Electricity From Water:

Question: Please show how Dam is producing electricity and show all things and devises we need
at the dam also show how water is moving from river to concrete wall toward the turbine and
generating electricity and how distribution to the people houses using alive movie records?
Answer:
Description:
Flowing water creates energy that can be captured and turned into electricity. This is
called hydroelectric power or hydropower. Falling water produces hydroelectric power. The
theory behind this is to build a dam on a large river that has a large drop in elevation.

Introduction to Dam:
A hydroelectric dam is one of the major components of a hydroelectric facility. A dam is a large,
man-made structure built to contain some body of water. In addition to construction for the purpose
of producing hydroelectric power, dams are created to control river flow and regulate flooding.
Dams fall into the category of retaining structures, or structures that are built to create large
standing bodies of water known as reservoirs. These reservoirs can be used for irrigation, electrical
generation, or water supply. These structures are built on top of riverbeds and hold back water,
raising the water level. Dikes can be built along with the dam to increase the dams effectiveness
by preventing water from leaving the reservoir through secondary routes.

Construction and Operation of Dam:

The construction of dams is difficult and labor intensive. Before construction begins, water is
diverted or prevented from moving through the construction site. After water is diverted, the
foundation area is cleaned, excavated, and rock or sediments that will act as the foundation are
repaired and deemed solid. This is done to ensure the rock or sediments won't shift or fail as a
result of the load of the dam and reservoir. Supports known as rock bolts may be used to strengthen
the foundation. Above the dam, rock bolts and netting may be used to prevent rocks from falling
on the dam. Forms are then built along the edges of the dam, rebar is placed inside, and concrete
is pumped in. This is done in sections, and the concrete is poured bit by bit in a block formation.
Once enough of the dam is built, the reservoir is allowed to fill in a highly controlled manner. The
dam is monitored during this process.
Operation: Dams are just one component of a complete hydroelectric facility, but are one major,
visible component in the system. The purpose of a hydroelectric dam is to provide a place to
convert the potential and kinetic energy of water to electrical energy by using a turbine and
generator. Dams act as the place where water is held back and released in a controlled manner
through hydraulic turbines, enabling the mechanical energy of the water to be transformed to
electrical energy.
Typical dams work to create a reservoir where water is stored at a given height. This height and
the rate at which the water flows from the reservoir through the turbines determines how much
electricity can be generated. This can be calculated by using the hydroelectric power equation. As
the height of the dam increases, the amount of electricity generated increases as well. At the top
of the dam is a gate that is used for blocking or allowing the release of water from the reservoir.
This gate is opened or closed to meet electricity requirements. Between the top of the dam and the
turbines are a series of channels known as penstocks that guide the water down and control the
slope of the falling water to ensure maximum efficiency of the dam. Finally, turbines can be
contained in the dam structure itself, and this is where the energy conversion takes place. After the
water passes through the turbines, it is released in a tail race at the bottom of the dam back into the
river.

Generation of Electricity:
The dam stores lots of water behind it in the reservoir. Near the bottom of the dam wall there is
the water intake. Gravity causes it to fall through the penstock inside the dam. At the end of the
penstock there is a turbine propeller, which is turned by the moving water. The shaft from the
turbine goes up into the generator, which produces the power. Power lines are connected to the
generator that carry electricity to your home and mine. The water continues past
the propeller through the tailrace into the river past the dam. The diagram is shown below of above
discussed pattern:
Detailed Information:
Hydroelectric energy is produced by the force of falling water. The capacity to produce this energy
is dependent on both the available flow and the height from which it falls. Building up behind a
high dam, water accumulates potential energy. This is transformed into mechanical energy when
the water rushes down the sluice and strikes the rotary blades of turbine. The turbine's rotation
spins electromagnets which generate current in stationary coils of wire. Finally, the current is put
through a transformer where the voltage is increased for long distance transmission over power
lines. The procedure described here is shown in above figure.
People have used moving water to help them in their work throughout history, and modern people
make great use of moving water to produce electricity.

Working Principle of Turbine and Generator:

A turbine and generator produce the electricity. As to how this generator works, the Corps of
Engineers explains it this way: "A hydraulic turbine converts the energy of flowing water into
mechanical energy. A hydroelectric generator converts this mechanical energy into
electricity. The operation of a generator is based on the principles discovered by Faraday.
He found that when a magnet is moved past a conductor, it causes electricity to flow. In a
large generator, electromagnets are made by circulating direct current through loops of wire wound
around stacks of magnetic steel laminations. These are called field poles, and are mounted on the
perimeter of the rotor. The rotor is attached to the turbine shaft, and rotates at a fixed speed. When
the rotor turns, it causes the field poles (the electromagnets) to move past the conductors mounted
in the stator. This, in turn, causes electricity to flow and a voltage to develop at the generator output
terminals." The described working principle shown below:
Here's how electricity gets to your house:
1) Electricity is made at a generating station by huge generators.
2) The current is sent through transformers to increase the voltage to push the power long
distances.
3) The electrical charge goes through high-voltage transmission lines that stretch across the
country.
4) It reaches a substation, where the voltage is lowered so it can be sent on smaller power
lines.
5) It travels through distribution lines to your neighborhood. Smaller transformers reduce the
voltage again to make the power safe to use in our homes. These smaller transformers may
be mounted on the poles, or sitting on the ground (they’re the big green boxes, called pad
mount transformers).
6) It connects to your house and passes through a meter that measures how much your family
uses.
7) The electricity goes to the service panel in your basement or garage, where breakers or
fuses protect the wires inside your house from being overloaded.
8) The electricity travels through wires inside the walls to the outlets and switches all over
your house.

Q:The disadvantage of dams?

List of the Disadvantages of Dams:
1. Dams can displace a significant number of people.
An estimated 500 million people have been displaced by dams in the last two centuries
because of the reservoirs that form behind each structure. As the surrounding dry areas get
flooded, we no longer have the option to use land that was previously accessible for a
variety of purposes. That means local agricultural activities go through a disruption
process, even though the eventual increase in available water supports more irrigation.
2. Reservoirs behind a dam can lead to higher greenhouse gas emissions.
When vegetation gets engulfed in water, then the plants will eventually die. When this
outcome occurs, the dead organic material releases methane that ultimately makes its way
into the atmosphere. The increase in the production of greenhouse gases is significant
because methane is up to 20 times more potent as a reflector than carbon dioxide. The use
 of a dam in certain areas can also contribute to the loss of forests. When we lose a
significant number of trees simultaneously, then there is a corresponding uptake of carbon
dioxide that occurs because there are fewer photosynthesis processes happening each day.
3. This technology disrupts local ecosystems.
Dams create a flooding issue behind the structure as a way to form a reservoir. Not only
does this disrupt human activities, but it also destroys the existing wildlife habitats that
exist. This issue can disrupt entire ecosystems, which can have an adverse effect on a
whole regional biome. Marine life that relies on an unobstructed flow of a river, such as
migratory fish, can be adversely affected by the decision to dam the water.
4. Some river sediment is beneficial.
Dams can have a profound impact on the overall aquatic ecosystem of a region. The
transformation upstream creates a lack of settlement that moves down the waterway to
support the entire marine habitat. It can also cause changes in temperature, chemical
composition, and shoreline stability. Many reservoirs also host invasive species, such as
algae or snails, that undermine the natural communities of the plants and animals that
lived on the river before.
The riverbeds that are downstream from a dam can erode by several yards within the first
decade of operations. This damage can extend for hundreds of miles downstream
afterward.
5. Dams create a flooding risk if they experience a failure.
We might use dams to provide us with a form of flood control, but the failure of this
structure can have devastating consequences for downstream communities. The Vajont
Dam Failed in 1963, only 4 years after its construction was finalized just outside of
Venice, Italy. A landslide during the initial filling triggered a tsunami in the reservoir,
causing over 50,000,000 cubic meters of floodwater that impacted nearby towns and
villages. Some reports say that the wave was over 820 feet high.
Almost 2,000 people died in this disaster, and it was all because the dam was located in a
geologically unstable area. When the Banqiao Reservoir Dam failed in 1975 in China, it
caused an estimated 171,000 deaths.
6. Dams can have an adverse impact on the groundwater table.
When riverbeds experience deepening, then this problem creates a lower groundwater
table along the river. That means it is more challenging for plant roots to reach what is
required for survival. Homeowners in the vicinity must also dig deeper wells to draw
water for their households. This issue can even change the mineral content and salts
found in the fluid, creating damage to soil structures along the way.
7. The construction of a dam is a costly investment.
A large dam is defined as a structure that is higher than 15 meters. This definition means
there are more than 57,000 structures around the world. Major dams are over 150 meters
tall, and there are over 300 of these. China has the most, with over 23,000 operational
facilities. The United States is in second, but far behind at 9,200. The cost of a large dam
today can be over $20 billion, and it may take between 7 to 10 years to complete its
construction. Those are resources that many communities could put to better use.
 8. Dams can block water progression to different states, provinces, and
countries.
When a dam gets built at or near a border between two states, provinces, or countries,
then it might also block the progress of the water in one of those areas. That means the
supply from the same river in the neighboring country is no longer under their direct
control. This disadvantage can result in severe issues between neighbors, creating a
constant source of conflict that can sometimes even lead to war.
9. It can make the water too shallow for navigation.
Dams try to avoid environmental impacts by releasing water downstream and creating
marine life channels that allow for upstream movement. Although this approach is
imperfect, the updates to this engineering process have had some benefits. What doesn’t
get solved through this process is the depth of water that might be available downstream.
The Colorado River is an excellent example of this issue because the waterway doesn’t
make it to its outlet most years because of all the damming activity that occurs.
If the waters are too shallow to use in a river, then there is no way to use it for
transportation benefits. This issue also changes the settlement profile so that marches and
wetlands no longer receive the healthy supports from the river that they need.
10.Reservoirs can be challenging to maintain.
When drought is a significant issue for a community, then a reservoir that’s behind a dam
can be a vital resource. Maintaining this new body of water comes with a set of its own
challenges because evaporation can happen during dry times and result in an increase in
environmental problems. There also tends to be a significant buildup of organic matter in
the sediment with this disadvantage, resulting in potentially carcinogenic trihalomethanes
when the water gets chlorinated for drinking purposes.

Conclusion
That energy might be renewable, but it is not free of environmental consequences. These structures
took a dynamic ecosystem and replaced it with a wretched impostor of itself. Even the dams’
owner decided that the cost of maintaining the structures it was no longer worth it, and so they are
coming down.

Q:The length and width of the dam and whether the length and width of the
river have an impact on the generating of electricity proof that using
mathematics eq?

The dam may not be as deep as you think! After a few storms and flooding, and years of livestock
and loose dry pasture, most dams accumulate a lot of silt and organic material in the base may be
a worthwhile investment.
With a few tools and some preparation, the method below gives a useful estimate of dam volume.
It can be difficult to measure the dimensions of dams in use (unless empty), and calculated volumes
are approximate. For water budgeting, always assume the usable volume is 10% less than the
calculated volume, and allow for evaporation and difficulty of pumping or using the last 0.5 metre
(m) of water in the dam.
At a minimum, you need to know the surface area of water in the dam and the maximum depth of
water. For more accurate estimates of volume, you also need to measure the dam floor.

Q:The length and width of the dam and whether the length and width of the river
have an impact on the generating of electricity proof that using mathematics eq?
What is the height of the dam at the edge of the river, and does this height have an
effect on generating electricity? Proof that using mathematics eq? What the width of
the dam at the edge of the river and does this height have an effect on generating
electricity? Proof that using mathematics eq?

SITE SELECTION FOR HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

Site selection is based on the following points:
• Sufficient quantity of water at reasonable head should be available.
• It should be possible to construct an economical dam to store water at the selected site.
• Preferably, there should be high strong mountains on the two sides.
• There should be no possibility of future sources of water leakage.
• Reservoir to be constructed should have large catchment area, so that water level should
never fall below the minimum limit.
• Selected site should be accessible easily.
• There should be possibility of stream diversion during the construction period.
• Construction materials should be available locally.
BASE WIDTH: The width of the dam measured along the dam/foundation interface
CREST LENGTH: The developed length of the top of the dam. This includes the length of the
spillway, powerhouse, navigation lock, fish pass, etc., where these structures form part of
the length of the dam. If detached from the dam, these structures should not be included.
Once a landslide dam bursts, its reservoir discharges quickly in a flood which will cause
catastrophic damage to life and property downstream. For a specific landslide dam, the peak flow
rate and the evolution of downstream flood are influenced by the shape and size of the dike breach
when dam-break occurs.
When a dam is breached, the water behind it is released at high speed under gravity, and water
flows continually through the dam body, which continually increases the dike breach
untilthewaterlevelhasbeensubstantiallydecreasedoruntilthedamcanresistfurtherwater erosion . The
reservoir water passing through the breach results in a large flow routing towards downstream
areas. If the maximum flow rate is more than a certain value, the dambreak flood will cause a large
disaster for life and property downstream. Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the dam-break
flood problem. As shown in Figure 1, after the dam has breached, the reservoir water will rush
downstream. The key issues are the peak flow rate downstream, the water flow process at the dam
site, and the flood routing process downstream.
Q:What is the best angle for the concrete wall from which water flows, and does this
angle have an effect on generating electricity? Proof that using mathematics eq?
What is the best angle for a concrete wall to generate the most electricity for us?
Find for each angle of concrete wall how much electricity can be generate and show
them in a chart and diagram?
What is the best length and best width of the dam to generate the most electricity?
Each square meter of water is how much of electricity can be generate if it is at the
angle, length and width of the river, which you have determined as the best angle,
best width and best length?

Dams are constructed mainly to keep water in reservoirs, and to function for long times, hence the
factors that may affect the functionality of these dams and may reduce it must be studied carefully
and minimized to obtained a proper function of the dam. Flow under concrete dams can create
uplift pressure that could affect the dam and may cause it to fail to function properly; also the exit
gradient can cause piping and quick condition at the toe of the dam, so, it is required to reduce the
effect of water seepage by using cutoff walls, like slurry wall. Slurry walls are non-structural
barriers (Cutoff Walls, Slurry Trenches) that are constructed underground to impede groundwater
flow. Slurry walls have been used for decades to provide cost effective, long-term solutions for
many groundwater control and groundwater remediation problems. Seepage analysis of cutoff
walls is useful in order to determine if high gradients develop at the base of the cutoff wall or on
the downstream exit point.
The prediction of dam-break water flow at dam site is essential to reduce the potential for loss of
damage in the downstream floodplain. In this study, the influence of reservoir shapes (rectangular,
trapezoidal and triangular wedge) on dam-break discharge hydrographs at a dam site was
investigated to estimate the peak discharge and discharge hydrograph quickly. By assuming
instantaneous and complete breaches to simplify the discharge process, a formula for the peak
discharge and a simple analytical solution to the entire discharge hydrograph following a dam
break at the dam site were generated. The discharge hydrograph at the dam site derived by the
proposed mathematical model was validated through a comparison with the results calculated by
the numerical simulation and other existing approaches. The outflow discharges calculated by both
the mathematical and numerical model was very similar under the conditions of the three different
reservoir shapes. The overall discharge hydrograph shape was mainly influenced by the length of
the reservoir, while the magnitude of the outflow discharge was primarily affected by the initial
water depth.
The step consists in explaining the different stages of the discharge curve for three reservoir shapes.

1. For the rectangular reservoir,

there were three phases of the outflow discharge process at the dam site; the general shape
of the expected curve for the rectangular reservoir is shown in Fig. 2. First, the initial water
depth is equal to the upstream reservoir depth (see Fig. 1a, b). When the dam breaches, the
water surface at the dam site drops rapidly from the maximum water depth Hm (Larocque
 et al. 2013). The peak discharge Qp occurs at this moment and then remains at its peak
value until the time t = ts (also called the duration time of the stable stage) of the negative
wave that propagates back to the dam by refection from the front boundary of the upstream
reservoir. Therefore, the hydrograph appears as a horizontal straight line during the early
stages of the outflow process at time t < ts, and when the water volume at the dam site
starts to decrease, the hydrograph became a strong concave curve. Here, the assumption is
that the discharge variations include two stages: a stable stage and a falling limb stage
(Liang et al. 2016). For the rectangular reservoir, the discharge increases from 0 to peak in
a short period that can be considered instantaneous. The time of peak discharge, tp, is
approximately 0 for this type of dam break. The reason for the peak discharge remaining
unchanged at time t < ts is that the outflow at the dam site would be affected by negative
wave reflected by the reservoir’s upstream wall due to the limited length of the reservoir.
2-For the triangular wedge reservoir, the flow process curve at the dam site always has a
triangular shape. The general shape of the expected curve for the triangular wedge reservoir is
shown in Fig. 3. The initial water depth becomes gradually shallower in the reservoir (see Fig. 1c,
d); it gradually decreases when the dam starts to breach. The water depth is maximum at the dam
site, the outflow is heavy under the influence of gravity at the moment of breaching, and the water
level subsequently continues falling after breaching, such that the discharge continuously
decreases (Dressler 1958). There is a significant difference between the initial stages of sloping
and the horizontal channels. The discharge starts to decline following a concave curve when the
peak discharge occurs, but this trend does not exist in a stable stage like the rectangular reservoir.
At the moment of water release, the water surface at the dam site drops to the maximum water
depth Hm , giving the discharge its maximum value. Therefore, by assuming that the occurrence
time of the peak discharge at the dam site is at t = 0, the discharge variations can be expressed by
a concave curve.
For the trapezoidal reservoir, the shape of the reservoir is trapezoidal and the channel is horizontal
(see Fig. 1e, f). The general shape of the expected curve for the trapezoidal reservoir is shown in
Fig. 4. Water levels in the upstream reservoir are equal; however, the width of the water surface
widens gradually toward the upstream wall. Therefore, the discharge at the moment of breaching
corresponding to initial water depth H0 can be called the initial discharge Q0 . The discharge after
that increase induces the widening of the negative front inside the upper reservoir (Mohapatra and
Bhallamudi 1996). Therefore, the widening reservoir’s variable cross-sectional shape amplifies
the peak discharge. By using the above-mentioned theory, a simplified flood hydrograph can be
prescribed to two stages: a sharp increasing stage and a gradually decreasing stage. The rising limb
is approximated by a straight line between the initial discharges Q0 computed from Eq. (3) and
the peak discharge Qp computed from Eq. (6). When the peak discharge occurs, the water depth
at the dam site falls suddenly and then decreases monotonically until the reservoir is emptied,
resulting in a discharge exhibiting a sequential decrease as a concave curve.
Q:The best Dam or for getting highest speed, the dam must has how many
turbines?
To get ideal or highest speed the length and width and capability of turbine must be
how many?
Find out all devises used in dam and their capability……etc?
Once again it is difficult to make generalisations about the physical size of hydropower systems.
Low-head hydropower systems take up much more space than high-head hydropower systems
because the turbine has to be physically large to get a higher flow rate through it with only a low
water pressure across the turbine. On smaller (<25 kW) systems it is possible to not have a turbine
house and instead have a steel-fabricated turbine enclosure with a weatherproof cladding.
Penstock pipework is normally buried, so is out of sight and doesnt affect the size of hydropower
systems. On low-head sites the intake and discharge channels can be covered over and turf laid, so
are effectively invisible. Even though penstock pipes and channels can be invisible when the
system is finished, bear in mind the size of the excavations required during the construction phase.
The table below gives indicative dimensions for the main system parts to give you an idea of
turbine house sizes, diameters of pipes and cross sectional areas of channels and intake screens. In
this example ‘low-head’ is assumed to have a net head of 2.5 metres and ‘high-head’ 50 metres.

Q: The slope of The fins of turbine should be how many degree to get highest
speed? proof that using mathematics?
The best degree for slope of fins turbine should be how much to get best
speed?proof that using mathematics?
Find out The highest speed of turbine and biggest producing electricity in which
dam and which country used?
Q: What we have to do to stop the fish and algae from entering the turbine?and
what we have to do to let the dam work not affecting to environment
Find out the best way to protect our environment?
If the percentage of salt in the river is too much, does this have a negative effect
explain reasonable and mathematically?
Fish migrating down the river can be killed or injured in turbine chambers by rotors, sudden
changes in pressure, water velocity or cavitation. The use of mechanical grille protection on turbine
inlets (so called dense grids with a clearance of up to 2 mm) can effectively limit fish access to
turbines. However, due to the high water velocities which occur at the grids themselves, it will not
protect fish from the push effect on the grids. This phenomenon most often leads to the death of
fish. Therefore, the use of grilles on inlets for hydropower turbines is not sufficient, but additional
safeguards need to be considered.
Such an additional safeguard is the NEPTUN system, which discourages fish from entering the
turbines of hydroelectric power plants, and additionally, if appropriately installed, directs fish to a
fish pass or other safe area. The NEPTUN system consists of positive and negative electrodes,
which are attached to the bottom in a flexible manner and between which an appropriate electric
field is generated. The electrodes are installed at such a distance from the inlets to hydroelectric
power plants that the fish have the time and power to react to the field acting on them. Thanks to
such an approach and appropriate design of the NEPTUN installation, the system achieves a very
high efficiency in blocking and possible directing fish e. g. to the fish pass.
Hydropower does not pollute the water or the air. However, hydropower facilities can have
large environmental impacts by changing the environment and affecting land use, homes, and
natural habitats in the dam area. ... Methane, a strong greenhouse gas, may also form in some
reservoirs and be emitted to the atmosphere.

References:
✓ https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/flow-water-produces-hydroelectricity
✓ https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-
school/science/hydroelectric-power-how-it-works?qt-
science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects
✓ https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/types-of-renewable-
energy/hydropower-tech/#gref
✓ https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Hydroelectric_dam
✓ https://www.alliantenergykids.com/AllAboutEnergy/HowElectricityIsMade
#:~:text=The%20current%20is%20sent%20through,that%20stretch%20acro
ss%20the%20country.&text=The%20electricity%20travels%20through%20
wires,switches%20all%20over%20your%20house.
✓ https://greengarageblog.org/17-biggest-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-
dams
✓ https://sciencing.com/facts-5778942-hydropower-non-renewable-renewable-
resource-.html
✓ Research Article A Mathematical Model for Forecasting the Dam-Break Flood Routing
Process of a Landslide Dam by Fugang Xu,1 Hongwei Zhou,1 Jiawen Zhou,1, 2 and
Xingguo Yang1
✓ A simplified mathematical model for the dam‑breach hydrograph
for three reservoir geometries following a sudden full dam break by
Hui Hu1 · Jianfeng Zhang1 · Tao Li1 · Jie Yang1
✓ http://fishprotection.eu/application/fish-protection/power-plants/
✓