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Module 5
Cost Systems and Accumulation: Job Order Costing
Introduction
A job-order costing system accumulates manufacturing costs by job. Such a system is used when
separate jobs are identifiable, such as a furniture manufacturer, and is intended for products that are
manufactured within a department or cost center are heterogeneous or dissimilar, special or custom-
made products. This system also works for products manufactured individually or in distinct lots or
batches.
A job order costing system provides a separate record for the accumulated cost of each job through
job order cost sheets. Unit costs in a job order system are calculated by dividing the total manufacturing
cost of the job by the number of units produced in the job.
The module covers the following major topics:
A. The overview of the cost valuation methods
B. The two basic cost accumulation systems
C. Accounting for raw materials, labor and overhead
D. The manufacturing process and cost accumulation flow
E. Preparation of the Cost of goods manufactured
F. Accounting for the overhead variance
G. Accounting for the lost units
A comparison of costs used for actual costing versus normal costing follows:
Standard
Actual Costing Normal Costing
Costing
Direct materials Actual cost Actual cost Standard Cost
Direct labor Actual cost Actual cost Standard Cost
Estimated cost using a
Factory Overhead Actual cost Standard Cost
predetermined overhead rate
The job-order cost sheets are the subsidiary ledgers to the Work-in-Process account.
The total costs contained in all job cost sheets for uncompleted jobs should reconcile to the Work in
Process Inventory control account balance in the general ledger. Direct material information is gathered
from the material requisition forms, while direct labor information is found on employee time sheets or
employee labor tickets. Overhead is applied to production using predetermined overhead rates.
B. Materials Requisitions
The cost of materials is traced to each job through the use of a materials requisition form. When
materials are issued to production, the materials requisition form identifies the job, the quantity
Completed material requisition forms provide the ability to verify the flow of materials from the
warehouse to the department and job that received the materials. They are usually prenumbered and
come in multi-copy sets so that completed copies can be maintained in the warehouse and the
department for each job.
If total actual labor costs differ significantly from the original estimate, the manager responsible for
labor cost control will have to explain the difference. The number of hours worked on a cost plus
contract may also be audited by the buyer as with government contracts or other buyers. In addition,
time sheets provide information on overtime hours.
H. Completion of Production
Job cost sheets for completed jobs are removed from the Work in Process Inventory subsidiary ledger
and are transferred to the Finished Goods Inventory file and serve as a subsidiary ledger for that
account.
Finished Goods Inventory XXX
Work in Process Inventory XXX
To transfer completed goods to FG inventory
The cost shown on the job order cost sheet is transferred to Cost of Goods Sold when goods are sold.
Cost of Goods Sold XXX
Finished Goods Inventory XXX
To transfer goods sold from FG inventory to expense
Job cost sheets for sold jobs are kept in a company’s permanent files, providing management with a
historical summary about total costs and, if appropriate, the cost per finished unit for a given job.
The production processes may result in losses of materials or partially completed products
Evaporation, leakage, or oxidation is inherent in the manufacturing process; such reductions are called
shrinkage. Defects are production process errors that cause a loss of units through rejection at
inspection for failure to meet appropriate quality standards or designated product specifications that
can be economically reworked and later sold. Spoilage is production process errors that cause a loss
of units through rejection at inspection for failure to meet appropriate quality standards or designated
Module 5 ACCTG201 Page 4 of 9
product specifications that cannot be economically reworked. Normal loss is a loss of units that falls
within a tolerance level that is expected during production. Normal losses are part of the cost of the
job, while abnormal losses are written off as a period cost. Abnormal loss is a loss of units in excess
of expected levels (normal loss) during production. Normal losses are part of the cost of the job, while
abnormal losses are written off as a period cost.
Abnormal spoilage.
The cost of abnormal losses should be written off as a period cost.
Abnormal losses should be separately identified and investigated to prevent future recurrences.
In the following journal entry, the first debit represents the defective inventory’s disposal value. The
debit to Manufacturing Overhead is for the net cost of normal spoilage. The debit to Loss from
Abnormal Spoilage is the net cost of spoilage that was unnecessary and unanticipated in setting the
predetermined application rate.
Problem 1
The Sophomore MANUFACTURING COMPANY had the following inventories on August 1, 2020.
Finished goods P75,000
Work in process 55,500
Materials 66,000
Problem 2
CEBU MANUFACTURING COMPANY. charges factory overhead to production at a predetermined rate
based on direct labor cost. The rate has remained the same for the last two years. The following
data are given on its production:
Job Job Job Job Total
No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4
Work in process - Jan. 1
Direct materials P 8,000 P15,000 P23,000
Direct labor 3,200 6,500 9,700
Applied FO 1,920 3,900 5,820
Cost added – January
Direct materials 3,000 8,500 18,000 9,500 39,000
Direct labor 1,200 3,150 7,500 2,700 14,550
Multiple Choice
The following information pertains to Surrey Co., manufacturing process
2020
March 1 March 31
Inventories
Direct materials P 36,000 P 30,000
Work in process 18,000 12,000
Finished goods 54,000 72,000
Additional information for the month of March:
Direct materials purchased 84,000
Direct labor payroll 60,000
Direct labor rate per hour 7.50
Factory overhead rate per direct labor hour 10.00
4. How much must be the prime cost, conversion cost, and cost of goods manufactured for the month?
Prime cost Conversion cost Cost of goods mftd
a. P90,000 P60,000 P236,000
b. 150,000 140,000 296,000
c. 144,000 170,000 230,000
d. 150,000 140,000 236,000
Adams Company uses a job order costing system and the following information is available from the
records. The company has 3 jobs in process: 501, 502 and 503.
Raw materials used P120,000
Direct labor per hour P8.50
Overhead applied based on direct labor cost 120%
Direct material was requisitioned as follows for each job, respectively: 30%, 25%, and 25%, the
balance of the requisitions were considered indirect. Direct labor hours per job are 2,500, 3,100, and
4,200, respectively. Indirect labor is P33,000. Other actual overhead costs totaled P 36,000.
6. If Job 503 is completed and transferred, how much is the total cost transferred to Finished Goods
Inventory?
a. P 96,700 c. P 108,540
b. P 99,020 d. P 139,540
Work in process of Alonzo Corporation on July 1, 2020 (per general ledger) is P 22,800.
Per cost sheets:
Job 101 Job 102
Direct materials P6,000 P8,000
Direct labor 3,000 2,500
Marco Corporation has a job order cost system. The following debits (credits) appeared in the general
ledger account work-in-process for the month of September, 2020:
September 1 Balance P 12,000
September 30, DM 40,000
September 30, DL 30,000
September 30, FO 27,000
Sept. 30, to FG (100,000)
Marco applies overhead to production at a predetermined rate of 90% based on the direct labor cost.
Job no. 232, the only job still in process at the end of September, 2020, has been charged with factory
overhead of P2,250.
10. What was the amount of direct materials charged to Job 232 as at end of September, 2020?
a. P2,250 c. P4,250
b. P2,500 d. P9,000
Job No. 41 (consisting of 5,000 units) was started in September, 2020 and it is special in nature because
of its strict specifications. Factory overhead is charged at P 0.80 per unit and includes a P.05 provision
for defective work. The prime costs incurred in September are: Direct materials, P 9,000 and Direct
labor, P 4,800. Upon inspection, 80 units were found with imperfections and required the following
reprocessing costs, Direct materials, P 1,500 and direct labor, P 800.
12. The unit cost of Job No. 41, upon completion, is:
a. P 4.10 c. P 3.98
b. P 4.05 d. P 3.62