Solutions

Gas in solid  Solution of hydrogen in palladium

Solid Solutions
Liquid in solid  Amalgam of mercury with sodium
Mass %, ppm, mole fraction and molality are independent of temperature, whereas molarity
Temp. Vs Conc.
depends on temperature. This is because volume depends on temperature.
At a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure
Henry’s law. of the gas. p = KH . x
KH = Henry’s law constant ( greater the K H value means lower the solubility.)
Application of 1.To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks, the bottle is sealed under high pressure.
Henry’s law. 2. To avoid bends, the tanks used by scuba divers are filled with air diluted with helium
Temp and Solubilty Solubility of gas increases with decrease of temperature. It is due to this reason that aquatic species
of gas are more comfortable in cold waters rather than in warm waters.
Raoult’s law for The partial vapour pressure of each component in the solution
volatile liquids is directly proportional to its mole fraction p 1 α x1 p 1 = p 10 x 1
The solutions which obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration are known as ideal
Ideal Solutions solutions. ( For ideal solution ΔmixH = 0, ΔmixV = 0)
Example : Solution of n-hexane and n-heptane,
Positive deviation : A-B interactions are weaker than those between A-A or B-B,
Example - Mixtures of ethanol and acetone
Non-ideal Solutions
Negative deviations : Forces between A-A and B-B are weaker than those between A-B
Example- mixture of phenol + aniline. a mixture of chloroform +acetone
Mixtures have same composition in liquid and vapour phase and boil at a constant temp.
Azeotropes minimum boiling azeotrope(positive deviation) eg- 95% aq ethanol
maximum boiling azeotrope(negative deviation) eg- 68% aq nitric acid
Colligative Depend on the number of solute particles not upon their nature.
properties
Relative Lowering Roult’s Law: Relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of the solute
of
Vapour Pressure

Elevation of Boiling
point Kb is called Boiling Point Elevation Constant or Molal Elevation Constant (Ebullioscopic
Constant). The unit of is K kg /mol.

Kf, which depends on the nature of the solvent is

Depression of
known as Freezing Point Depression Constant or
Freezing Point
Molal Depression Constant or Cryoscopic
Constant. The unit of Kf is K kg/mol
Osmosis Solvent flows through the semi permeable membrane from pure solvent to the solution.
The extra pressure applied on the solution that just stops the flow of solvent is called osmotic
Osmotic pressure
pressure of the solution

Osmotic pressure(π)

Isotonic solutions Two solutions having same osmotic pressure

Hypertonic Higher osmotic pressure than a particular soln
Hypotonic Lower osmotic pressure than a particular soln
 The direction of osmosis can be reversed if a pressure larger than the osmotic pressure is applied to
Reverse Osmosis the solution side. That is, now the pure solvent flows out of the solution
Application : Desalination of sea water
van’t Hoff factor ratio of normal molar mass to experimentally determined molar mass or as the ratio of observed
(i) colligative property to the calculated colligative property.
Value of van’t Hoff NaCl, KCl = 2 ; BaCl2 CaCl2 = 3 ; Na3PO4 = 4 ; Al2(SO4)3 , K4[Fe(CN)6] = 5
factor(i) CH3COOH ( in benzene) = 1/2