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Association of Neutral Zone Position with Age, Gender, and Period of

Edentulism

Article  in  Journal of Prosthodontics · April 2016

DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12485

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Association of Neutral Zone Position with Age, Gender,
and Period of Edentulism
Amit Porwal, BDS, MDS, PhD,1 Anurag Satpathy, BDS, MDS,2 Preet Jain, BDS, MDS,3 &
Ajjikuttira Appanna Ponnanna, BDS, MDS4
1
Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
3
Department of Prosthodontics. College of Pharmacy and Dentistry, Buraydah Colleges, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Prosthodontics, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Keywords
Neutral zone; edentulism; complete denture;
period of edentulism.
Correspondence
Amit Porwal, Assistant Professor,
Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, College
of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail:
aporwal2000@gmail.com
No external funding was used for this study.
The authors declare that there are no
conflicts of interest in this study.
Accepted February 27, 2016
doi: 10.1111/jopr.12485
Abstract
Purpose: The changing dynamics of an aging mouth influence the position of the
neutral zone (NZ). While the advantage of the NZ concept in complete denture
treatment is quite established, what is not clearly understood is its position in relation
to the crest of the residual ridge due to conflicting reports from previous studies. The
purpose of this study was to investigate the distance and direction of NZ position in
relation to crest of the residual ridge in edentulous patients and its association with
age, gender, and period of edentulism.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 133 patients
(70 males, 63 females) with a mean age of 58.81 ± 11.78 years. NZ recording was
done using admix material by following standard procedures. Two metallic wires
were adapted, one on the ridge and another on the center of the occlusal rims, and
standardized digital radiographs were made. The position of NZ in relation to the crest
of the residual ridge was recorded by noting the direction and measuring the distance
between the adapted wires digitally at five locations (right molar, right premolar,
incisor, left molar, left premolar regions).
Results: Age, gender, and period of edentulism had no significant association with
the position of NZ. No specific trend was observed in the in NZ position with a
non-significant correlation.
Conclusions: Distance and the direction of neutral zone position in relation to crest
of the residual ridge in edentulous patients bear no significant relationship with factors
such as age, gender, and period of edentulism.

Designing complete dentures to optimally occupy the eden-
tulous space is associated with substantial remedial challenges
owing to inconsistent changes accompanying edentulism1,2 and
functional dynamics defining the oral cavity.3 Coordination
with neuromuscular function is the foundation of a stable and
successful denture. When artificial teeth replace natural teeth, it
is logical to set the artificial teeth in a position as close as possi-
ble to one previously occupied.4 The neutral zone (NZ) concept
as put forth by Beresin and Schiesser5 in 1976 suggests that the
artificial teeth must occupy a position so that the force exerted
on the denture by the tongue is just as much as the force exerted
by the cheeks and lips. In this way, the denture will occupy a
neutral zone (dead space) in the mouth. The proper position for
the teeth in an edentulous arch may not necessarily be on the
crest of the ridge but may be either lingual or buccal to it, where
the pressures of the tongue and cheeks balance each other.6 Po-
sitioning artificial teeth in the NZ achieves two objectives: first,
the teeth do not interfere with the normal muscle function,
and second, the forces exerted by the oral musculature against
the denture are more favorable for stability and retention.5 NZ
dentures have shown better results and success with a longer
period of edentulism.7 They have good esthetics due to fa-
cial support,8 sufficient tongue space, and better retention and
stability.
The changing dynamics of an aging mouth influence the
position of the NZ.9 While the advantage of incorporating the
NZ concept in complete denture treatment is established, what
is not clearly understood is its position in relation to crest of
the residual ridge. Studies7,9,10 on NZ location in complete
denture treatment for edentulous patients are very few and have
reported conflicting findings. To our knowledge this is the first
detailed study to assess NZ position. Therefore, the purpose
of this study is to investigate the distance and direction of NZ
position in relation to the crest of residual ridge in edentulous

Journal of Prosthodontics 00 (2016) 1–8 

C 2016 by the American College of Prosthodontists 1
Neutral Zone Position in Edentulous Patients
patients and its association with age, gender, and period of
edentulism.
Materials and methods
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with
the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and
with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or
comparable ethical standards.
Subjects and setting
This study was carried out with patients who reported to the
Department of Prosthodontics for replacement of their teeth.
All the selected patients were from the Udaipur District and
the districts adjoining it, from the southern part of Rajasthan
State, India. A total of 150 patients were randomly selected
based on inclusion and exclusion criteria after giving written
informed consent. Patients included in the study needed to
be completely edentulous with a clearly identifiable crest of
the edentulous alveolar ridge in class I skeletal relation, have
knowledge of the time of extraction of their teeth, have a normal
mouth opening (40 to 60 mm), and exhibit normal mandibular
movements. Patients without complete post-extraction healing,
having any bony defect or pathology of the maxillofacial region,
intraoral soft tissue pathology, reduced mouth opening, history
of denture wearing, surgical extraction, or any kind of surgery
related to alveolar bone, or any systemic or debilitating diseases
or terminal illnesses were not included. The study protocol was
approved by the institutional ethical committee.
Pilot study
A pilot study on 12 patients checked the feasibility of the study.
Results of the pilot study were not included in the final analy-
sis. Sample size estimation was based on our pilot study results.
For tests of association using Pearson correlations, a moderate
correlation between variables was considered meaningful. To
detect a moderate correlation (r = 0.30), a sample of 112 an-
alyzable patients will provide 90% power to discover that the
correlation is statistically different from there being no corre-
lation at a 0.05 significance.
Neutral zone recording
Impressions and denture base fabrication
A conventional complete denture fabrication was planned for all
patients. Primary impressions were made with impression com-
pound, border molding was done with low-fusing green stick
compound, and final impressions were made with zinc oxide
eugenol based impression material. Master casts were dupli-
cated with poly(vinyl siloxane) duplicating material (Wirosil;
Bego Wilh. Herbst Gmbh & Co., Bremen, Germany). Den-
ture bases were fabricated on the duplicated master casts and
checked for the stability in the patient’s mouth. Following this,
occlusal rims were made on the stable denture bases with admix
material.
2 Journal of Prosthodontics 00 (2016) 1–8 
Porwal et al
NZ recording with functional movements
The neutral zone was recorded for all patients, and complete
dentures were fabricated. All procedures were carried out by
the same operator (AP). The admix technique was used for
recording the NZ. The admix technique involves mixing of
low-fusing green stick impression material to the impression
compound in a 7:3 ratio.11 All patients were trained to do
functional movements without the occlusal rims and then asked
to perform swallowing movements, followed by pursing of lips
and speaking with the occlusal rims (Fig 1). Once the recording
was done, markings were made at the corners of mouth, and
rims were reduced occlusally by keeping these markings as
guideline anteriorly and 2/3rd of the retromolar pad posteriorly.
Then, tempering and refinement were again done in the patient’s
mouth.
Identification of anatomical regions for
recording NZ position in relation to residual
ridge crest
A preliminary study with master casts of 12 randomly selected
patients identified the five anatomical regions (right molar re-
gion, right premolar region, incisor region, left premolar region,
and the left molar region) on the casts for the purpose of record-
ing the NZ position in relation to crest of the residual ridge. In
this study we measured the distance from distal of the retro-
molar region on the left side to the right side on the crest of
the ridge using a non-stretchable thread and divided it into six
equal parts separated by five points (A, B, C, D, E). This was
then transferred on the land area of the casts. An ideal tooth
arrangement was then done on the occlusal rims, and the po-
sitions of the five points on the casts were checked in relation
to the position of the teeth. Point C nearly coincided with the
midpoint between the two central incisors (error margin = 0.45
mm), points B and D coincided with the center of the second
premolars (error margin = 0.23 mm), and points A and E coin-
cided with the distal aspect of the second molars of the arranged
teeth (error margin = 0.12 mm). Based on these findings, points
A to E were identified for the entire study to record NZ position
in relation to the residual ridge crest.
Adaptation of wires
Refined occlusal rims were placed on the master cast. One wire
(stainless steel 26 G) was adapted on the center of the crest of
the ridge from the distal of the retromolar region on the left
side to the distal on the right side (Fig 2A) and another wire on
the center of the functionally modified occlusal rim (Fig 2B).
The wires were adhered with self-adhesive tape. The denture
bases were trimmed from the inside (only in the area of the
crest of the ridge) to help in seating the denture base on the
casts properly after the placement of the wire on the ridge.
Radiograph digitization
Digital (Kodak CR 7400 System Digital Radiography; Care-
stream Dental, Atlanta, GA) occlusal radiographs were made
for each master cast. For standardization, the distance between
the radiographic sensor and the X-ray beam source was kept
constant at 0.3 m. The digital radiographs were then assessed
C 2016 by the American College of Prosthodontists
Porwal et al Neutral Zone Position in Edentulous Patients

Figure 1 Neutral zone recording with functional move-

ments. (A) Swallowing. (B) Pursing of lips.

Figure 2 Adaptation of metallic wires. (A) On the cast. (B) On

the occlusal rim.

with a specialized tool (CAD in tools plugin; Corel Draw, v12;
Corel Corp., Ottawa, Canada). Wires on the center of the crest
of the ridge were traced digitally, and the total ridge length was
calculated. The measured length of the wire was then divided
into six equal parts separated by five markings representing
the regions A to E (Fig 3). Error in image magnification was
calculated by making a radiograph of a stainless steel ball with
a known diameter. This error was corrected for in all recorded
measurements.
Measurement of NZ position in relation to CRR
NZ position in relation to CRR was recorded in terms of its dis-
tance and direction. The distance of the NZ position in relation
to CRR was defined as the perpendicular distance between the
two wires at these locations. The direction of the NZ position
in relation to CRR was ascertained by determining whether it
was on the buccal side or the lingual side at these locations.
Both distance and direction of the NZ position in relation to the
CRR was recorded as zero whenever the wires coincided. An
average of three recordings was taken as the final recording.
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using a statistical software package (v20;
SPSS, Inc. Chicago, IL), and p value ࣘ 0.05 was considered
statistically significant. The numerical variable for the NZ po-
sition in relation to the residual ridge crest was defined by the
radiographic distance between the centers of the NZ and the
ridge crest and was normally distributed for the groups formed
by period of edentulism as assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test
and analyzed by calculating mean and standard deviation. Com-
parative evaluation was done by unpaired Student’s t-test. As-
sociation was evaluated by chi-squared tests, and Pearson’s
correlation coefficient was used for correlation analysis.
Results
A total of 150 edentulous patients participated in this study;
however, 133 patients (70 males, 63 females) with a mean age
of 58.81 ± 11.78 years who completed the study constituted the
study population. Out of the 17 patients who could not complete
the study, 4 patients did not report after the final impressions,
and 13 dropped before neutral zone recording. Table 1 shows
that association between direction of NZ position in relation to
residual ridge crest and age, gender, and period of edentulism
was not significant. Similarly, there was no statistically sig-
nificant difference between the distance of the NZ position in
relation to residual ridge crest among edentulous period groups,
age groups, and either gender (Tables 2–4). Also, there was no
significant difference in distance of NZ position in relation to
residual ridge crest between left and right sides or between
facial and lingual (Tables 5 and 6). Additionally, correlation
between NZ position in relation to residual ridge crest with

Journal of Prosthodontics 00 (2016) 1–8 

C 2016 by the American College of Prosthodontists 3
Neutral Zone Position in Edentulous Patients Porwal et al

Figure 3 Measurement of distance between the wires on a digitized radiograph.

Table 1 Associations between direction of NZ position in relation to residual ridge crest and age, gender, and period of edentulism

Overlap Lingual Facial Age Gender POE

Region Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) χ2 p value∗ χ2 p value∗ χ2 p value∗

Right molar 12 (9) 58 (44) 63 (47) 3.51 0.48 0.05 0.98 8.12 0.23
Right premolar 16 (12) 60 (45) 57 (43) 3.33 0.50 3.77 0.15 4.51 0.61
Incisal 12 (9) 59 (44) 62 (47) 5.24 0.26 0.04 0.98 4.86 0.56
Left premolar 17 (13) 55 (41) 61 (46) 2.38 0.67 1.52 0.47 8.51 0.20
Left molar 14 (11) 55 (41) 64 (48) 0.65 0.96 1.08 0.58 4.89 0.56

*
Chi-squared test; age: df = 4, gender: df = 2; edentulous period: df = 6; significance level at p < 0.05.
POE = period of edentulism.

age and period of edentulism was found to be not significant
(Table 7).
Discussion
The primary objective of this study was to determine the dis-
tance and direction of the NZ position in relation to the crest
of the residual ridge and its association with age, gender,
and edentulous period. Our findings suggest that age, gen-
der, and edentulous period were not associated with the NZ
position in relation to the residual ridge crest. Additionally,
there were no significant differences between the NZ posi-
tion in relation to the residual ridge crest with respect to age,
gender, and among edentulous period groups. Our results en-
dorse the fact that the dynamic changes in an edentulous mouth
vary from patient to patient and are subject to the individual
sequence of loss of natural teeth and changes in the orofa-
cial environment, thereby making it a unique feature for each
individual.
Although several studies on NZ have been reported, very
few7,9,10,12,13 have focused on the direction of mandibular NZ
position in relation to residual ridge crest. While Fahmy9 sug-
gested placement of molars buccal to the alveolar ridge for
patients with an edentulous period of more than 2 years, Raja
and Saleem7 found it to be true for patients with an edentulous
period of less than 2 years. Further, Demirel and Oktemer10
and Raja and Saleem7 suggested that teeth should be arranged
lingual to the crest of the ridge in patients with an edentulous
period of more than 2 years. All previous studies denoted facial
and lingual NZ positions in relation to residual ridge crest with
a positive or a negative sign and maintained it in determining
the mean distance of NZ positions in relation to the residual

4 Journal of Prosthodontics 00 (2016) 1–8 

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Porwal et al Neutral Zone Position in Edentulous Patients

Table 2 Comparison of distance of NZ position in relation to residual ridge crest between genders

95% CI

Mean Std. error

Region Gender N difference difference Lower Upper p value∗

Right molar Male 70 0.37 0.22 –0.07 0.82 0.10

Female 63
Right premolar Male 70 0.29 0.28 –0.27 0.85 0.31
Female 63
Incisal Male 70 0.11 0.31 –0.50 0.72 0.72
Female 63
Left premolar Male 70 -0.23 0.32 –0.86 0.40 0.47
Female 63
Left molar Male 70 0.21 0.23 –0.26 0.67 0.38
Female 63

*
Student’s unpaired t-test; significance level at p < 0.05.

Table 3 Comparison of distance of NZ position in relation to residual ridge crest among different periods of edentulism

95% CI

Region POE N Mean (SE) Lower Upper p value∗

< 2 years 40 1.92 (0.20) 1.52 2.32 0.64

Right molar 2 to 5 years 37 1.91 (0.21) 1.47 2.34
(F = 0.68, df = 3129) 5 to 15 years 35 1.95 (0.26) 1.43 2.47
> 15 years 21 1.87 (0.22) 1.41 2.32
< 2 years 40 2.36 (0.27) 1.81 2.91 0.21
Right premolar 2 to 5 years 37 2.66 (0.28) 2.09 3.22
(F = 1.52, df = 3129) 5 to 15 years 35 2.02 (0.27) 1.48 2.56
> 15 years 21 2.86 (0.29) 2.25 3.47
< 2 years 40 2.58 (0.31) 1.95 3.22 0.29
Incisal 2 to 5 years 37 2.05 (0.25) 1.54 2.56
(F = 1.26, df = 3129) 5 to 15 years 35 2.83 (0.32) 2.18 3.48
> 15 years 21 2.58 (0.31) 1.93 3.22
< 2 years 40 2.65 (0.33) 1.98 3.31 0.25
Left premolar 2 to 5 years 37 2.06 (0.29) 1.47 2.65
(F = 1.38, df = 3129) 5 to 15 years 35 2.61 (0.27) 2.06 3.16
> 15 years 21 1.89 (0.36) 1.14 2.64
< 2 years 40 2.43 (0.24) 1.94 2.92 0.51
Left molar 2 to 5 years 37 2.02 (0.23) 1.56 2.49
(F = 0.77, df = 3129) 5 to 15 years 35 2.14 (0.20) 1.74 2.54
> 15 years 21 1.98 (0.25) 1.46 2.51

*
One-way ANOVA; significance level at p < 0.05; POE = period of edentulism; SE = standard error.

ridge crest. This would lead to erroneous results in determining
the distance of the NZ position in relation to the crest of the
residual ridge. In our study we considered facial, lingual, and
overlapping positions separately and only the absolute values
of the distance of NZ positions in relation to the residual ridge
crest for calculation of mean distance of the NZ position in
relation to the residual ridge crest. Therefore, our results repre-
sent true distance and true direction of NZ position in relation
to the residual ridge crest.
Since the NZ position in relation to the residual ridge crest
depends upon the amount and type of residual ridge and its
resorption, it is important to consider factors associated with
residual ridge resorption (RRR) to understand the position of
the NZ in relation to the residual ridge crest. Since denture
wearing influences ridge resorption, patients with a history of
complete denture use were not included in the present study.
Denture wearing has been overlooked by previously reported
studies. It has a bearing on the orofacial musculature14,15 and
also affects the severity of resorption based on the number
of previously worn dentures.16,17 Further, several studies18-22
have associated RRR with period of edentulism with conflict-
ing findings. While Kovacic et al23 reported a strong corre-
lation between period of edentulism and RRR, Kordatzis et
al21 reported no association between them. RRR is seen more

Journal of Prosthodontics 00 (2016) 1–8 

C 2016 by the American College of Prosthodontists 5
Neutral Zone Position in Edentulous Patients Porwal et al

Table 4 Comparison of distance of NZ position in relation to residual ridge crest among different age groups

95% CI

Region Age N Mean (SE) Lower Upper p value∗

30 to 50 years 45 1.73 (0.18) 1.37 2.09 0.50

Right molar 51 to 70 years 63 2.01 (0.17) 1.67 2.35
(F = 0.69, df = 3130) 71 to 90 years 25 2.02 (0.26) 1.48 2.56
30 to 50 years 45 2.25 (0.22) 1.81 2.68 0.64
Right premolar 51 to 70 years 63 2.50 (0.22) 2.07 2.94
(F = 045, df = 3130) 71 to 90 years 25 2.58 (0.34) 1.88 3.28
30 to 50 years 45 2.46 (0.28) 1.91 3.02 0.25
Incisal 51 to 70 years 63 2.72 (0.23) 2.25 3.18
(F = 1.42, df = 3130) 71 to 90 years 25 2.02 (0.27) 1.47 2.57
30 to 50 years 45 2.30 (0.29) 1.72 2.89 0.74
Left premolar 51 to 70 years 63 2.47 (0.23) 2.01 2.93
(F = 0.30, df = 3130) 71 to 90 years 25 2.15 (0.32) 1.50 2.80
30 to 50 years 45 2.05 (0.19) 1.66 2.44 0.29
Left molar 51 to 70 years 63 2.36 (0.18) 2.00 2.72
(F = 1.25, df = 3130) 71 to 90 years 25 1.92 (0.23) 1.44 2.41

*
One-way ANOVA; significance level at p < 0.05; SE = standard error.

Table 5 Comparison of distance of NZ position in relation to residual bone loss has been reported to have a linear relationship with
ridge crest between left and right sides of the jaw age,19,33,34 with decrease in bone mass continuing throughout
life,35 Atwood and Coy27 found no close association between
95%CI
patient’s age and severity of bone resorption. Age also affects
Region Side Mean (SE) Lower Upper p value∗ orofacial musculature. With the loss of teeth and the advance-
ment of age there is loss of tonicity, and muscles become at-
Molar Right Side 1.92 (0.11) −0.57 0.06 0.12 rophic, leading to a decrease in force-generating capacity.36-38
Left Side 2.17 (0.12) With unattended edentulism, glossal tonus increases, and tonic-
Premolar Right Side 2.43 (0.14) −0.34 0.50 0.71 ity of buccal musculature decreases,39 resulting in forces with
Left Side 2.35 (0.16) variable magnitude and direction.5,40
In this study we observed no significant association between
*
Student’s unpaired t-test; significance level at p < 0.05; SE = standard error.
gender and the NZ position in relation to residual ridge crest,
indicating little influence of gender. Gender influence on NZ
position in relation to the residual ridge crest has not previ-
in the mandibular arch and in patients with long periods of
ously been studied. Most studies, however, have studied gender
edentulism,16,17,24 with most of the alveolar bone being lost in
influence on RRR with greater severity in females.41-43 Ridge
the first few months of edentulism and slowing down at a later
resorption increases at the onset of menopause and may con-
stage.25-31 Lack of any association between NZ position in rela-
tinue during and after menopause.35,42,44 While elderly women
tion to the crest of the residual ridge and period of edentulism as
had a greater amount of reduction in the mandibular residual
seen in our results is consistent with Atwood’s observations25
ridge in an age and period of edentulism matched population,45
that the amount and resorption of residual ridge are subject to
Bergman et al46 found no difference in bone loss between males
individual characteristics and cannot be generalized. Among
and females.
other reasons that may be attributed to the varied effect of pe-
Sequential loss of teeth leading to complete edentulism is
riod of edentulism on NZ position in relation to the crest of
not known to follow any specific pattern. Similarly, anatomic
the residual ridge are sequence and interval of loss of natural
and functional adaptations that occur as a result of progressive
teeth, which have a bearing on the pattern of alveolar bone re-
edentulism are also patient specific. This fact is substantiated by
sorption, resulting in a differential ridge resorption pattern.18
the lack of significance found in our study while comparing the
The resorptive pattern from the partially edentulous to the fully
left and right sides of the jaws. Additionally, while assessing
edentulous state alters.32 Any disturbance in the occlusion or
the direction of NZ position in relation to the residual ridge
change in the chewing pattern during the later stages affects the
crest, no significant differences were found between facial and
oral environment.
lingual positions in any location. Our results were in accordance
Although age was seen to be positively correlated with the
with previous studies.7,9,47
NZ position in relation to the residual ridge crest at all locations
Although impression compound is the most commonly and
in our study, no significant trend could be established. It has
extensively used material for recording NZ,48 patients have
been shown that in individuals with similar periods of eden-
found it difficult to manipulate during functional movements.49
tulism, RRR was less in younger age groups.32 Again, while
We used the admix technique (mixing low-fusing green stick

6 Journal of Prosthodontics 00 (2016) 1–8 

C 2016 by the American College of Prosthodontists
Porwal et al Neutral Zone Position in Edentulous Patients

Table 6 Comparison of distances of NZ position in relation to residual Conclusions

ridge crest between facial and lingual directions
Within the limitations of our study, the following conclusions
95% CI can be drawn:
Mean difference
Region Direction N (SE) Lower Upper p value 1. The distance and the direction of the neutral zone position
in relation to the crest of the residual ridge are influenced
Right molar Lingual 58 –0.05(0.22) –0.49 0.38 0.97
Facial 63
by several factors guided by the patient’s individual oral
Right premolar Lingual 60 0.25(0.26) 0.03 1.08 0.38
environment.
Facial 57 2. The neutral zone position has no significant relationship
Incisal Lingual 59 0.10(0.30) –0.50 0.70 0.99 with age, gender, and period of edentulism.
Facial 62
Left premolar Lingual 55 0.16(0.32) –0.47 0.79 0.61
These findings are of clinical importance when rehabilitat-
Facial 61
ing an edentulous mouth. They focus on two important aspects
Left molar Lingual 55 –0.02(0.22) –0.45 0.41 0.93 pertaining to NZ, while contemplating tooth arrangement in
Facial 64 complete denture treatment. First, they emphasize the impor-
tance of functional balance in the oral cavity, a feature that
*
Student’s unpaired t-test; significance level at p < 0.05; SE = standard error. should be incorporated in the prosthesis by recording the NZ.
Second, they endorse the fact that positioning of the recorded
NZ does not follow any fixed pattern or association with respect
to change in age, gender, and period of edentulism.
Table 7 Correlation between distance of NZ position in relation to resid-
ual ridge crest with age and period of edentulism

Age POE References

∗ ∗ 1. Jones JA, Adelson R, Niessen LC, et al: Issues in financing
Region r p value r p value
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Right molar 0.07 0.43 0.01 0.92 2. Petersen PE, Bourgeois D, Ogawa H, et al: The global burden of
Right premolar 0.14 0.11 0.06 0.53 oral diseases and risks to oral health. Bull World Health Organ
Incisor 0.05 0.54 0.04 0.67 2005;83:661-669
Left premolar 0.01 0.87 –0.10 0.23 3. Miller Y, Locker D: Correlates of tooth loss in a Canadian adult
Left molar 0.01 0.92 –0.09 0.30 population. J Can Dent Assoc 1994;60:549-555
4. MacEntee MI: The effects of ageing on the edentulous state. In
*
Pearson’s correlation; significance level at p < 0.05; POE = period of eden- Zarb GA BC, Eckert SE, Fenton AH, et al (eds): Prosthodontic
tulism. Treatment for Edentulous patients: Complete Dentures and
Implant-Supported Prosthesis (ed 12). St. Louis, Mosby, 2004
5. Beresin VE, Schiesser FJ: The neutral zone in complete dentures.
J Prosthet Dent 1976;36:356-367
6. Fish EW: Principles of Full Denture Prosthesis. London, John
impression material to the red impression compound in a 7:3 Bale, Sons & Danielsson, Ltd, 1933
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