng cho gidng mie xan, ching thutmg «ten v6 edy eb mi rh mai vi niéw Toate cy Khe, da vi nbiéu Topi thie an Khic. Pent-lium hotatum ti toi tng hop penicillin gidp ich cho, con nguti, Peni grseotdvum tng hap ariseofulvin la mt lagi thie tf ném; nhigu Tosi pho-mai len rien Penicillium camenberi vi Pencilium requefortinbumg. cing c6 nhitng lot tim he bing ti ely ahs Pentium digitanum, P. dalicum vr P. expan. Tei cy 06 ak 1 pho-mai 2 sin phim rt th hit bio te Penieia trong kone ki Khuin ty eta Penicillium phan nhinh, aia Khuin fy e6 vich ngin ngang vi ‘gay chinh kin ty ny c® kh ng ap th chit din ddng dé tg ra cong bite va inh blo ti; Mai té bio thutmg'c6 mt akin chung nhieu khi o6 nhimg t8 bio o6 nhiéu ‘han, mdi dog khs y 6 th pt ign thinh spi Khun ty mi (hin 4.12). Sink sin ¥8 tn Penicillium sinh sin v6 tinh vbi cong bio tr via dinh bio tir, egng bio tired thé {khéng phan nhanh, phiin nhinh bac 1, 2 hay 3... vi tn eng eta cong bao tr lec thé bik, néu cong bio tir Khong phan nhanh thi tin cing li cdc thé binh va ede chubi dinh bio tr gidng nhu cay co vé ca cae hog si néa cn got 1a thé binh ve (metulae), ean (ramus) vi €9 ¥8 (penicillus). Dinh bio ti e6 dang trdn 6 wach ling hay xn xd 32 Gio int Nm hoc Bien sogn: PGs. Ts Cao Nave Dip ‘nhung chi 6 dom nhan nhung eng 6 khi chiing e6 da nhin, Penieiltiam o6 dinh bao ‘ir mang mat xanh de trang va phit tin dé dng boi gid va khOng kh : a conidia coniaia = Phislde hia vhsbink ewe conidiophore ramus in B conisia conidiopnore ‘sé mang toe Bo c conidia phialide é 9 B eoswonon a @ pe @ fi Hinh 4. 12. Nie» Penicillin vi cong bio tt, dink bio ti, edn, thé binh v8, th binh (Sharma, 1998) Sin sn hu tinh 3 _ Gio tink Nn he - lon sopn: PGs. Ts Ca Nie Dip Chi c6 mbt vai loa wong ging nay eb sinh sin hw tinh nu Pentium verniculatum, Peniciium stipitatum Khudn ty chi nhtmg bio don nn phit wién thin ti nodn don nn, i noan 'kéo diva phn chia nigu Lin 4 cho ra khoang 64 nhan, Ang hoi, me ide tng phittién vi quia ly ti nan da hin 4 (hinh 4.13) mycelium ascogonium a phing unt 0 si sterile hyphae cells hing 60 Vi nhng téhiohi Wi inh 4.13. Sinb sin hit tinh & nim Penicillium vermiculatus (Sharma, 1998) ilu cia hing eo dim xuyén vio nodn phong, ciing Kic no&n phdng thinh lip viich an dé chiara tg bio chia hai nbn, ola pong sinh sin abide tong hing co (digu niy cho thy hing eo phit nig vin Khing ¢6 tie dung) Tirnhng té bao nh boi cia nod phong phit rin thin soi nod kn trong se nos ‘hin cit vit hinh thin nhigu nang bén rong. Nhigu tic gié khéng quan sit qui trinh {hye si hep aban vi giam pin him hai nha eas mG moda pong pha hop a thanh 18 hio oh boi tong cie nang va nh tip hop ny pha ti gua pai don gist phn 34 Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs Ts. Cao Nave Dp 448 tgo thanh 8 nang bao ni trong mdi nang: Nang c@ hinh gin tron va vach nang sé vo «4 phéng bito tir nang nm trong Tir nang edu, mdi bio tir nang néy mim cho ra mot hun ty mei Bang 4.1. Sy diém thi bit chinh gta nim Aspergillus vi Penicillium 1 Gibng Aspergillus Gibng Penicitivm 1 [Cong bio ti hing phn chia va | Cong bio tr phn chia vi 66 viet ngan Kg o6 wich ngin ngang gang 2 | Cong bao tir phitwiém tr moe & bio | Cong bio tr phat wién tr mot vai Bao 01 lab bao chin ca kuin ty, Khdng 6 0 bo hn 3 | Méi. cong bie tir mé rong trong mot | Til Khéng hinhthinh 6 du cong bdo te tui un dia ‘A phd ign than co v8 4 | Can King ign eign bén dui 8 [ Cin hign ign bén dud thé bin inh | Dinh bio Wining thin eb miu | Dinh bio red mia xan le ving, nu, don 6 | Vieh cia Tirnang clu diy “Vich eta tirnang clu mong hon 7. Lap Pyrenomycetes Lop ny €6 4 bd Erysiphales, Meliocales, Coronophorales vi Sphacriales, ong 146 2.6) Erysiphales va Sphaeriales quan trong sé dupe md ti dui day: 19 Eysiphales Ho Erysiphaceae * Gib [ci] Ensiphe Ging niy gay ra bgnh dm phin (powdery mildews) trén nhigu log ely trong 4 big li hia mi Ergsiphe graminis), dia pea (Erysiphe polygoni) vi dua (Ezysiphe cichoracearum); gidng niy 6 khuin ty phit tién tén U8 bio bigu bi cia ciy chi, Khun ty gbm nhimg dogn nein, don niin ¢hink 4.14), tir dy ching an siu, phan hint vio trong nhu md dé lly chit dinh dung, Tir diy, nhigu cong bio we phittrién trong 2-3 ngly 48 inh thanh ede dah bdo tt nn rn gibug mot lop bul phn dé phat tin theo gi. Dinh biota sy phin dogn Khuan ty vi don nn, 6 hinh dang gin ‘rn va chia dén > 70% lung nude nhumg kit 8p Ky chit thich hop thi ching nay ‘mim dé ding ngay trong digu kign im d@ rit thi (hinh 4.15). @. Sinh sin hu tinh 8s i nN = in san PGT Con Nae Dp inh the sinh sin how in ein am ny thug xay ea vig cubi ma: hi ht ee loi a ng tin, chic vii fod Hd ta. Khu ty phat rén thin nin de ‘iptv co quan sinh dye (hnh 4.16); Co qua sinh dye T va gin nue pitti song song hay trae su mg chit ahi un In i Gt v6 nas a phn da co ‘quan sinh dyc I va E tigp xtc véi nhau théng qua mot 16, nhan vi mét s6 48 bio chit ‘cua tai due chuyén sang tii nodin va su tiép hgp 2b} phin nay xay ra, ope Nee hasan hyana channel embody of ost onopast naan mimbrane Vousius ‘Minh 4, 14. Sy phit trién cua nim Erysiphe tren té bio bidu bi 16 Sharma, 1998) . ee 56 Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts Cao Nave Dp Hinh 4.15. Sy sinh sin v6 tinh eta nim Enysiphe tgo ra dinh bio tie nbur byl phin (Sharma, 1998) Ascogonium = noan phing, peridium = v6 ti bio tr, ltstotheeium = ti nang thé Minh 416, Sin sin how tinh & nim Esiphe ageregata(A.~ F); Te ang eu oi Erysiphe polygoni (Sharma, 1998) 37 Gi ink Nm ho = Bien sogn: PG. Ts. Ca Ne Dip Sau 46 cde nang gia ting kich thude va si hoa hyp han A& hinh than) nhan hop tr 2n NSTXsynkaryon), nhan hop tr gidm phan riding phn dé eubi eing cho ‘a8 nang bio he chirn NST. S6 luong bao te thay itr 2d 8 ty mbt la: Ce thé sinh de phat trién lon din thinh mét ti, bong diy goi li Tie nang cit v6i 6 dn 10, 1p té bio 6 mau nd xm de thir nh Eye graminis, sho do lop vO dy Tir nang cu 66 thé eu dung qua subt mia dng va khi gp ky chi thieh hgp thi mb bie tie nang phéng thich te nang ciw s& tao ra mgt &ng mim va nhanh ching phittién ‘think mOt khudn ty non, theo Moseman va Powers (1957) bio tr nang cua Erysiphe _graminis 66 thé sng s6t dén 13 nam, 1B9 Sphacrales ‘Dac diém cia b9 14 thinh gp nang bao e616 no (ostiotate) Hi Sordariaceae ‘Bio nang dgng chai e6 mau niu sim, 16 no do nang duge nd in i moe soi (periphyse), bao te nang cb mau nia xm khi chin, e6 cht ny, trong by nay 66 siding Neurospora li dién hinh cho ho. * Ging [Chi] Neurospora Giéng niy khong lp gi voi cde nhi Nam ho, di rayén hge vi sin hod bee, vi 6 duge ding dé nghitn ciu vd che qui hut di ruyén cht pho bida nay ebn gol “Drosophila cs Thye vt, nh né ma eae di tuyén hie tim ra moe nbn Boi La KHOA HOC BON BOI (Haploid Science). Ti Neurospora ma ng ta dra tuyét “One gene - one enzyme" a aS BFoMie~ oo 2 ee — css be seen 4 Sk rae | ascus ae i) cogonium woe ERE pon NS tn 58 Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts. Cao Nape Dip Hinh 4.17, Sinh sin v6 tinh va sinh sin how tinh 6 nim A 1998) surospora crassa (Sharm, Neurospora ¥i loti nim hoi st, ching 66 mit Khip mi noi (2,1, da, Ling, i), de big l trén binh mi nhs Neurospora crassa tgo ra logi mbe xim, dd (N. sitphila), [hui ty phn nbn, da bio (hinh 4.17), eng tra cong io ti phi ahaa mt sé lin dinh bio tir e6 miu xim, hinh bau dye, a nhin e6 kich thage Kon nén goi Ii a bio tir dink (macroconidia); Logi dinh bdo Wr tiéu (mieroconidia) obn gi i giao ie T (spermatia), chai dai va tiéw din bo tie ny mim dé ding. trén eo chit dé cho ra g's Khan mi. @ Sinh sin vO tinh Nim niy sinh sin vO tinh véi ahting dogn Khun ty din bao i hn 4.17) 4. Sin sin ou tnh Sin sin hu tinh v6i giao We edn e6 eo quan sinh dye B vigu bidw vii iba bio nang (prooperthecium) hay hank (bulid): Trongtién bio nang, eée khuin ty ign két voi mot tai nedin da nhén (multinucleate ascogium) tgo ra mot cong da: goi la ding nodn bao (ichogyne), cde gino ti T bim dinh vio 6ng nodn bio va chi mt gio {iT vio dng noan bio ngay ip te vich tbo ita gio tv dng no bie tan ra ‘a nh ea giao tr Tdi chuyén vdo dng nod bio, su dé thin lip nodn bio aj bt 48 ir diy phat tién think nang. Trong tring hop cia Neurospora erassa kg hinh thinh thé dj nh (heterokaryon) bv hign omg hop nbn ita mgt dng noln bio cia mgt dong nly v6i mt thé v9 sinh (din bio tr knGog mang gen) cla dng thi 2, én goi ld hign tugng dj ahin gidi han (cesuited heterokaryoss), nguge lal @ [Neurospora ttrasperma, thé a nin hinh thin gia bai dinh bio wv dng nain bio cia hai dong mang gen ddi xing goi Ht higa tigmg dj nhdm vd han (unrestricted heterokaryosis). Ti notn chia nhimg nodn bio va hinh thinh mot nang dre chai ‘on, tod, di sang miu xdm voi mot bao nang nhy dang chai e6 med nho tén, ben tong chia nhing nang vi mai nang chia 8 bio te nang vi 4 bio tr nang tet bigu cho 1 gen cia 1 ding va ning nang bio w dé ding bung ra kot nang nhung ching ed tp tung bén trong bio nang va kh nd I6 mig chai me ra 8 phn thich ‘ang bio te niy ra ngodi khong kh, ndy mm nba ching trong ca chat ‘Tied hinh anh trong chuong niy déu dupe trich tr cuén sich “Textbook of Fungi” do 0. P. Sharma, 1989 bign soan 39 Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts. Cao Nape Dip Chuong 5: Nganh phy NAM DAM (Basidiomycotina = Lop Basidiomycetes) ic trmg ciia nginh phy nay 1a thinh Ip bao tir dam (basiospore) li bio tie _siim phan va thanh Ip bén ngodi co quan to bio tt goi la DAM (basidiurm) 1. Dic tinh téng quat 1. Cie loai nd thuge nginh phy nay sng trong At, hos sinh hay ky sinh, Nhém ogi sinh ey mtr ching lam mue ey. nhom hy sinh gy nh ey H, me 2. Nam ny chi sng tn ky chit thye vat trong ty nig 3. Khuin ty phin nhinh, phat trién vi ¢6 vach ngin ngang, em su, vio trong ky chi dé hi chit dinh dudng, ching e6 mau eam, ving... hua ty 6 s0 ep, thi cp. 4, Vieh té hi cau to boi ee so chitin va glucans vi moi lgn ket 1.3 va 16 HD slucosyl 5, Cie soi Khun ty quin chit vio nhaw tao nh mot hinh ding cia cay (hizomorph 6. Sinh sin v6 tinh vi dn bi (iia), dogn Khun ty va mge mam 7, Khing e6 eo quan sinh dye dfe bigt, hop min ehi i sy tip hop dinh dusng (somatogamy) hay stip tinh (Spermatization) 8. Dic tinh bio tir la nhiig dm bio ti, ching phit tién mgt DAM, dim o6 th Léng 66 vich natin ngang (holobasidia) hay e6 veh ngin ngang (phragmobssidia), lun ludn 66 4 bio ti dam trong mot dim, mai dim bao tr e6 mae nn va ny mam gay trong khuan ty du tn, 9. Vé mat kinh té, nginh phy NAM DAM vim gy hai vita hit ich wi hig trigu ‘tn hoa mau bj hai bi binh #7 vi. dm li, ching tin cOng ed eay Jom thye Hin ely img hung e6 nhom 6 ich nhir céc loai nim an nhw nim tring Agaricus bisporus, Volvarielia volvaria véi trén 300.000 tn cung ep cho con nguéi nhung cdng 26 loai dim e6 d6e W, 1, bo tr cia A (arthrospore), bo te viek ming 2. Khun ty ya hop nhan (nhin kép) ‘C6 3 loai khudin ty bic 1, bite 2 va bile 3 2.1. Khuiin ty b§e 1 Ching phat trién tr syndy mim cia mot dam bio tt, gm nhtmg 18 bio dem ‘ahdn con goi la déng nhin (homokaryon), tuy nhign trong giai doan khudn ty da nhin sau d6 phin chia ede vich ngan ngang dé thin té bio dom nhan; Dam khong bao gid phttrién én Khuain ty Bde 1. 88 Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts Cao Nave Dp 2.2. Khun ty bie 2 va nhiin kep Khun ty be 2 gdm nang t& bio nin kep vi phat trién boi sir hap mh cia 2 iio don nhin. Trong nhig Todi dj tn, 16 bio hep nin khi.nhdmg khusin ty bie 1 tia nhtng lai Khe nhau nhung 6 taimg hop dng tan (homothallic) thi sy hop nin ‘xy ra gia ai khuan ty ta hai Khudn ty bc 1. Qu trinh phoi hop cua khudn ty bc 1 48 thin kth ty bf 2 hay nh kép api nin kép hos (dkaryotzation hay aj bi hod (dipoiization), Bim bao tirbasidiospores Oy bao tir vich ménwidium primary mycelium] hua Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts. Cao Nape Dip Minh $.1. Qui tiah nhs kép @ ném Bam (A -F),khudn ty thi cp to ra DAM va BAO TU’ DAM (Sharma, 1998) [hin kép hod trong nginh phy Basidiomycoting 66 thé xy ra tr sy hop nhin cis lL XG bio dinh dtm cia bai Khuda ty xuitpht wr Khudn ty bie 1 cha ha ding Khe nha hinh 3.1) Ha dim bo tet hai ddng ke naw ‘M6t bao tir vach mong cia dang A va mot te bio cua khudin ty bic 1 cua dong B Mék bio tr dam ny mim va mo tbo dom boi cia me dam Hai é bo dam boi cda mgt dim Hai day hin chin sw my mim ea bio ts than (smut spore) eis dng Av kp cit ks ty bie hai phin chia d8 tgo ra nnimg t8 bio nhin kép tir ‘sy phin eit dng thai ciia hai nhin; Dam phat tign tie ahiing t€ bao nin kip ita Ih ty niin kep, 2.3. Khudn ty bac Khan ty bje 2 cia mt sé nm Bim tién hoa sé tgo ra dim nang (basidiocarps) ‘291 8 Khun ty bge 3 3. Tao méu (Clamp connection) Miu duge hinh thant trong hiw hét sudt su phn chia té bao Khun cia Khun ty bac bal ‘la nginh nay, n6 hin tint trong thong thudng moe & bio phin chia trong khuan ty bj gigi gn d& than 1 bao hoa chinh. Sy hinh thanh mau tri qua de bude sau (hin 5.2): ing lie wi phn ehia é bo sin képs® xu ign ma dogn i git ai nin X vf ¥, dognhinh hanh nur mt eal MAU Nhin Y di chuyén ra ngoai va tao thanh mt MAU Nhin X va ¥ dng thoi pin chia Nh via phn chia trong miu va nn X’ vim duge phn chia tén v8 phis than ¥", nha trong miu tgp hop vi nn X. Sy hinh think vich t€ bio 48 ngtn chia git hai nin X vi Y v6i hin X° vi "hin chia w blo me v8 té bdo con, TE bio com vi hai nin X° vi Y" én ra phi tae, DAM (Basidia) 60 Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts Cao Nave Dp 4.1. Céu trite ‘Dam 1a mor b9 pho, co quan hay moe té bio nim; mang mt s6 bot dim én be ‘mt cia nb. S6 bo ut dm ny dug hin thin ede base sau: hep & bio chat va hop shin (karyogamy) ri giim phan vi sb bio te dam fa 4. Tuy nhidn, chi Dacrymyces va Calocera e6 mbi dim chi chita 2 bio tr dim. Theo Talbort (1954), mBi dam c6 thé chi lim 3 pin: ~ TIEN DAM (Probasidium), noi nhin sé phn chia 2 TAM DAM (Metabasidium), noi nhan 8 giam phn + CUONG (Sterigma), phn trung gan gta hai tn ‘Thong thyme DAM 06 dang blu dung hay hin thin chink 5.3), ‘inh 5.2. Qué tra thinh lip mt MAU trong mét Khun ty (Sharma, 1998) ol Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts Cao Nave Dp saul /\\ inh 53. Cie loai DAM (Sharma, 1998) 4.2. Cie loai Dam (C6 hai logi dim duge ee nh Khon hoe eGing nh, di = TOAN DAM (Holobasidium) : dm khéng 5 1. chi ld mot té bio dom de = VACH DAM (Phralomabasidium) li mt dm e6 nhiga tf bio kéo dai, khing cd _véch ngin Mai vich dim chia mot 1 vi wi dl tién phhin chia goi SIN DAM (4ypobasicium) va sau nay li NGOAL DAM (Epibasiium) 43. Phat trién cia mot TOAN DAM. a i win Nim in sane PG. Ts Con Nae Dp | __Bam hinh dn vt phi wid tong thé c6 mG Kp bao bén ngoa go Is BAO ‘TANG (Hymenium) (hth 54) Sl inh $4, Cie gi dogn phat tin eda mgt TOAN DAM (Sharma, 1998) Mit sé té bio ciia bio ting phat trién thinh mét DAM, thing thrimg té bio sé tao nén mgt mu ri kgo di ra sau d6 na tgp hop 5 tén inh giam phi cho ra 4 nkin don ‘bi vi phittrién tinh 4 dim bao ti 44, Sy phat trién cia VACH DAM Ri vi muGi than (smut) chia nhing vich ddim, mot véch dim trong then phi trién véi sy ndy mim eia mot bio tr ah boi e& vie diy, chung quanh ed mt lip té ‘bio nh bai cia mot khusn ty (nh boi): Hai nha trong met bao tr phi hop than mot thie hop tir ubj bOi. Bao tr nay mim y6i mot dng mim hay moc ngoci dim (cpibasidium). Trong giai doan nay, vi tri hinh thanh dau tién cta bio tr due soi NOLDAM (Hypobasidium); nin nj bi tién nh gidm phan than 4 nin dom boi 194 di ehuyén vio trong mot ngog dim, sau d6 phin dogn thin 4 bio don 0 ia ngoai im phat trén mt cudng (strigma) va ti du mai cudng phat rin mit dim bio ti 5. BAO TU DAM (Basiospore) 8 idan Non he Btn sop PG. Te. Ca Ne Dip 8.1. Hinh thi Bio tr dtm c6 clu tric don bi nhumg cd mgt sé gidng Ii chia dén 2 aban vi trong ho Dacrymaceae, bio tdi khéng e6 vich nein (Rei, 1974). Bio w dim ob hinh edu, bau dye, cai... wr nhiGu miu sic Khe nhau abe ‘ng, xanb, tm, ni, hay khong ma va veh trom lang. S8 hagna ba ti dm dupe 0 ra tir mot qua the rt Kin vid nrg nim Agaricus campertrisc6 dn 1,8 W bio dim trong 2 ngiy hay trung binh 40 trigu bao tir’gi’, Hinh 5.5. Mo hinh teu biéu cia mot BAO TU DAM cit ngang (Sharma, 1998) Phin gde dy ciin m6t bio te dim goi la TE (hilum\hinh 5.5), ké én trén 1a PHU TE (hilar appendix), Theo Pegler va Young (1975) vich bio. ti dam gdm 66 $ NGOAI Bi BAO TU (ectosporium), NGOAI KE Bi BAO TU (perisporium), TUNG. BI BAO TU (exosporium), NOI KE BI BAO TU (episporium), vi NOL BI BAO TU (cndosporium), ot . Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs Ts Cao Nape Dip Lop ngodi thi sin sti, lop gita khong mau va bao tr dim non chi e6 2 lop: NGOAI BI va NOL Bi dén khi trudng thanh thi phat trién 5 Kop, 5.2. Co ché phéng thich cia bio tir dim Nhigu co ché duge 42 ng nhumg mhiéu nha Khoa hoe dng ¥ ca ché 30NG BONG hay BOT bit ngudn tr phu rin, Theo Buller (1909, 1922), bong bong ban di ta dung deh (hnh 55) va tng keh tue fin Kn cho dn ki dt bio te At ngOt khi cong nén edn goi la BONG BONG BULLER. 'Nitmg nghign ci cia Wells (1965) di kin hign vi dign tr cho thay bao bn godt gigt dung dich 46 la mgt lop ming cia cufng va chinh nhing dp hve cia cubng ‘bao miy 3B lam bao tie dim phéng thich thé nhumg thoo Olive (1964) va Ingold va Dunn (1968) cho ring ah giot ny thay’ vi i dung dich li Tiki CO2 vi ah 26 bung ra dé ding mang theo cic bio ti dim, co ché ny 06 tén PHONG THICH NO (explisive cischarge). Theo van Niel viet (1972), got bong béing ny e thé aki eb ‘thé li dung dich va ca hai déu rat dé dang gitip cho bao tit phéng thich ra ngoai. Phan logi Ainsworth (1973) chia nganh phy nay thinh 3 lép sau: 1. Lip Telomecelet ¢ Khing ob bia dim va thay thd bing bio tc ch dy (chlamydspore) iu bau a gidng Pnocina va Ustlago 2. Lip Hymenomyestos : ob bio dim vi tien bibn 1, gil Agericar vi Vobvarilla 3. Lép Gasteromyestes:e6 bio dam L6p Teliomycetes Tieu biéu cho lop nay 14 nim Ri sit (rust) vi mui than (smuts) ky six the vat BO Uredinales| Hg Puceinaceae (bio tr dong [teliospore]) 6.1 Giéng [Chi] Puccinia * Puceinia graminis Nim nay thue nim ky sinh bit buge tn cdy hong thye v6i hon 700 Toi Nim Puccivia graminisc6 chu ky sink trudng trén 2 ky chi khée nhau (lia mi va dau (Berberis vulgaris), bing 88 0 ra vét gt st ten Ia (hinh 5.6) nung giai dean nh (Gpi cia vaing O54 den dy Sn Kim tl (Hoh 527). ‘Bio tir ri (acediniospore) la li mgt chu trie cudng phit tri thin thé hin bau de, elu trdn, mbi bio te chia 2 nhin vb bao bing met lio v6 diy, tr $0.090 dén {60.000 bio ti trong dim bio tire (usedinium), Cae dam bio tide tm thiy én th, 1 ia mi ma, dn, . Tir mst bio Ui i my mim va cho t mot bdo We dim, mdi owe dim o6 ela tne ho, dom nin dom Bi viching dé ding bay vio tong king Ki 65 Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts Cao Nave Dp Hinh 5.6. Cae dm ri sit trén li vit than 1da mi (A va B) trén li du (C via DYSharma, 1998) + Chu kj sinh trumg cia nim Puccini gramind Pucca graminis wy a st rn Iv tin Wi mi oil ky chit vd by dia ‘thm (Berberis vulgaris) la ky chi 2. Chu ky sinh trudmg 06 5 giai dean trong dé 3 giai dogo g én ha mi vi 2 gia dogn sau 6 ey ut. G trén fda mi chi gm khuan ty nhj b6i, khudn ty phat trién trén li va 8 to ra cde bo dg (eliospore), 6 wach day va ing thutng o6 dang gin wn va hittin tong khng kh cOng nhw sing sit Kh a. Khi bo dong ny mam cho ra {ic dim bao taut ph ur dogn sinh dm (hypobasidia) rb goa hinh Ong di. got Bk NGOAI DAM (epibasidia), nhain nhj boi di chuyén vio ngoai dim roi phan chia thanh 4 nin don boi tong dm bio tt va ph in trong khong Kh nung nb Khong ny ‘mim tén hia mi vehi miy mam tren cy di tim vi én I ca cy du 6 chit inh dong cin tht cho bio ti dem ny mim va pit tn, ‘Gag ey ds tim, bo tr dim igo thin ci i bdo ti phn (spermaforium). Bo Ustilaginales 66 Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts Cao Nave Dp Ho Ustilaginaceae 6.2 Gidng [Chil Ustilago Ging ny com 400 loi y sin én the vit vs hu ht due bo Graminae vi CGyperaceoe rong de 6 nie cay gg thu quan wong: Tigu chime the hig it 1a eng ey ra bénh MUOL THAN tr ht voi nha bo te than tong mete boe ‘6 vO mong va khi gid thOi manh thi boc v6 ra phong thich bao tir vao trong khéng khi thinh $3). fusty patches vei: (wredinia) host ca =~ sa bo nce i h inh 5.7. La va thin tia mi ohim nim Puccinia graminis vi eée dam bio ti dong (A-C), mot vai dam bao tir dong (urediniospore) niy mim véi mot 6ng mim xuyén vito niu mi lué mi (D ~ F)(Sharma, 1998) or Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts Cao Nave Dp inh $8. Trigu ching nhiém bénh mudi than do Usiilago gy ra wén fia mi (A - B), tuen bap (C), un lia kiéu mach [oat)(D), ten lia mach (E), wen c6 ei [Grnodon dactston)(F), tra mia dudng (FXSharma, 1998) Khun ty iin nbinh,e6 véch mean ngang, ¢6 2 Topi Khun ty: khudin ty so ef i hang khuan ty hin than tse ny mim cua dm bao we véi nhimg té bho chi ca ‘mt nhin dom bai vi viy khuin ty ny edn goi li khudin ty don bi (monokaryotic ‘ycelum), ching chuyén sng khusn ty th cip hay fa ehét, khudn ty thie edp cira ‘hin nh bi vi thm gap & ky chu, Khun ty niy com goi li Khun ty aj Bi (cikaryotic mycelium), : (Qu tinh chuyn tr Khuda ty don b6i sang khusin ty nbi bi cin goi I hig twomg hj b6i hod (diploidiation ~ dikaryotizaton) trong 46 2 akin eda 2 dng Khe nba trong té bao don b6i bat cap dé thanh 18 bao nhj béi, qué trinh nay xay ra dud: nhieu inh ee sa 1. Phoi hop gia 2 khudin ty so cip cia 2 dng khée nhau (hinh 5.9) nh ting hop stag mays 2. hoi hop gia dng tr 2 dam bio tr ndy mim nu trximg hop U: anthem 3. Phoi hop gita té bio dom boi 44 Phéi hap cia moe dim bio we cia 1 dng vt dng mim et dng khic nhw teuimg bgp U:harded ‘5. Phi hop 2 dim bio tt tr i im bio ti phim nhurtnaém hop U: nuda 6. Phoi hgp eta damm bio ur vi 118 bio dim bao tr te dng Khe nr tring hop U. violacea 68 Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts Cao Nave Dp aoe i c 0D Q finh .9. Nhing tring hop nhj dpi hoa cia Usiilago nhur 6 U, maydis (A, 6 U. anthearum (B}, 6 U. hordei [C-D], @ U. muda [E], 6 U. violacea [F|(Sharma, 1998) ++ nh sin 6 Usdllago maydis (gly buh than bp) hun ty nh nh boi ten pip tye ny ehdt tren ti ip tgo thn ee KHOI 5.10), ki ci khan ty thir cp phittrién ci dim bio tr ing hinh thinh v6i ce dang ef, tron vich diy, hai nan dom bgt hop thanh mgt nbn nh Bi sau dete bio tt ny ny mim cho ra mgt Ong dai goi i TIEN KHUAN TY (promyeelium), ‘kin nb bp di chuyén vio trong tén Khun ty vi phan chia think 4 shin dm gi, shin cia moi t8 bio fign Khun ty phn chia think 2 nn con, mot di vio ckdi ben canh vi mét vin edn 6 Iai té bio chi, chdi s® phit ign thinh dim bio tr, eb nhin trong té bio chi tigp te phan chia cho chai thir hai, thi ba... Bm bio a tet, bau due, vo ming chia mt nin don bi vi kh ndy maim cho mgt uaa ty dan bi than bio tr dé bj nude nding lam hu, chi ein mu dm 26°C den 30°C trong 4-5 git hay 54°C trong 10 phit sé lam cde bao tr mt 9 ny maim (ch) vi vay edn ngim hot ging trong nude dm, sach dé phong nga céc logi nim nay. Ngo ra cbn {ng ding bign php ky Khi dé ede io tr khding thé hip va mat Kha nang nay msm, Lap Hyphomycetes ‘ly hi ip lim nbit trong nginh nay, bio dim phat trig tét mbit. Ba 36 ae loi trong lap nay li oat sin, mts rt tlh ky sinh, Bo sr dm ehin 1a bdo # bank (ballstopore) Lip niy chia Kim 2 lop phy sau: 1. Lép plu Holobasidiomycetidae 2. Lép phy Pheamabasidiomycetidae o Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts Cao Nave Dp ‘Minh 5.10. Chu ky sinh trudmg eda nim Usitlago mapas (Sharma, 1998) Lop phy Holobasidiomycetidae 06 6 b9 trong 46 b9 Agaricales a quan trong nbd 9 Agaticales 185 nay e6 nhiing die diém nhur e6 vi dai (pileus) khdc nbau (hinh 5.11}; trong 46 sinh sn v6 tinh v6i nhimng dim va bic tr dim hign dign trong mét qua thé goi la bio dim (basidiocarp), tuy nhign sy phin nhnh vOi nig rink (gill) va cong 66 nnhing ving (ring) va néi v6 phn cui cia egng e6 mot bao (volva. 0 Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts Cao Nave Dp leus dl ba pileus sete er. young , sporophore 7 rs ri Mink 5.11, Clu tee cia bio dim cia mot 6 lait tube BG ny nh Cepia catramentarius (A), Agaricus compestris (B), m6 hinh tiéu biéu cia mit bio dim vi bao dug m6 (Sharma, 1998) [Nam 6 2 logi an diye va khGng an due; lopi nim n duge e6 nhigu chit dinh dong ‘Gi nhigu protein va vitamin eOng them nhting huomg vi dae tug. Ho Agaricaceae 6.3 Gidng {Chi Agaricus campestus Kun ty so cp 18 khuin ty ngin, khong veh ngan, bio ti dam dom ti ny smdim cho ra nhimg Khudn ty abidu nhao, Sw phoi hap 2 Khun ty so cip cia 2 dong ‘hie nhau d8 tgo ra khuin ty thi cp inh 5.12), ching phat tignthinh NU tknots) ‘Gi nhomg Khan ty dang ef (ehizomorph) bén did va ie diy ching phat wie thanb aqua thé . Kinin ty thi ep b§c 1 06 thé thanh Khun ty thi dp be 2 va tém sinh trong dit itl, © Sinh sin v8 tinh: rit hig ° Sinh sin hau tinh ‘rong nhém ny khong c6 eo quan sinh dye, diém chink eta gidng nay 1a DI ‘TAN, su tigphgp cia 2 Khuan ty cia 2 dng Khe nhgu Aéhinh thinh Khudp ty thie cp; tie diy phat trién thinh ny voi nhing khudn ty ré bén dad va phat tiga than hg qua thé vi nhtng nh hen dud (ill) va ki qu thé bung dit Ki cfc rn in ‘vik ed mg wong bén dud cong. Ki qua thé bung dle ds bio Atm 42 chi, néu ct qua thé ra, ching ts thy ‘ip hop va bo chit eva ning khan ty va cde inh o& 3 vong khie nas 1 Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts Cao Nave Dp 1 epiorors ‘ ‘inh 5. 12. Vong di cia nim Agaricus campestus (Sharma, 1998) Ving try (tama) gdm ning Khun ty b6 chat theo mot cig nha dinh vt in eting la pin di (pileus) Ving git (subhymesium) eta rn, 6 dy khuan ty ¢6 nhigu nh ni bi Ving ngodi (hymenium) cia inh, chia mot hey nhigu lop t€ bio €6 nin nh bi va tin cing gdm nhiing té bio sinh sin goi la DAM (hinh 5.13) n Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts Cao Nave Dp piles ina ome ‘Quarter lengt ail ity, att So ength HP Ya length A ai (ryemeniuen cho di a cia subhymenium 2 hhymenium subhymeniom Hinh 5.13. Céu tao bén trong cita bio dim cia Agaricus campestus (Sharma, 1998) AM ta nhng «bio dan nhin nj bgt do sy két hop tr ah dom sau d gid ‘hin thinh 4 nhin don b9i vi sy phin chia 2 git kde nhau 6 giai dogn nay vi 2 bao fie dim Ii dng + vi 2 li ding = , tn cig cia dim Ii sy phit wrién thinh 4 cong (stigmata) vi nin dam bid chuyén vio 4 cong niy vi cud etng egg 8 pit tein tinh blo tr dim theo nguyén tic PHONG THICH NO vi bao ti dim nay mim cho rm 1 khuln ty so cip cia dong hay dong -. 2B Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts. Cao Nape Dip 4 Gio inh Nm hoe Bien sogn: PGs. Ts. Cao Nape Dip Chuong 6: Ngiinh phy Nim Bit Toin (Deuteromycotina = lp Deuteromycetes) 1. Giéi thigu chung Naiinh phy Deuteromycotina am mot he théng cde nhvim nm bi thigu hoc {dng phat ign duge nbing de dim eta nlm hod chin (isp hop, nang hose de); nhiing nim niy khdng mang bio tir tép hap (zygospore), bio tir nang (ascospore), hoc bio te dm (bio tr dink thir sinh = basidiospore). Nim nay thiéw gia dogn sinh niu tinh trong vong ai nén ngubi ta goi chung 1 nim khén, hod chinh hay dim bt oin” (Imperfect fungi. Cec thé chi sin sin bing inh thie v6 tah, ch. yu i ing hao ir din (conidia) pt trig tren cxdng bio te dinh(conidiophores. Sutton (1973) dé nghj Deuteromycotina nhir "ki mot tip hop ede kigu nim sinh sn bang bo te vi dang khang hop nan bai se giam nhigm" 1.1, Bge diém chung - Deuteromyeotina duge m6 14 bei, én 15,000 lait (Ainsworth, 1973) phn em séng tren can; MBt sO. Ién nim bit toin thug sith (latospora, Trcladium, Pyricnlaria im thay trong cd mi tag bién vi nude got, das ce thé hap sinh ode kj sinh 8 nguyen nln gly mgt sé bgah rn he vt va ng VA Ngo tr dang don bao eiéng nh nam men cia Blastomyectes, hi hét it e& Deuteromycotina cn li dee be Khun ty (cmycetium) tht, gm ef a ph tn si, phan abénh va vich ngin sgi nam (hypha) He sgi nim thuimg e6 gian bio hoe ndi bio va, m6 té bt chiang nha, = Vach ngin tn at cd cic loai duge khio sit hu nh ging v6i Ascomyeuina.c6 mgt tng gia mi veh i ~ Hoan toan khéng c6 sinh sén hitu tinh, sinh sin chit yéu bing dang bao tr die bigt 1a bao 1 di (conidia; ao tI bao we dinh bit dong, phat tién bén ngodcubng ‘ho tr dinh, v8 phan niy thi Deuteromycotina ging nhw Ascomycotina, Bao te dinh 6 hinh dang, Kichthée, mi se thay di... 6 e6 thé tong sit hoje 6 wr se thay di, dan nha hoge da nh, ©, ich nin neang, doc hods Khng; NO 6 thé 6 inh tring (ova), thudn di, inh elu, dang sao, dang hot cong, dang sq, hish da, dang cugnxoan hay nhing dang khic Bio ted dg sn ne i i cudng bo tt hoge i mt wi kiguthé qu ns ‘bo sqfi bio tt (synnema) (hinh 6.1), eym cudng bio tir (arcevulus) (hinh 6.2), g6e em bo ti dinh (sporodochium) hoe ti bdo ti phn (pycnidium). Nhdng thé qud iy 1a ‘cdc mo mém gid trong pham vi noi bao tir duge sinh ra, Sutton (1973) phait hign chi c6 3 Kida thE qua it bio ws phn, cum eudng bio we vi lop chat dm (stroma) ~ Gidi tinh d6i ing. Parasenualty) (Gj tinh) duge md eh wen, mo sé Deuteromycotnas dui hign twomg nay, eb inh thanh cde u ich hap cht nguyen sinh, tgp hgp nhs va don bi hos ti mot thei digm 43 big hoe mv i de bist trong vOng doi cia nim, Hign tug nay duge dé cfp mot eich gidn tep boi Pontecorvo vi Roper (1952) vi nhong nghién eiu b} sung cia Pontzcorvo 2B Gio int Nm hoe Bien sogn: PG. Ts. Cao Nye Dp (1956,1958), Davis (1966). Mot vai eso en ngodi cua hign tugng nay bao gom si ‘thanb lp cua hai kiéu nhan (heterokaryotic) (dj hach), sai nim; e6 sy tigp hop nhin va ‘han [én cua nhin Iubag boi, ¢6 sy xay ra phiin bao gidn phén (mitosis), sy "tuyén chon cia nhin hrdg boi vi cubi cing la sy dom bi hod mét vai nhdn luring bGi trong khan gy nid Bao ts ‘Minh 6.1. Mt bs soi bio tir (synnema) eta Arthrobotryum (Sharma, 1998) 4 ito rink Nn = Bion sop PG. T Ca Ne Dip Hinh 62, Nim Collectrchum [A], Fusarium [B], Endoshia (C\Sharma, 1998) 1.2. Thm quan trong Phin Idn ede nim trong nginh Deuteromycotina déu c6 tie ding trye tiép hose git tp a euge stog hag aly son ago esha tats op Hyogo the cnt blot hae bag Aerio gly Ufa 29 Kh ch ce vt ob dy tng ho Solnccne; Friar gy boa do 6a © Na; Clrgspora ty ak dom li & béng vai, thude la, C. apié giy 16 lost ngoai da & ri. Ging Fusarium gy i mia, thi qua cd chua (Fusarium solan), hbi Kh khos ty. hg hanh ‘ie ec thé thude chi Colletosrichum giy bénh loct céy, C. lagenarium giy bénh tht hg bia bi (Shama, 1989; Luong Bie Phim, 2003). D9e tb nim Fuso, ‘ternary ty i quan (0 910, ga 1 og thn ih 2. Phin logi inh dong, kich thude, wich nga, mau sic vas tang ti ci Bio wa iu clin chinh phn ogi Deuteromyeotina, Song song voi vige dm vio inh thi cin tho wth sy pit tin ctia ching (tin vi ki phit tn ph nguyen bio, Kexdrick, 1971, hinh dang vi sy phi sinh cia cudng bio tr diah eng nhs sy ty hop cia cing trong dang thé qui nde din (b6 si blot (ayrnema), eum cudng bio Wi (acevulas), 1 ida rin No he Btn sop PG. T. Ca Ne Dip adc cum bio tt dinh (sporodochium) hoge ti bao te phn (pyenidium) cing la nhing d3e diém phin loa quan trong ‘Ainswoth (1973) chia nginh phy Deuteromycotina the 3 1p = Kin ty Khdng phi rién hoje phi trién yeu; dang ec thé ging nh vicb spniy chibi: Blestomycees = Kui ty thit khong niy choi: soi nm bit due hoge sin bio wi tén cubng, Khngo6 stp tung thin i bio way cum cubng bio tz Hypomycete ~ Kui ty hit; bio ts tp tung tong tii bao tr hoge twin eum cubng bio ti Coelomycees Alexopoulos vi Mims (1979) d dara 3 Kip phy hinh the 1 Blastomycetiae, Hypomyeetiae vi Coslomycetiae 2.1 Lép Hypomycetes 21.1. Bae tinh chung 1. Phin fon ec thé sing hoa sinh teén tg vt hge ksi. 2. Soi mg pit ren man, 6 vic nga vi phan minh, ' 3. Chu yéu sinh in bing bio te (Moniiales) ng mts chi sinh sin bing phn ‘oan (ragmentation) nhs Rhisctonia va Selerotiom 4. Bio ia chting kho oe ny nh, 5. Ca ti bio ar eym cud bo ie dda king 6 rong sinh sn eta RY th nto 21.2. Phin ogi Alexopoulos vi Mims (1979) d8 cing nin 2 b9 hinh thie (Monies vi Agromyeetales) didi phn’ lip. hin thie “Hyphomycetide, cle ci thE cia Hyphomsstes sinh ra Bio ti die dt rong bp inh this Monifales sheng nhimg dang thigu bio tiv sinh sin bing phn doan soi nr thi yet vao bo hich the ‘Agromycctals. ‘jc diém cia bp Moniliales Phin lin ch thé hoa sinh hoge kj sinh va bdo wr cia ching phat wi ain nang sgi nhanh chuyén biét 1a cudng bao tir (sporophore) hoje cudng bio tr dinh (connidiospore), ching duge dé gh thank 4 ho hinh tht (formecass) sau 1. Moniaceae: euing bio ti téch ra tir mg soi ndo dé hode Khdng eb; bio we v8 hg Sa nim trong suétho@c €6 mau sing, dei dién Monta 2. Dematiaceae: bio Ww Va hg soi nim miu sim, Dai dign Altenaria, Currie Cercospora, Helminthosporium, Drechslera 3. Tuberculariacene: bio tt Va euing bio te dinh duge sinh ra te cum eudrg bio ti, Dai din Fusarium. 4. Sibellaceae: bio te Vi 6 ai dign Graphivon. ing ALTERNARIA bao din phi rién tong bo cung bao te inh, * Die diém ‘Nm nim niy kh ph big, & nbd lai oot sinh va gy het timg phn edy ting. Altearia Ii tie ahsn gay ahidm chinh tong nubi ey wong phong thi nghigm 16 | __ Gii tnt Non he Bin soa: POs. T. Can Nave Dip Bio ti cia ching rt phd bién tong but Bim trong nha, trong khong kh vl te nan chinh gay dmg (Hyde va Williams, 1946), mot so bgnh v6 davai vai ri oan nig ‘rong 6 eo thé ngubi Nhieu lai Alernaria ky sin en tye vat. Ten ed cathe thuge bo Solanaceae (hoa! tay), Alternaria cho teiga ching bénh ri sét som bon la Phytophthora infestans (huge lip Ooraycetes, tae nh géy bah vi sé mug (late- bight) 6 khoai ti), chi rigng Alternaria duge goi li “bgnh rset som”. Trig chimg sém cia bénh hing dm no mi ving nu ten sa 4 lan rng go ning vet ‘inh nbn dng tin; Ton b6 phign Ii eudng li, sin Id va dhim chi cd théng mach = ec, ox ; = CConidiophore = cong mang tui bo ti, bud = chi, conidia = bio tr dink, germ tube = ding many, lateral bd ~ ch hing, young conidium = bo tirdiah non Hinh 6.8. 4-F sy phit trgn bio ti dinh ea Alernaria solani G, 2 bao tr oh think hud cia d.brascicae;H, bio tie niy choi cbs 4. brasiicola; J, chibi bi tit phin nih ea d.brascicae: J bio tir nay chai ea 4.brasicicola (Sharma, 1998) idm sodtbgnh that tui . ‘Si lin phign mia vy le loi vi gl es you edt tring: Thude phn tre 151 nit la ogi e6 chira dng hoe kém, eich khoang, 1S nay tong phy vi kigm sot dy phong. Azariah vi eding sy (1962) chit trong sir dung hin hop Bordeux treng khi «46 Mathur vi cbng sy (1971) thi gid tiga phun Zineb va Dithane M-48. . Gidng CERCOSPORA Dae aim Ging nthe Atermaria, Cereospora cling 1a mdt ehi in trong bo Dematiaceae,

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