Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Definition: Infrastructure (बुनियादी संरचिा / अवसंरचिा) is the set of basic facilities that
help an economy to function & grow such as energy, irrigation, roads, railway &
telecommunication.
Infrastructure sector has following characteristics →
1. Sometimes a natural monopoly e.g. Railways (and once upon a time even aviation and
telecom sector in India).
2. Sunk costs are high. It's the investment that cannot be recovered even when the firm
go out of business. e.g. If airport closed down, airstrip's asphalt will have little or no
resale value because very bulky to dig-off and transport.
3. ‘Output’ is often Non-Tradable. e.g. A road / bridge / airport constructed at one
place cannot be ‘transferred’ to another place unlike a box of carrots.
4. Sometimes intangible in nature e.g. we can’t touch spectrum or electricity.
5. Consumption is often ‘Non-Rival’ in nature e.g. One person using a road or street light
it doesn’t make that product ‘unavailable’ for others (unlike a privately owned
iphone.)
6. Price Exclusion is often difficult. A rural road or street light can’t be ‘denied’ to a
person who is not paying taxes or user-fees. (whereas if a person cannot afford iPhone
then he is excluded from buying it.)
7. Usually creates positive externality: e.g. new railway station / airport → that much
more business for taxi-walla & hotel owners in the surrounding area.
Category Sectors granted ‘infra’ status by FinMin → Dept. of Economic
Affairs
Transport & - Roads and bridges, Ports, Shipyard, Inland Waterways, Airport,
Logistics: Railway, tunnels, bridges, Transport, Logistics Infrastructure.
परिवहन औि िसद
-
2019-Feb: Commerce Ministry released ‘Draft National Logistics
Policy’ But it’s ‘draft’ so we need not lose sleep.
Energy Electricity, Oil, Gas
Water & Water supply & treatment, Sewage/Solid Waste Management,
Sanitation Irrigation
Communication Telecommunication
Social & - Hospitals, Education Institutions, Sports Infrastructure, Tourism
Commercial infrastructure -hotels, ropeways and cable cars etc.
Infrastructure - Industrial Parks, food parks, textile parks, SEZ etc.
- Cold storage, Soil-testing laboratories
- Affordable Housing
If a sector gets infrastructure ‘status’, then its entrepreneurs get following benefits (as
and when notified):
1. Govt could give them tax benefits, lease public land at a token price, faster
environment clearance, automatic FDI approval etc.
2. RBI could help them by relaxing the External Commercial Borrowing (ECB) norms, Debt
restructuring (e.g. RBI’s 5/25 rule), Changing PSL norms etc.
3. SEBI could relax norms for REITS/InvITs etc. funds to help them mobilize capital easily
for the infrastructure sector.
4. IRDAI & PFRDA could oblige insurance and pension cos. to invest minimum X% in
infrastructure companies etc.
Dept N/A
Attached / Directorate General of Hydrocarbons: regulator for the upstream
Subordinate activities i.e. oil and gas exploration and production activities.
offices: 2018: proposal to give it statutory status was REJECTED.
Statutory 2006’s Act: Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board:
regulator for the downstream activities i.e. laying of pipelines
and fuel marketing
Top five largest coal reserves: USA > Russia > China > Australia > India
Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act) AND
Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act, 2015 (CMSP Act).
❓MCQ. Consider the following statements relating to Coal India Limited : (Asked in
UPSC-CDS-2019-i)
1. It is designated as a ‘Maha Ratna’ company under the Ministry of Coal.
2. It is the single largest coal producing company in the world.
3. The Headquarters of Coal India Limited is located at Ranchi Jharkhand.
Codes: a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 only c) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3
❓ Which of the following statements with regard to Coal India Limited (CIL) is/are
true? (UPSC-CDS-i-2020)
1. CIL has its headquarters Kolkata.
2. CIL operates through 82 mining areas spread over twenty provincial States of India.
3. CIL is the single largest coal-producing company in the world.
Codes: a) 1 only b) 1 and 3 only c) 2 and 3 only d)1, 2 and 3
- (Origin) Electricity is a key element in modern day life. Right from running irrigation
pumps to charging mobile phones, electricity is a prerequisite for agricultural growth
and digital connectivity.
- (Significance) Greater access to energy improves both economic growth and human
development of a country. If India wants to improve its Human Development Index
(मािव ववकास सचकाूंक :HDI) from ~0.64 to ~0.80, it must increase its per capita energy
consumption by four times. (More about HDI in pill#6)
- (DATA) India’s per-capita energy consumption of only ~1/3rd of the global average. OR
Though India accounts for ~18 percent of world’s population, it uses only around 6 per
cent of the world’s primary energy.
(DATA as of 2020-Feb) In India’s present electricity mix consists of:
Thermal Electricity (ऊष्ट्मीय ववद्युत: Coal > Gas > Diesel Oil) ~63%
Renewable Energy (िवीकरणीय ऊजाा) (Solar, Wind, Biomass etc. except hydro) ~23%
51.3.1 🔌♻️ Grid → Green Energy Corridor Project (हरित ऊर्ाब गललयािा परियोर्ना)
- Boss? Same as above + loan support from Asian Development Bank.
- project will enable the flow of renewable energy into this National Grid Network. So
that renewable energy rich States like Rajasthan (solar), Tamil Nadu (wind) can sell
the electricity to other states.
Energy Efficiency Conclusion? Under the Paris agreement, India has pledged
to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33-35% by 2030. Energy efficiency is a
crucial factor in this. Aforementioned initiatives will help in a long way to achieve our
promises under Intended nationally determined contributions (INDC: राष्ट्ट्रीय स्तर पर
निधावररत योगदाि) under UNFCCC’s Paris agreement.
NOTE: Renewable energy minister give higher targets in his press conference for bravado,
but in the annual review 2019- these target figures given so, we should stick to it only.
Boss? Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan
Mahabhiyan (KUSUM) has components A, B, C but the gist of the matter is:
- Farmers are encouraged to install Solar pump tube wells for irrigation → less diesel
consumption in pumpsets.
- Farmers, panchayats, cooperatives can install upto 2 MW renewable power plants in
their barren / cultivable lands.
- Above people can sell the excess electricity to the DISCOMS. Its price will be decided
by the respective State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERC).
- ₹ ₹ Funding? Union 30%+ State 30%+ Bank Loan 30% +10% by the farmer himself= 100%
project cost.
- Benefit? consumption of Diesel & Thermal electricity will decline → 27 million CO2
emission reduced / per year.
1. The lack of access to toilet facility → Girls reduce food & water intake to avoid going
during day time → malnutrition and anaemia. (कु पोषण और रक्त की कमी).
2. Open defecation → infections among pregnant women → Maternal mortality ratio
(मातृ मृत्यु अनुपात), Infant Mortality Rate (शििु मृत्यु दर) chances increase.
3. Intestinal infection (enteropathy: आंत्रववकृनत) in children → Even if children given
good food their body will not absorb the nutrients fully → poor brain development →
educational outcomes :-(
4. Every household in an open defecation free village saved about ₹ 50,000 per year due
to lower chances of disease, time saved due to a closer toilet → Improved economic
productivity
5. Open defecation and municipal waste eventually contaminate the water bodies- and
harm the flora-fauna.
❓ The Global Goalkeeper Award is given by (UPSC-CDS-i-2020)
(a) the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
(b) the United Nations Environment Programme
(c) the Kellogg School of Management
(d) the World Meteorological Organization
(Full) Budget-2019:
o We’ll open Rashtriya Swachhta Kendra at Gandhi Darshan, Rajghat (New Delhi)
on 2nd October, 2019.
o Culture Ministry’s autonomous body ‘National Council for Science Museums’ is
preparing a Gandhipedia to sensitize people about Gandhian values.
o 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi is being celebrated for a period of 2
years from 02.10.2018 to 02.10.2020. National Committee (NC) under the
Chairmanship of President of India and Executive Committee (EC) under the
Chairmanship of the Prime Minister have been constituted.
Budget-2020: All 5.99 lakh villages, 699 districts and 36 States/UTs have declared
themselves Open Defecation Free (ODF). Further, ₹12000 Cr allotted.
Related Misc. schemes by above ministry: Self Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation
of Manual Scavengers (SRMS) which give skill and financial assistance to them.
Inland Waterways Transport (IWT: अंतदे िीय जलमागा पररवहि) has following benefits →
✓ Lower CO2 emissions & fuel in transporting per tonne of cargo than Rail / Road.
✓ IWT requires very little land acquisition (भूशम अधिग्रहण) than Rail / Road.
✓ IWT eases traffic congestion (यातायात जमाव/की भीड़) on Road/Rail networks.
(Intro) A good road network is an essential requirement for the rapid growth of the
economy. Roads provide connectivity to remote areas, open up backward regions and
facilitate access to markets, trade and investment.
54.1.1 [Yearbook] Min. of Road Transport & Highways सडक परिवहन एवं िार्मागब मंत्रालय →
Dept /Attached N/A
Statutory Bodies National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय राजमागा प्राधिकरण
PSU National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation
Number plate 2019-Nov: Government allowed “LA-” number plate mark for
vehicles registered in UT of Ladakh. (Lakshadweep: “LD” plates)
E-Governance - Vahan Portal: vehicle registration, taxation, permit, fitness
modules and associated services across the country
- Sarathi Portal: driving license, learner licence, driving schools
and related activities.
Figure 1: Elon Musk is renowned for his Tesla brand of Electric cars
✓ EV batteries’ primary components is Lithium. China has secured a supply of this metals
from Congo, Bolivia, Chile and Australia. China controls half the cobalt mines in Congo.
India also has to expand to such upstream areas to secure Lithium supply.
✓ EV batteries have limited driving range. So, charging stations must be available
throughout the road networks. Else, people will prefer Internal Combustion Engines
(ICE) vehicles like petrol-diesel cars.
✓ Depending on the technology of charging stations, it can take from 30 minutes to 8
hours to recharge the battery. Therefore, universal charging standards (साववत्रत्रक चाल्जिंग
मािक) are required in India.
✓ Government should also inform users about the availability of charging stations in their
vicinity with the help of physical science, GPS maps / Apps.
✓ India's climate is much better than Norway. High temperature degrades battery life
cycle. We’ve to encourage R&D accordingly. Otherwise, frequent battery replacement
costs will discourage potential buyers. बार-बार बैटरी बदलवािे का खचाव ग्राहक को
हतोत्साहहत कर सकता है .
- Road accidents claim ~1.5 lakh lives every year. So, Union’s Motor Vehicles Act, 1988
was amended in 2019 with steep penalties (बड़ा जुमाविा)- such as Drunk-driving fine
increased from ₹ 2,000 to ₹ 10,000 etc. Even road contractors and officials can be
punished with fine if faulty infrastructure results in accidents.
- Concurrent List Entry 35: Mechanically propelled vehicles. So, both union and states
can enact laws but Union’s law will prevail.
- But, some State Governments have notified reduced penalties. Union Highway Minister
said, “States can revise fines if they want. However, peoples’ lives should be saved."
- 1853: First railway from Mumbai to Thane (34kms). Governor General Dalhousie
- 1921:Acworth Committee recommends separation of rail budget from General budget;
practice started from 1924-25, ended in 2017 by PM Modi .
Indian Railways itself responsible for On selected routes (NOT all routes):
running the trains, collecting ticket- Private train operators (निजी ट्रे ि सूंचालक)
fees, delivering passengers and
will buy their design/buy their own
goods.
private trains from anywhere in the
Affluent passengers (धिी / पैसो से world. They’ll run it on Indian tracks with
सूंपन्ि यात्री) prefer Airlines over their own driver, staff, & charge market-
Railways because they’re faster, linked fares. (बाजार आधाररत ककराए.)
cleaner & safer. Government (Indian Railways) provide
timetable, track and signaling
infrastructure to them.
Private train operator will share % of its
revenue with Government.
Lately, Government itself started Passengers will benefit from world-class
‘premium trains’ such as Duronto, train services e.g.
Tejas, Vande Bharat, Uday, Hum- No nuisance of hawkers, beggars,
Safar etc. unhygienic toilets.
But there is a long waitlist for Lady train hostesses to deliver food &
tickets. Which proves people are amenities.
willing to pay for good service, but Such trains will stop at very few stations,
Govt alone doesn’t have enough will have minimum 160 kmph speed →
funds to launch many such ‘premium faster and more pleasant journey. (तेज व ्
trains’.
सुखद यात्रा का अिुभव)
2006: Ministry of Railways allowed private operators to run container trains on the
Indian Railways (IR) network.
Railways constituted Amitabh Kant Panel for entry of private operators in passenger
trains.
2019-Oct: FIRST ‘Private’ train: Lucknow-Delhi Tejas Express launched. It’s operated
by IRCTC. Although, IRCTC is a subsidiary company of the Ministry of Railways. So,
technically, it’s not ‘fully private train’ but if this experiment is successful, then
actual private operators may be allowed.
55.6.1 [Yearbook] Ministry of Civil Aviation नागि ववमानन / नागरिक उड्डयन मंत्रालय
Dept N/A
Attached Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA: महा निदे िक): registers
civil aircrafts, gives license to pilots, supervises gliding clubs,
implements Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation.
Statutory − Airports Authority of India (AAI, Act 1994: भारतीय ववमािपत्ति
प्राधिकरण): Statutory body responsible for creating, upgrading,
maintaining airports & runaways in India. It operates 130+ airports
in India- some directly, some via PPP basis e.g. GMR group → Delhi
and Mumbai airports, Adani group → A’bad, Lucknow etc.
− Airports Economic Regulatory Authority (Act 2008): Statutory
regulator setup with powers regulate fees/tariffs charged at
airports. 2019: New bill to increase its powers through some
technical reforms.
− Rajiv Gandhi National Aviation University
− Commission of Railway Safety (CRS) is under Administrative control
of Aviation Ministry.
PSUs − (1) Air India & its subsidiaries. (2) Pawan Hans (Helicopter) ltd.
Government planning to sell-off both 1&2 through strategic
disinvestment. (Ref: pillar-2)
− Hotel Corporation of India Ltd.
Autonomous Bureau of Civil Aviation Security, Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi
Civil Aviation Policy 2016: Highlights →
1. More airports and flights for North East & small towns to improve regional
connectivity.
2. Making the air travel more affordable for middle class
3. Improving Airplanes’ Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) operations.
56 INFRASTRUCTURE → 🏬 URBAN
2011 2030
Urban population 31% 40% (and 50% by 2050)
Contribution to GDP 63% 75%
Introduction (Data): Urban areas support >30% of India’s population and contribute to
more than 60% of India's GDP. These figures are expected to grow to 40% and 75%
respectively by 2030.
56.1 🏬 URBAN → CENSUS DEFINITIONS
Census-2011 definitions of urban area:
Statutory If an area is governed by a municipality, corporation, cantonment
towns 4000+ board or notified town area committee, etc.
Census towns If an area doesn’t have municipality etc. yet it could be counted as a
3800+ ‘town’ if it has
- Min 5000 people; AND
- Min. population density: 400/sqkm AND
- Min.75% of males engaged in non-agro;
Further,
Size / class of the area Population Size
Urban Class I 1,00,000 & above: further Metro city = 40 lakh/>, mega city = 1 cr
/>
Semi-Urban Class II 50,000 - 99,999
Class 20,000 - 49,999
Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs आवासन एवं शहिी कायब मंत्रालय consists of →
Dept NA
Attached − Central Public Works Department केन्रीय लोक निमााण ववभाग
offices
− National Buildings Organisation (NBO)राष्ट्रीय भवि निमााण संगठि
Statutory − Delhi Development Authority, Rajghat Samadhi Committee,
− Delhi Urban Arts Commission, National Capital Region Planning
Board
Autonomous − National Institute of Urban Affairs
Bodies − Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC)
− Central Government Employees Welfare Housing Organisation
− National Cooperative Housing Federation of India (NCHFI)
Subordinate office − Town & Country Planning Organisation
− Government of India Stationery Office
− Department of Publication (responsible for printing Gazettes)
APP − 2019: mHariyali App to encourage Public to plant trees &
uploads it geotagged photos through App.
PSU − Housing and Urban Development Corporation Ltd. (HUDCO)
− National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited
− (*) Hindustan Prefab Limited (HPL)
(*) means approved for strategic disinvestment (=privatization) in 2019
2015: Modi govt launched Urban Rejuvenation Mission (शहरी कायाकल्प ममशन) with two
components: 1) 500 AMRUT cities 2) 100 Smart cities.
❓MCQ. Which one of the following cities was not included in the list of smart cities
in India? (Asked in UPSC-CDS-2019-i) a) Silvassa b) Jorhat c) Itanagar d) Kavaratti
Counter-argument? Smart city will improve the quality of life & create economic
opportunities. And looking at such best cities, even the voters in the small cities will
become more assertive in demanding better quality of city administration from their
municipal corporators → then even small towns will become more clean and comfortable
to live.
56.6 (🏠) INFRA → (URBAN AND RURAL) → HOUSING FOR ALL BY 2022
- 1985: Indira Awas Yojana for rural areas gave money to poor families to build homes,
- 2008: Rajiv Rinn Yojana for urban areas gave home loan Interest subsidy to poor.
- 2015-16: Modi restructured them into Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY). Core
Scheme = NOT 100% funded by Union. PMAY has two components.
PMAY (Urban) PMAY (Rural)
by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs By Ministry of Rural Development .
It has four components: Beneficiaries are identified through SECC-
1. If person owns land: ₹ 1.50 lakh to 2011 data, and verified by Gram Sabha.
build / renovate his house. They’re given money to build home.
2. If a builder is keeping 35% apartments’ - ₹ 1.50 lakh (plains area),
- ₹ 1.60 lakh (hilly states)
quota for EWS then he gets subsidy.
- Additionally, they can get upto ₹
3. Slum redevelopment 70,000 as bank loans
4. Credit-linked subsidy scheme (CLSS): Money transferred to beneficiary’s bank
Depending on the annual income, the account via AwaasSoft web platform.
beneficiaries are classified into 3 - Convergence with other schemes to
groups: provide electricity, LPG, drinking
a. Economically Weaker Section water & toilet.
- Also provides skill programs for
(EWS),
rural masons.
b. Low Income Groups (LIGs)
c. Middle Income Groups (MIGs:
i.e. annual income upto ₹ 18
lakhs).
These groups are given 3-4% interest
subsidy on loan amounts upto ₹ “x” lakhs.
Govt has setup Credit-linked Subsidy
Services Awas (CLAP) Portal where
beneficiary can track his application status
in real-time.
56.6.2 (🏠) Sustainable Housing → Global Housing Technology Challenge (GHTC) 2019
- Boss? Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
- asked experts / private sector companies to propose disaster-resilient, environment
friendly, cost-effective and speedy construction technologies.
- They’ll be implemented on a pilot basis in some cities to see the results.
56.6.3 (🏠) Sustainable Housing → World Habitat Award 2019 to Odisha’s JAGA Mission
By a UK-based organization in partnership with United Nation (UN)-Habitat
2019-Bronze award given Odisha government's Odisha Liveable Habitat Mission also
known as ‘Jaga Mission’ in partnership with Tata Trust.
In this scheme, urban slum dwellers are given land ownership titles, create road,
streetlight, water-sanitation infrastructure → Then Govt will not evict them / not
destroy their slums. Permanent home address proof also helps poor families to enroll
children in school, open bank accounts etc.
Beneficiaries are given 30 square metre of land free of cost and for the remaining land
they have to pay as per the benchmark price.
Since it is not possible to construct houses for each and everyone, we also need to
promote rental housing especially for migrant workers. But, current Rental Laws are
archaic. So, 2019-July Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs drafted a Model Tenancy Law
with following features, and asked States to adopt it:
✓ It covers properties rented for residential, commercial, educational use.
✓ Specific provisions about security deposit, mechanism to increase rental amount- in a
way that it protects both the tenant and landlord. (ककरायेदार और मकाि माललक)
✓ If tenant doesn’t vacate the premises after rent-period is over or damages the
property, then heavy penalties on him.
✓ Dy.Collector rank officials will be designated as ‘Rent Authority (ककराया प्राधधकरण)’.
Higher appeal to Rent Court → Rent Tribunal. Disputes will be settled within 60 days
deadline.
Conclusion? A homeless family is more vulnerable to crime, disease & disasters.
SDG Goal #11 requires India to provide safe and affordable housing to all by 2030.
Aforementioned scheme / policy / challenges…..
Conclusion? SDG Goal #8 requires India to provide decent work and economic growth
opportunities to all. Since majority of Indians reside in rural areas, the rural infrastructure
development is the lynchpin factor in this regard. Aforementioned scheme / policy /…
58📡INFRASTRUCTURE → COMMUNICATION
58.2.2 🕵🏼📞 Comm → Stolen phone? → Central Equipment Identity Register portal
By Dept of Telecom
If your mobile gets stolen or lost → file First Information Report (FIR) in Police →
upload FIR details and International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) on this portal
Government will block the IMEI number of the phone → Phone will become unusable
for the thief.
✓ Latency (ववलंब) is the amount of time taken by data to travel between its source and
destination. 5G has very low latency.
✓ Network slicing (नेटवकि के टुकड़े करना): mobile operators to create multiple virtual
networks within a single physical 5G network. Provide faster data to tele-surgery in
rural areas, driverless car, etc.
- While filling every new form, Person will not have to provide same details e.g. his
education, address proof, farm-land ownership proof etc.
- Weeding out bogus beneficiaries (फर्जी लाभाथीओ को रद करना): If vehicle ownership
records are compared with BPL beneficiaries list → remove car owners claiming to be
BPL for Government schemes.
- National health register (राटरीय स्वास््य रष्र्जस्टर): Similar to Digilocker it’ll contain
medical records of patient tied with his Aadhar. Benefits? 1) During emergency doctor
can access the medical history, even if patient is unconscious 2) surveillance of
syndromes 3) immunization information.
- Digital Dashboard for Transparency & Accountability(पारदलशवता और जवाबदे ही)
- A district education officer can make better decisions if he knows, for each
school in his district, attendance rates of students and teachers, average test
scores and status of school toilets.
- Parents can make better decisions about which school to send their children to
if they know the average absenteeism rate of teachers in their village and can
compare the rate to that in the neighboring village.
- Researchers can use such data to validate the efficacy of Govt schemes and
suggest remedies for future. (Union government’s already launched Open
Government Data platform for this.)
- Private sector should be given selected databases for commercial use, after paying
fees to Govt. for example,
- If school test scores’ data of a given district / city is sold to a coaching
company, it can use it for more targeted advertising / setting new classrooms
in the areas accordingly. So, the company will benefit, parents will benefit.
- Similarly, Uber can use public bus transport / passengers data to identify
congested areas, deploy more taxis / rickshaws in the peak hours accordingly.
- Since govt is selling data-> it’ll earn a new stream of revenue to control fiscal
deficit.
- 2019-Sept: Considering these benefits, MEITY setup Kris Gopal Krishnan committee for the
regulation of non-personal data such as community data, anonymous data.
58.9 🕵🏼📽 [YB] MINISTRY OF INFORMATION & BROADCASTING (सूचना एवं प्रसािण मंत्रालय)
Dept N/A
Origin: Infrastructure projects require large amount of investment. Govt alone can’t
finance it due to fiscal deficit targets.
- Such projects also require the level of technical expertise, management skills and
professionalism that may not be available in the traditional bureaucratic apparatus.
- Therefore, Infrastructure investment / development has to be done through:
I. PPP: BoT, BOOT
II. Non-PPP: such as EPC, Outsourcing (Contracting-Out)
III. Or a mixture of both using Hybrid Annuity Model
15th Aug, 2019: PM Modi announced Rs.100 lakh crore would be invested on
infrastructure over the next five years.
2019-Sept: Finance Ministry set up a task force under the Secretary of Dept of
Economic Affairs (DEA). Based on its report,
2019-Dec: FM Nirmala S. announced NIP (राष्ट्ट्रीय अवसूंरचिा पाइपलाइि). It aims to
mobilize 102 lakh crore worth infrastructure investment in the next five year (2019-20
to 2024-25).
This funding will be spread across Energy (24%), Roads (19%), Urban (16%), Railways
(13%), Irrigation (7%) etc.
Further, the Government will also initiate following reforms: