155 13 LIGHTNING AND EARTHING Lightning Protection Lightning protection should be carried for open terminal substations to prevent the followings: 1.Damage to Substation Equipment 2.Loss of Power to Public ‘The power equipment in a substation may be exposed to lightning in two ways. ‘A) By voltage and current waves travelling along the exposed lines leading to the station. B) By direct lightning strokes to the station. Outdoor substations and switchyards are shielded against direct lightning strokes by: i) Earth Wires (Shield Wires) ii) Masts ill) Earth wires and Masts Different methods are used to design the shielding of substations against direct lightning, 4. Fixed Angles 2. Electrogeometric Models A thunderstorm is formed due to cloud becoming electrically charged. DOWN DRAUGHTS: COLD AIR pt NEGATIVE CHARGED CLOUD BASE UP DRAUGHTS OF WARM AIR156 Method of Estimating Extent of Shielding Until recently a shielding angle of 45° was used BS (CP 326). LINEAR BOUNDARY CONE SHAPE BOUNDARY187 LINEAR BOUNDARY LINEAR BOUNDARY J ‘SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT SUBSTATION amen EQUIPMENT CONE SHAPE BOUNDARY CONE SHAPE BOUNDARY158 Nowadays Arc-shape boundary Is considered, This means 32° to 35° shielding angle is used ARC SHAPE BOUNDARY SHEILDING ZONE HAS ‘TENT SHAPE’ The shielding has its centre at twice the height of the mast (shielding wire) and the resulting tent has an Apex Angle of 2 x 30°. This angle agrees closely with that stated formerly of 32° to 35°. Height or the mast depends on the size of the substation. Based on electro geometric model, the rolling sphere method was developed. According to this method a sphere is rolled over the contour of the substation. The radius of the sphere is the striking distance corresponding to the critical current of the return stroke. For overhead lines, critical retum stroke current le 2x BIL 1 Where ZP = Surge Impedance The striking distance r§ = 8 x 10.65(m) Where | = Return stroke current159 Comparison of shielding according to various methods - USA — =. Germany ~ 60° between two masts or two shielding wires ~ 45° for one mast of one shielding wire 35° commonly used with, overhead linesS/R yaa? 3d 160 Height of the shielding wiresShielding Provided by Two Equal Height Masts 161162 Earth wire shield angle ———», connected tonext connected to Previous Overhead Line Tower Showing Earth Wire Shield at 35 degree to the Vertical Protecting 3 Phase Live conductors.163 Offshore Wind Farm Substation Platform