4 Fractions, 44 decimals and percentages troduction use fract What's the point? Using fractions allows you to describe at are not a whole number: Objectives By the end ofthis chapter, you will have learned how to © Convert between decimals and fractions and order © Ac and subtract fractions with different denominators. ce fractions n amount and percentage changes.Write these decimals as fractions. Write any fractions in ais b 0.78 © 0.125 their simplest form, Write these fractions as decimals without using a calculator. 2 0 20 cg Calculate each of these additions and subtractions, giving your enswer as a fraction 4 Sa Use a mental method to calculate b Zor 40oks t £80, They are Increased in price by 10%. reduced to get back to the original Apa By what perc they need te4a Fractions and decimals ©A decimal is another way of writing @ fraction. psa relee ae: © A terminating decimal is one whose last digits are all zero. ‘To write a terminating decimal as a fraction you can use your knowledge of place values. Convert these decimals into fractions in thelr simplest form. a 06 b 015 ¢ 0315 os. a Ay ’ x oud 06 Sed a5 = 251 ‘© A recurring decimal is one whose last digits keep repeating. ‘You can use division to convert a fraction into a decimal by dividing the numerator by the denominator. Convert 4 into a decimal using short division 4 40- 33-7 Behe oo 70-66 = 4 om. = oid Tea recoring decal ou use dot notation to ‘© You can compare and order fractions and decimals by converting I ich digi opal them into decimals. om, = 0 oon... - oii o.o0u33... = 000i28 Put these fractions and decimals in order from lowest to highest: 2 3 3 + 0.22 Convert any fractions inta decimals using division. 3 ede de on, Bets ot. oma. Order the decimals. 022 022. ot, 2 3 So the order is. on § 3Exercise 4a 11 Wrlte these decimals as fractions in thelr simplest form. a 04 b 112 ¢ 0.36 4098 e 0.166 f 2.625 2. Write these fractions as decimals without Using a calculator. 3 2 619 63 "jo 3 62 4 50 sy a 3 33 em fs Sm % a 145 85, 305 3 '@ Fa “is ' 3 3. Change these fractions into decimals Using division. Use an appropriate ‘method. Give your answers to 5 decimal places where appropriate. 5 16 > az a 7 Problem solving 6 The variable p represents a decimal number with one decimal place. Write a list of the possible values of p if Syd 3 ae a F between these pairs of numbers. ‘to show which number isthe lergest. a osli$ » one ¢ Foose = d 091 t§ e $ooas ft oe2 9 Zoos h oars Put these fractions and decimals In order from lowest to highest. a3 0 Baas ob bon on «4 2 oe a om 2 . oo 3 | Write a similar expression for 10%. Ii_Use your two expressions to solve for x as a fraction Use a similar method to find 1 0.5556... 015151515. 20. caleate} bya wten method of cser b our arowe shoud have sk rept tts. Ts te met repent ite that en teve wi? alee by ten mated of divin 1 Ho many repeating ens dos Your anower hove? ee were4b Adding and subtracti ing fractions “he LCM i teow common ereiatc. Ove te facion hae ‘he same devainator you can a subd the rumertors © You can add or subtract fractions with different Saree ers eta eres reset fractions withthe same common denominator. Caleulate be » 2-3 a's i824 60's the LCM of 12 and 5 72s the LCM of 18 and 24 pt Bm A roe iw Bt | 3 tyie a i i Z ‘You need to be careful when you calculate with mixed numbers and Improper (top heavy’) fractions. Caleuate a 23 b 33428 8 507 ‘lee your anewer 38 ers 2 ved number fas bearish lowest terms 435 isthe LCM of § and 7. aha 5k 5B Te ale aie ale uw oe ws sto aExercise 4b Give each answer asa fraction in Its simplest frm. 4 Calculate each ofthese. 3 3,1 wa a » 20720 7,96 seer eagees 4 sf a2 2. Calculate each ofthese additions and subtractions. 5 4 a ded « Bow a 2-2 t 52 oe-Zn Problem solving 5S a Paige wants to download a very big 7 file from a website. I the frst hour she downloads # of he fe. Inthe second hour she downeads the next Sorte ne. 7 What faction ofthe fle has she ‘downloaded after 2 hours? 1H What fraction of the fle has she not yet downloaded? 5 Dylan is making a cake. He uses 3kg of flour, 3g of butter and kg of sugar, He pus al the ingredients into a bow, What Is the total weight ofthe ingredients? 6 a A photograph has length of 42 inches Keswick and wth o 3b nces,caleinte the perimeter of the photograph. Naomi takes a bus journey from Keswick to Seatoller. The total distance Is 12km. Find the distance between Rosthwalte and Seatoller. Seatoler @MyMaths.cou Rosthwate G17 Ea Work these out. 13 is 7 4 20 2 9 36 Work these out. 3,4 1 a i3+d yp ob ig es 433-22 e 2 4 7 4 9 33-22 hb Here are five weights, each with a different mass. You can use the weights to measure the mass of different amounts. fe tis Sie ns fs SS ‘a What isthe total mass of all five we b Which two weights have a combined mass of 12 kg? © Investigate what Musicins use notes different masses factonal duration woe a nae recon we | eT ae minim} note ae crotchet —} note cord oe see ot4c Multiplying and dividing fractions © You can find a fraction of a number or quantity using ‘multiplication. calculate 5 of 30kg F 5 ot%0 Bb 5 90+ 5..95 usecase te rose 5 3 «hey conveyor anor tied number using division. ‘© when you multiply a pair of fractions, the numerators are ‘multiplied together and the denominators are multiplied together Calculate 204 z 2X7 > az*aT ‘© Dividing by fraction is the same as multiplying by its reciprocal. This Is sometimes called the Inverse rule calculate 223 | B+3.241 Change the division S°7 5°775"3 oa mulipiaton + ELF and invert the traction. os 6 You con make the rrliglcation easier by : & Choose a start n, such a8 3 b Abag of cherries weighs Zkg.tna — ** Se eaeeaeameaed week Hanif eats 2! bags of cherries. Work out your fraction *P6" How many kilograms of cherries does 1= your new fraction he eat? 17 your new fraction © Repeat for several diferent starting 8 Abag of sugar weighs 1g. Nia uses fractions. 2 of the bag 9 make some biscults Write wnat you notice and ty to colleen uses 2 remaining sugar ‘explain what has happened. Colleen uses 2 of the remaining sugar ain, &X0! Po to make a cake. s i How many grams of sugar are left? i What fraction of the bag of sugar Is len? @ MyMaths.coux (Q 1040, 1046, 1047, 1074 ED4d Percentage change © A percentage isa fraction written as the number of parts per 100. 35, 23 sy 23% = F095 = 700/20 3 © You can calculate a percentage of an amount using mental, written and caleulator methods. Calculate 119% of £45. Maral cated Wen miigdadadatarmatad Tokot 5 eh50 Wah eAS = Ae oA bef 46 «oo MS of 6» 085 ses iho EAS = £495 ~ to 7 45 © You can calculate a percentage Increase or decrease in 2 single calculation using an equivalent decimal. Ina sale all prices are reduced by 22%. Jasmine earns £24 a week from her A pair of trainers normally cost £80. newspaper round, What isthe sale price of the palr of trainers? This week her wage is increased by 7%. What is her new weekly wage? 3 Reduce by 23% b locrate bj —— ex 0 100% ath {nthe sale the prices decrease by 22% Jasmine's wage increases by 7% Sale price » (00 ~ 223% of ad price New wage » (oo + Ti fold wage = 18h of £80 = 101 of Ea = 018 « 80 = oT 224 = rato = 1258Exercise 4d 1 Calculate these using an appropriate method 15% of £70 78% of 58k9 b 25% of 180m a 62% of 99 bh i ' 35% of 240ml 35% of 85GB 29% of 99m 17.5% of 250MB, 4.75% of £27000 105% of 6659 2% of £2500000 45% of $58 3% of 120mm, 3.5% of 3m. 60% of 245km 11% of 6tonnes p egrmeene Problem solving 3. Thomas can buy @ QIT Games Console for one cash payment ‘of £299, or pay a deposit of 30% and then twelve equal monthly payments of £19, Which isthe better option? Explain and justify your answer. Give att to 2dp as necessary 4a Heather weighs 45kg, Two weeks later her weight has increased by 8%. What Is Heather's new weight? b_ Ina saleall prices are reduced by 30%. ADVD costs £13 before the sale. What is the sale price of the DVD? Last month Chris scored 40 marks on a history test. This month he improves bis score by 15%. Howe many marks did he score in his history test this month? 4 Shahida is given £240 by her uncle, She spends 23% of the money, How ‘much money does she have left? 5 Barry plays a computer game every week. Each week he Improves his highest score by 1396. This week his highest score Is 282500. a What wil his highest score be next week? 1b What was his highest score last week? @MyMaths.coux 2 Calculate these percentage chenges. a Increase £40 by 12% b Decrease £360 by 21% © Increase 48km by 5% 4. Decrease 36mm by 15% @ Increase 125kg by 18% 1 Decrease £3700 by 35% 9 Increase £19 by 17.5% hh Decrease 6810 by 4.5% 6 Imran Is 6 years old and is 90cm tal. His father notices that Imran has increased In height by 9% each year for the last two years. If Imran grows at 9% a year: ‘a How tall will Imran be when he is 7 years old? ‘b How tall will Imran be when he is 410 years old? ‘¢ How tall will Imran be when he is 16 years old? d_ Do you think Imran will grow at 99% a year? Explain your answer. Metals expand when heated, for ‘example, te length af 8 copper bar wl increase by €7% if heated by 100°, Dierences In expansion rates are used to rake bimetale strips that bend then nested oF cooled4e Percentage problems © You can use percentage change to solve problems. Ina sale all the prices are reduced by 20%. A football shire costs £36 in the sale. What was the original price of the football shirt? ‘A 20% reduction means thatthe shirt cost 80% of the original amount, You can use thr unitary ‘method to find of the orginal price You can ue te inverse operation metho’ to ‘inte original aout by avon 0% ofthe original price» 0 To work out 80% of the price +80 80 you multiply by 0.8 1% of the original price = £0.45 x08 100 1100 original pce ———._ Sate price 100% of te orignal price = £45 ag ng +08 ‘The inverse of multipiying by 0.8 is dividing by 0.8 Original price ~ Sale price + 08 = 13-08 = £45, Next year the number of students at Notterhall Sports College is expected to increase by 18% to 966 students. How many students are there in the current year? ‘A.15% increase means that the number of students will increase to 115% of what Its In the current year. Using the unitary method Using the inverse operation method St of students in current year = 4b students To work out an increase of 15% you multiply by U5 1% of students in current year = 4ue = 5 the inverse of multiplying by 15 is dividing by 115, = 8.4 students Students in current year = 4b = 115 00% of students in current year = 8.4 » 100 > 846 students > #40 studentsExercise 4e Problem solving 1 Jackson decides to increase the wages of ‘everybody In his factory by 4%. Copy and complete his new payroll ist. 2 @ A pair of trainers are on sale for £84 which Is 70% of the original price. Name | Oldwage | New wage James | £200 Bernie | £275 Vile 520 Rufus 5384 ‘What was the original price ofthe tralners? A computer has been reduced in price by 25% to £345. ‘What was the original price of the computer? © A packet of MeDitty’s chocolate fingers is increased In mass. ‘The label says that the packet 's now 35% bigger “The weight of the packet is now 3249. ‘What was the original weight of @ packet of McDitty’s chocolate fingers? 3. a Gareth bought a computer game in a sale and saved £5. ‘The label said that it was a 25%6 reduction, ‘What was the original price of the computer game? 1b Mandy bought a box of cereal on Monday. On Friday she bought a hox of the same cereal but with 30% extra free Mandy worked out that she got an extra 150g of cereal Jn the new packet. How much cereal was there in the original packet? 4. Violet and Nita each bought an identical coat from the ‘shop. Violet bought hers on Saturday when there was 20% off the original price. Nita bought hers on Monday when there was. 30% off the original price. Violet paid £15 more than Nita. ‘a What was the orignal price of the coat? How much did Violet pay for the coat? ‘© How much did Nita pay for the coat? 5. The population of the Earth In the year 2012 was 7078 milion If the population of the Earth has increased by 2% a year, What was the population of the Earth in 20117 1b What was the population of the Earth in the year 20007 Investigate the population of the Earth at different times in history, @MyMaths.n Gam —EED4f Fractions, decimals and percentages You can convert between ‘fractions, decimals and percentages using a range of mrbods 58% = 58 + 100 = 058 PERCENTAGE 35 —oassaomes ang DECIMAL BB copy and complete this table. Fraction | Decimal | Percentage A 0.325 é ; ons 22 Boss «oss wioot [Fron | Besinal | Percentage ; re Dans B | ems | am Besar 2gensux L® = 0404 4p) = 4atetidp) z be oe © You can express the change in an amount as a percentage of the original amount, ‘A computer Is reduced in price from £420 to £357. What is the percentage reduction? Price eduction — = £20 ~ £957 Cateuate the reduction in price +t a Reduction = atte orga price Express the reduction as a ration ‘Percentage reduction = (G3 420) x 0% Change the fraction into w percentage using = 6% division. Check your answer by working out 15% reduction of £420 ~ 0.85 x 420 = £357Exercise 4f 4. Copy and complete this table. Cleariy show your working out. rection | Zz Fraction 40. 42 Dedmal 007 0.0475 Percentage 15% Problem solving 2. These are the marks scored by Seung in his recent exams. He needs to score 35% or more to pass. In which subjects did he pass the exam? Explain your answer. In whieh subject dia he do the worst? Explain your answer. By changing each of his marks to a percentage, put the subjects In order from Seung’s worst subject to his best. {An HD TV is reduced in price from £480 to £408. What isthe percentage reduction? GGive your answers as = decimals to 4 decimal places + percentages to 2 decimal places - fractions in their simplest form. EXAM REPORT, Tngincoring [9724 ‘Mahe 14/40 ‘Mela 56 Geman ED At BIS, Geography | 17/8 Sports Studies | 38% Last month Vikram earned £2300, This month his pay is £2369. What is the percentage Increase In Vikram's poy? Last year, the average number of people watching Manchester Rovers home games was 668000, This year there are an average of 71400 people watching the games, ‘What isthe percentage increase in the crowd at Manchester Rovers? 4. Awater tank contains 800 litres of water. At night the water freezes and expands in volume t0 872 litres of ce. Use this information to work out the percentage Increase in volume of water when it turns int te % increase 5 Overtime the prices of things | abject |1987 price| 2022 price | % mereaze you buy usually increase. essen |v eracoo |i eisetoo ‘These are the prices of eight | —Sstary —| ~ E7000 | ~ eza000 items in 1987 and 2012. a aoe @ Foreachitem, work out Ratrorqumrey | £0.34 [Eh be the percentage increase [Marz bar__[ £0.16 | £0.45, (or decrease) over te Mite (pint) | —€0.20 | £0.36 25-year period. Man Utd bb Investigate price increases | season ver longer periods of time, |__tieket_| _€64 far {© Find out why prices usually | Portable inerasoe, music player | £60 £20 @ MyMaths.cou (@r0is, 1302 ED4 MySummary Check out Y Convert between decimals and fractions and order them. ‘Add and subtract fractions with different denominators, Calculate percentages of an amount and percentage changes. v Multiply and divide factions. v v Calculate an original amount from the result of a percentage change. Y Convert between percentages, fractions and decimals. Language Meaning Terminating A decimal whose last digits are all 2-0 decimal Recurring ‘A decimal whose last dlits have a decimal repeating (non-zero) pattern Percentage A fraction where the denominator is 100 Numerator The number on the top of a fraction Denominator The number on the bottom of @ fraction Common If two fractions have the same denominator denominator they are said to both have a ‘common denominator Mixed number A mixed number is written in terms of both integers and fractions: Improper ‘A fraction in which the numerator is. fraction larger than the denominator Equivalent Fractions that have the same value fractions Test it=» Questions 1-3 14,12 @ @ e@e08@ 33, 14 Example 0.125 0.3 = 0.3333... 50% of 19s 5 mn? 2 ithe numerator 3 isthe denominator Bang h Band have a common enominstor of 4. 2h an example of a mined number 2s an moroper since 7> 5 3 5 and 35.PU 11 White these fractions as decimals Do net use 2 calculator. i 38, 2 13 a3 bo ©5 4 iT 2. Write these decimals as fractions. Do not use a calculator. a 0625 b 0.16 © 06 d@ 32 3. Put these numbers in order from lowest to highest: 11 2 ad too 2 3 5 bi 04 5 04 4 Calculate these and glve your answer as a fraction in its simplest form a+3 2-2 7a > Io is ces © ag 5 Calculate these; write your aneware 36 Improper fractions. 2431 a baal 6 Use @ mental method to calculate these. 2 2 a Zor ess b 120f2m 148 > 0-76 7 Calculate these using a mental or written ‘method; simplify your answers. 8 Calelete and simpity your answers, +f - a oa-t 9 Calculate these percentages using a suitable method. 835% of 880 © 110% of 752 b 9896 ef 1230 5.7% of 26 110 Calculate these percentage chenges. a Increase 70 by 5% b Decrease 17 by 32% 411 Acar is reduced in price by 30%, ‘The new price is £5250. ‘What was the original price? 412 This year a school has 240 students in year 7, an increase of approximately 412% from the year before. How many students were there the year before? 113 An oll painting increases in value from £1200 to £1560. ‘What is the percentage increase? 114 A colour printer Is reduced in price from £250 to £180. ‘What is the percentage reduction? ‘Your knowledge of this topic Is still developing. To improve look at 1015, 1016, 1017, 1040, 1046, 1047, You are gaining a secure knowledge of this topic. To Improve look at s 2.8 eaeet > ir* ao What next? o-5 Formative test: 2¢-4; MyMath e 1060, 1074, 1075, 1302 and 1924 8 6-11 3 Invision: 143, 146, 145, 152, 153, 156, 161 and 162 1-14 @ MyMaths cou You have mastered this topic, Well done, you are ready to progress!4 MyPractice Use an appropriate method. ‘where appropriate. & & 6 a it * 16 ao a a2 19 2. Place < or > between these pairs of numbers to show which number i the largest. aosnd » SOR ¢ fo0s « owod 3 Put these fractions and decimals inorder from lowest to highest. a 5 3 4 “gue foo sk homo rs 5 Hectornas 28 tres of water. nny as 3. Ire of lackeurant coda “They minx thbwo drinks together What the total emount ot hqud? Work out bad or 2.2 coer i i Be a dorsyards ob Sof6okg ¢ Zofzomm 4 jLof 39km 4 2 3 3 5 7 "i Sl or adum 8 © 1Zordomies # aZofz00m 9 tSors4ome th 38 oft century 8 Calculate 9 Calculate 4 4g 1648 +8 a4a+4 pb 1244 wo+8 g 1043 & oz 10 + e3rk of wet og seit h +e10 Calculate 4.8 B86 afsE pb 848 @ 5.4 fe 5 e673 f t*5 98 iatas 11 Caleulate these percentage changes. 2 Increase £50 by 28% bb Decrease £640 by 45% © Increase 180km by 6% Decrease 270mm by 3.5% Increase akg by 8% Decrease £9000000 by 1.2% 12. Monica earns £35 each weekend, working In her mum's shop. Next weekend her pay will be increased by 4%. How much will Monica earn next weekend? b Ina sale all prces are reduced by 15%. A DVD costs £12.49 before the sae. ‘What is the sale price of the OVD? 13 a A laptop Is on sale for £330 which ls 60% of the original price. ‘What was the original price of the laptop? 1b A Porsche 911 increased In price from 1982 to 2007 by 263%. ‘The price for a Porsche 911 in 2007 was £60621. ‘What was the price ofthe Porsche in 19827, 14a Kerry bought a mobile phone in a sale and saved £12. The label sald that it was a 15% reduction. ‘What was the original price of the mobile phone? b Ina special offer, a packet of biscults says that it contains 20% extra. ‘The weight of the packet Is 64g heavier than it was before the special offer, How much did the packet of biscuts used to weigh? 115 Copy and complete this table. Show clearly yaur working out. Fraction [Decimal [Percentage | Give your answers as Z decimals to 4 decimal places is = percentages to 2 decimal places 0.995 = fractions in thelr simplest form. 125% z 3 1.0377 16 @ An DVD costs £13. In a sale the price Is reduced to £11.44. ‘hat Is the percentage reduction? 1b A laptop is reduced in price from £880 to £836. ‘What is the percentage reduction? @ MyMaths.cou