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Fxlms Algorithm For Active Noise Control: García, Mauricio
Fxlms Algorithm For Active Noise Control: García, Mauricio
García, Mauricio
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
Electronic Engineering Department
Optimization Course
Bogotá, Colombia
mauricio_garcia@javeriana.edu.co
Abstract — In this work it is presented a DSP card applications [14], aircraft cabins [17], multi-channel ANC for
implementation method of the FxLMS single channel algorithm automobiles [18], 3d reverberant enclosures multi-channel
for active noise control (ANC). The ANC technique uses the ANC [15], but single channel ANC in 3d reverberant
superposition principle to attenuate acoustical noise. It is
enclosure for single channel, has been little documented,
presented some simulating and experimental results of the LMS
and FxLMS algorithms. The signals used in the ANC are several
always is used multichannel setups (multiple control sources
low frequency tones and a broadband sound signal (air and error sensors) to achieved considerable attenuation of
compressor), which is a machine widely used in industrial approximately 20 dB [16-17]
applications. The experiments are carried out in an enclosure
(control room of approximately 36 cubic meters of volume). This article is divided as follows: Section II, System
description, Section III, Simulation results. Section IV,
Keywords—component; system identification, LMS algorithm, Implementation of the FxLMS algorithm for active noise
FxLMS algorithm, active noise control, Matlab, Simulink, adaptive control in the DSP Texas TSM320C6713DSK, Section V,
filtering, FIR filters, secondary path estimation, transfer function, Conclusions, and Section VI, Future work.
adaptive algorithm, impulse response, FIT, white noise.
II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1)
For ANC is commonly used two different configurations of
Acoustic noise affects the life quality of the society, causing the FxLMS algorithm, one is a feedback ANC approach
stress and issues related to ear. In most of industries, it exists proposed by Olson and May in 1953 [10], in this scheme, a
machines, which generate high sound pressure levels and can
microphone is used as error sensor and also as reference
be considerate like acoustic noise sources. In order to minimize
the negative effects on employees, generally it is used passive sensor. This control setup is commonly used for control
methods, like acoustic isolation with acoustic barriers (walls), narrow band or predictable noises, one of the applications of
and hearing protectors. These passive techniques are widely this approach is controlling the sound field in headphones and
used, but its performance in low frequencies is poor [1]. hearing protectors [11]. The second is a feed-forward ANC
approach, which uses two sensors, an error sensor and a
Active noise control refers to attenuate acoustic noise at reference sensor. This setup is used for narrow band noise
specific space points, without using passive methods (physical control using a non-acoustic reference sensor “accelerometer”,
barriers or hearing protection), between the noise source and and for broad band noise control using an acoustic reference
the receptor. This technique is based on the wave sensor ”microphone” [7]. In this case, it will be used a
superposition principle, which tells how waves may interfere microphone as the reference sensor. In the figure 1, we can
on a constructive or destructive way, and just adding to the observe the FxLMS block diagram algorithm for feed-forward
existing acoustic field, another wave with the same frequency active noise control.
and amplitude, but opposite phase, then they interfere
destructively and cancel each other out. For ANC algorithm
design purposes, it is used the LMS algorithm invented by the
Standford University Professor, Bernard Widrow and his first
PhD Student, Ted Hoff. In this article it is presented eighteen
(18) offline results for LMS system identification algorithm,
also it is presented twenty one (21) simulation results of the
FxLMS ANC algorithm, and finally the single channel
FxLMS algorithm it is implemented in Simulink to download
it then to the DSP card, in order to obtain experimental real
time results. The simulations are important, because it can be
test if the algorithm is working well and also to compare the Figure 1. FxLMS Algorithm for Feed forward Active Noise
performance of the algorithms between simulations and real Control. [2]
time results. ANC has been widely investigated for
applications like, noise control in air ducts [13], headphones The Primary noise is the undesirable signal, which is tried
to be attenuate, and this is measured by the input microphone
(reference signal). The secondary source (cancelling speaker) h ( n+1 ) =h ( n )−μ ∇ J ( n ) (2)
generates the control signal and finally the primary noise is
attenuated at the physical error microphone position. h ( n+1 ) =h ( n ) +2 μe ( n ) x ( n ) (3)
It is important to know the software elements that are part Where h(n+1) is the coefficient at instant (n+1), μ is the
of the ANC controller, these are: the LMS adaptive algorithm step size which controls the convergence and the stability of the
which update the coefficients of the W(z) adaptive filter, which algorithm, e(n) is the error signal and x(n) is the input signal.
is this case is represented as a FIR filter [8]. The C(z) filter
represented the secondary path estimation or the transfer B. Analitical solution (Least Mean Square) algorithm for
function between the secondary source (control source) and the system identification
error microphone [2].
A. LMS (Least Mean Square) algorithm for system Let us consider de output filter as a FIR filter
identification N−1
So we have the same equation (3) which find the coefficients ‖ y−^y‖
that minimizes the mean square error J. FIT =100(1− )
‖ y−mean( y )‖
C. FxLMS (Filtered x Least Mean Square) feedforward (12)
algorithm for active noise control
The FxLMS algorithm it’s a variation of the LMS, it has been Where y is the real output and ^y is the estimated output.
widely used for active noise control, an important
characteristic is that it is required an estimation of the System order FIT Step size Error convergence
secondary path C(z) [7], in the figure 3 it is shown the block μ time
diagram of the algorithm FxLMS, which has four important 100 NA 0.3 Not converge
differences in comparison to LMS. First, the error signal is the 100 NA 0.03 15ms
sum of the desired signal and the control signal, because the 100 51% 0.003 25 ms
100 51% 0.0003 2s
total acoustic field is equivalent to the sum of the sound 100 43% 0.00003 12.5 s
pressure levels that comes from the primary noise and the 100 NA 0.000003 Not converge
secondary source (cancelling speaker). Second, because of
this, the step size μ must be negative. Third, the input to the 400 NA 0.3 Not converge
LMS block must be filtered by the secondary path estimation 400 NA 0.03 Not converge
400 58% 0.003 20ms
C(z), and fourth, for simulation effects, must be included the 400 76% 0.0003 1s
secondary path transfer function H(z). 400 72% 0.00003 9s
400 44% 0.000003 60 s