9-2C Ibis less than the thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle. 9-9C The MEP is the fictitious pressure which, if acted on the piston during the entire power stroke, would produce the same amount of net work as that produced dusiag the actual cycle. 9-13C Stroke is the distance bervveen the TDC and the BDC. bore is the diameter of the cylindes. TDC is the position of the piston when it forms the smallest volume in the cylinder, and clearane= volume is the sinimun volume formed in the cylinder. 9-53C Cutoff ratio is the ratio of the cylinder volumes after and before the combustion process. As the cutoff ratio decreases, the efficiency of the diesel cycle increases. 9-18 The four processes of sn air-standard cycle are described. The cycle is tobe shown on P-v and Ps diagrams, and the net work oumput and the thermal efficiency are to be determined. Assumptions 1 The ait-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potentinl energy changes are negligible. 3 Air isan ideal gas with variable specific heats Properties The properties of air me given ia Table A-17. Analysis (6) The properties of si at various states are From energy balances, Gu Fy “Us ta “fy =828.1-300.19 1098.0 927.9 = $70.1 kd (©) Then the thermal Mesone __ 570.1 eg a 1098 0K ke a=9-42 A gasoline engine operates ox an Otto cycle, The compression and expansion processes aze modeled. as polytropic. The temperature at the cud of expansion process, the net work output, the thermal efficiency, the mean effective pressure, the engine speed fora given net power, and the specific fuel consumption are tobe determuned, _Assumprions 1 The at-standaxd assumptions ate applicable. Kinetic and potential enetgy changes are negligible. 3 Auris an ideal gas with constamt specific heats, Properties The properties of ait a 850K ate = L10KIKgK, cy = 0823 LikeK, R= 0287 Whe K, and k= 1349 (Table A2b), Analysis (2) Process 1-2: polywopic compression Process 4-1: constant votume heat rejection 823 keg K\I339—. Deh 331K =824.8 ke (@ The net work output and the thermal eficieney are 646-824 §=820.9 kJtkg 499 _ 8209 rig Pa-m? ) m4, 4-1/7) (09557 mF kg ht-110)(@) The clearance volume and the total volume of the engine at the beginning of compression process (state Dae vs, _¥,+0.0022m° 10. +4, =0 0002444 m? VY; =V, $V, = 0.000244 + 0.002: 002444 m* ‘The total mass contained in the evlinder is (100 kPa)/0.002444 m*) (0287 kPa-m!ug-K 333K) 002558ke. ‘The engine speed for a net power output of 70 kW is Ton Qsevieele Tobie 605 ~ (0.0 'ke)(820.9 kikg -cycle)\ Imin ‘Nore thar there ae nvo eevoluions in one eyee in four-stroke engines (©) The mass of fel burned during one cycle is 0.002558 kg) —m 1g ~ OOS ESI 0001505 kg Finally. the specific fuel consumption is _™ 1.001503 vce "ORES AENEILTTIDL * Tas | ie |‘An ideal diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18 and a euoff rato of 1.5. The maxizaumn Temperature of the aur and the rate of heat addition are to be determined, Assumprions 1 The air standard assumptions ate applicable. 2 Kinetc and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 Auris an ideal gas with constant specific heats. Propemtes The properties of ait at xoom temperanue are R= 0.287 KPamkeK, cp = 1.005 KKWK, ey =O7ISkUkeK, and £=14 (lable A2a). Analysis We begin by using the process éypes to fx the emperntures ofthe states, = 90 K\18)'*7 =9215K = @2L SKS) =1382K Combining the first law as applied to the various processes ‘with the process equations gives 1st-1 11S 6555 1405-1) 05