QUESTION #8

WHY WOULD AN INDIVIDUAL EVEN CONSIDER TRANSACTIONS AS A CHILD

OR AS A PARENT? PROVIDE THREE REASONS.

Transaction as a parent
Parent consists of recordings of external events observed and experienced by a child from
birth through approximately the first five years of life. These recordings are not filtered or
analyzed by the child; they are simply accepted without question. Many of these external
events are likely to involve the individual’s parents or other adults in parent-link roles,
which led Berne to call this ego state “the Parent.” Examples of external events recorded in
this state:

 Do not play with matches.

 Remember to say “please” and “thank you.”

 Do not speak to strangers.

Transaction as a child
Child represents all brain recordings of internal events (feelings or emotions) that are
directly linked to the external events observed by the child during the first five years of life.
Examples of events recorded in this state may include:

 I feel happy when Mom hugs me.

 Dad’s late-night movie was very scary.

 I feel sad when Mom is sad.

Any indication (speech, gestures or other nonverbal cues) that acknowledges the presence of
another person is called a transactional stimulus. All transactions are initiated via the use of
a transactional stimulus. When two individuals encounter each other and the receiver reacts
in a manner related to the transactional stimulus, that individual has performed
a transactional response. The key to successful person-to-person communication generally
lies in identifying which ego state (in the speaker) initiated the transactional stimulus and
which ego state (in the receiver) provided the transactional response.
Due to the typically rational and reasonable nature of the Adult, Berne believes that the
easiest and simplest transactions occur between Adult ego states, but transactions may occur
between any of the three ego states. In a complementary transaction, the transaction
response from the receiver is directed to the sending ego state in the speaker. For example,
if the Adult in the speaker sends a transactional stimulus to the Child in the receiver, then
the transaction will be complementary if the Child in the receiver then sends the
transactional response to the Adult in the speaker. According to Berne, communication will
continue if the transactions remain complementary.

A crossed transaction occurs when an ego state that did not receive the transactional
stimulus sends the transactional response. Crossed transactions may lead to breakdowns in
communication, which may sometimes be followed by conflict. For example, the Adult state
in an individual may send a transactional stimulus to the Adult in another individual, asking
“Have you seen my coat?” But the Child in the second individual may instead send the
transactional response to the Parent in the first individual by replying, “You always blame
me for everything!”

Not only is communication considered to be an important aspect of everyday life, it is also

thought to be an integral part of being human. Even newborns exhibit the need to be
recognized and acknowledged. Research conducted by Spitz showed that infants who
received less cuddling, handling, and touching were more likely to experience physical and
emotional challenges. Berne described this innate need for social recognition as recognition-
hunger, defining the fundamental unit of social action or recognition as a stroke.

From Berne’s perspective, the adversely affected children in Spitz’s studies exhibited
physical and emotional deficits due to a lack of strokes. Berne applied this theory to adults,
theorizing that men and women also experience recognition-hunger and a need for strokes.
However, while infants may desire strokes that are primarily physical, an adult may be
contented with other forms of recognition, such as nods, winks, or smiles.

While strokes may be positive or negative, Berne theorized that it is better to receive a
negative stroke than no stroke at all. When one person asks another out on a date, for
example, and receives a flat refusal, that person may find the refusal to be less damaging
than a complete lack of acknowledgment.

References:
1. Bennett, R. (1999). A transactional analysis approach to the categorization of
corporate marketing behavior. Journal of Marketing Management, 15, 265-289.
2. Key Concepts in Transactional Analysis. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://itaaworld.org/key-concepts-transactional-analysis
3. McLeod, J. (2013). Process and outcome in pluralistic transactional analysis
counselling for long-term health conditions: A case series. Counseling and
Psychotherapy Research, 13(1), 32-43.
4. Qualifying in TA. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://itaaworld.org/qualifying-ta
5. Transactional Analysis. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.ericberne.com/transactional-analysis

QUESTION #7
EXPLAIN HOW INFERIORITIES INFLUENCE THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE
SELF.

We all worry at times about our abilities. Although it’s distressing, it’s normal to question
whether we measure up to others or to feel momentarily incompetent for, say, scoring lower on a
test than those around us, not performing as well as our coworkers, or for not yet being well-
situated in life as our friends. For most of us, these feelings of insecurity and insufficiency (such
as being unable to reach an intended goal) are highly situational or occasional. When they arise,
we may, for example, brood about them for a time and then move on, deal with them by
reminding ourselves that we have other strengths, or use them as motivation to master the
underlying problem.

But if you have an inferiority complex an old-fashioned term for low self-esteem you respond
differently. You call yourself names, lament your shortcomings, and believe that your intense
self-criticism is reasonable. Just when your self-esteem is most fragile, you attack it even further.
This cycle is so deeply rooted that it consistently holds you back personally and professionally.

“You get what you expect and people with very low self-esteem expect very little.” As
disappointments mount, you become more discouraged and more vulnerable to being biased
against yourself. The result is a pervasive feeling of being “less than” across most aspects of life:
psychological, intellectual, social, and physical.

Person with an inferiority may also:

 Feel responsible for other people’s shortcomings and failures

 Seek attention and validation by pretending to be sick, depressed, or by continually

bringing the conversation back to them

 Avoid any type of competition where their efforts might be directly compared with
others; “People with very low self-esteem don’t take risks. They don’t try things and they
end up missing out on many opportunities,”

 Be extremely sensitive to both compliments and criticisms

 Exhibit personality traits, such as perfectionism and neuroticism (a tendency

toward anxiety, depression, and other negative feelings)

The good news is there are things you can do to curb these unhealthy responses, overcome your
psychological distress, rebuild your self-esteem, and enjoy a more fulfilling life. The first step is
to develop a really deep understanding of where this feeling of diminishment is coming from by
delving into the messaging that came early in life and exploring the situations that reinforced the
feeling of not being good enough. Next, we help shift the focus away from what they lack to the
positive things about themselves and their lives. Once we, so to speak, even out the playing field,
we can then, from a position of positive self-regard, repair their sense of self-confidence and
self-esteem.”

QUESTION #6
WHAT ARE WAYS TO AVOID DESPAIR AS THE FINAL STAGE OF AN
INDIVIDUAL
There are ways to overcome daily despair and start living again
1. Break the pattern.
The first thing to do with any negative pattern is stop what you’re doing. You’ve got to break a
pattern to change it. This means emotionally removing yourself from the situation. You’ve got to
regroup.
Taking time away is helpful. If that’s not feasible, find a quiet place where you can retreat for
alone time during all spare moments. If you have kids, do this while they’re sleeping or safely
occupied.
2. Free your mind.
During your free time, don’t think about problem-solving of any kind. Focus on resting, healing,
and gifting yourself with positive, healthy thoughts and experiences.
Change your daily activities from TV and other distractions to calming interests. Take walks
outdoors. Read only uplifting things. Catch up on your sleep. Get to bed early when possible.
3. Collect ideas to kick-start your thinking.
Once you’ve broken your pattern, determine the key issue you’re struggling with and find a high-
quality resource to begin collecting ideas.
Are your relationships getting you down? Do you need some spiritual rejuvenation? Is your
problem depression? Do you need to learn positive thinking, stress management, or time
management?
Plenty of resources to address your problem are at your fingertips on the Internet, in a bookstore
or library, at a local group meeting or Meetup, or a seminar. Find something that sparks your
interest and has received top recommendations from others, and dive in.
4. Give your situation some preliminary thought.
Armed with fresh ideas and with the new resilience gained from your self-care, begin to gently
daydream some possibilities.
This is important. Approach this in a relaxed way—not grasping for answers but allowing them
to surface naturally if they do. It’s not even a requirement. This is a creative process.

5. Trust the process.

There’s no plug and play solution for transforming despair. Your subconscious, creative,
problem-solving mind takes time to process properly.
Be patient. You don’t need all the answers right now—just some starter fluid to get your brain
thinking. As with any creative process, the first answers won’t be your best.
6. Reset your reality through change.
Once you’ve cleared your mind, absorbed input from a trusted resource, and eased into
daydreaming, you can start making some changes in your life.
7. Trace back to the thoughts or actions that caused your stuck feeling.
Changing the outer aspects of your life is often the best way to uproot despair. But to make the
change permanent, it’s important to carefully consider the inner aspects. Identify the thoughts or
actions that resulted in your situation to begin with.

No matter how bad life seems, you can find the way out of despair.
We all need time to rejuvenate, so break your pattern. Take time to reflect on what you truly
want out of life and what you must do to get back on course.
The answers often are not complex. They’re just hidden because you lost your focus on what’s
important.
Take some time to think about the thoughts or actions that may have led to your despair. Once
you identify the problem, with a little guidance you can correct it and completely change your
life.

QUESTION #5
WHY IS THE SHADOW ARCHETYPE A REFLECTION OF SELF?

The shadow is an archetype that consists of the sex and life instincts. The shadow exists as part
of the unconscious mind and is composed of repressed ideas, weaknesses, desires, instincts, and
shortcomings.

The shadow forms out of our attempts to adapt to cultural norms and expectations. It is this
archetype that contains all of the things that are unacceptable not only to society, but also to one's
own personal morals and values. It might include things such as envy, greed, prejudice, hate, and
aggression.

Shadow can appear in dreams or visions and may take a variety of forms. It might appear as a
snake, a monster, a demon, a dragon, or some other dark, wild, or exotic figure.

This archetype is often described as the darker side of the psyche, representing wildness, chaos,
and the unknown. These latent dispositions are present in all of us, although people sometimes
deny this element of their own psyche and instead project it on to others.

The following are just a few of the various archetypes that described:

 The father: Authority figure; stern; powerful

  The mother: Nurturing; comforting

 The child: Longing for innocence; rebirth; salvation

 The wise old man: Guidance; knowledge; wisdom

 The hero: Champion; defender; rescuer

 The maiden: Innocence; desire; purity

 The trickster: Deceiver; liar; trouble-maker

QUESTION #4
EXPLAIN HOW A DRUG ADDICT INFLUENCE BY EACH ECOSYSTEM?

Drug Addiction is a disease that affects society in many different ways. From the individual
standpoint not only does it take a toll on personal health and longevity but has far reaching affect
to those associated to the individual, even extending to the broader sense that has a ripple effect
over society as a whole. This effect can be seen in some of the aspects of the ecological health
model. The paper attempts to describe some of the factors that influence drug addiction from the
personal standpoint as well as to address some of the factors by which we seek treatment of such
maladies. The sociologist named Daniel Stokols provided four assumptions: (1) health behavior
is influenced by physical environments, social environments, and personal attributes; (2)
environments are multidimensional, such for Health Promotions social or physical, actual or
perceived, discrete attributes (spatial arrangements) or constructs (social climate); (3) human-
environment interactions occur at varying levels of aggregation (individuals, families, cultural
groups, whole populations); and (4) people influence their settings, and the changed settings then
influence health behaviors.
QUESTION #3
HOW CAN SOCIAL STATUS AFFECT THE CAPACITY OF SELF-
ACTUALIZATION?

As human beings, we have basic psychological needs for personal growth and development
throughout our lives. Socio-economic status  by a person affect the self-actualization. By
accomplishing self-actualization, you are able to find meaning and purpose in your life, and you
are able to say you truly 'lived.

Self-actualization is the final stage in the linear growth of an individual. Maslow believed that in
order to achieve this state of personal fulfilment, the person must first satisfy the preceding needs
(i.e. physiological, safety, love/belonging, and esteem, in that order). He contested that self-
actualized individuals possess a number of characteristics that enable them to, first, satisfy the
four initial categories of needs and, second, to contend with the dissonant relationship between
free will (i.e. the supposed capacity to act based solely on our personal drives) and determinism
(i.e. the effect of societal pressure and an internal consideration of how we will appear to others
and the effects our actions will have on them). Below is a list of the characteristics possessed by
self-actualized individuals as outlined by Maslow (1954):

 Acceptance and realism: Self-actualization reflects the individual's acceptance of who

he/she is, what he/she is capable of, and his/her realistic and accurate perception of the
world around him or her (including the people within it and how they relate to the
individual).

 Problem-centering: Self-actualized individuals are not purely focused on internal gain;

they appreciate the benefits of solving problems that affect others so as to improve the
 external world. The desire to assist others is borne out of an internal sense of right and
wrong, which is grounded in empathy.

 Spontaneity: The self-actualized individual thinks and acts spontaneously, as a result of

having an accurate self- and world-view. In spite of this spontaneity, these individuals
tend to act and think within the accepted social norms and according to the expectations
of others.

 Autonomy and Solitude: While the self-actualized among us conform to societal norms

and are often people-centered in their problem-solving, they often display the need for
personal freedom and privacy. These private times are spent testing their potential, both
mentally (i.e. thinking about their problems) and physically (i.e. acting out to identify
strengths and weaknesses).

 Continued Freshness of Appreciation: No matter how simple, straightforward or

familiar an experience, the self-actualized individual is capable of seeing things from new
perspectives and appreciating the breadth and wonder of things in his/her world. This
capacity allows these individuals to develop new problem-solving strategies, and it
fosters creativity as a result.

 Peak Experiences: These are experiences that display three core characteristics:

significance, fulfillment, and spirituality. These intense psychophysiological experiences
include joy, wonder, awe, and ecstasy, and in self-actualized people they are thought to
be more common. These peak experiences are thought to produce invigorating feelings
such as inspiration, physical and mental vitality, and a renewed sense of perspective.
QUESTION #2
WHAT ARE THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF APPLYING CATHARSIS
FOR SELF-AWARENESS

Catharsis is an emotional release intended to relieve aggressive urges. Venting, or releasing one's
emotion, may be useful in temporarily decreasing anger; however, research about the lasting
effects of catharsis finds that it doesn't necessarily lead to adaptive or healthy ways of dealing
with anger. Venting may temporarily relieve some emotions but it can lead to maladaptive ways
of dealing with anger, such as through physical or violent behavior. Allowing oneself to engage
in catharsis freely may also reinforce the tendency to lash out toward others without dealing with
issues in a positive manner.

Strong emotions can lead to maladaptive or adaptive behavior, depending on the intensity and
type of emotion felt. For example, positive emotion generally leads to healthier behavior
concerning the self and others. Negative emotion can lead individuals to behave in both a healthy
and unhealthy manner. For example, one may feel anger as a result of experiencing reduced
privileges. This can motivate an individual to focus on the opposite of what is experienced or to
advocate for a better situation, but it can also lead one to engage in destructive behavior.

Catharsis is a Greek word that means purification. This word is used in the process of releasing
negative emotions. The popularity of this term was thanks to the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud,
who tends to use this word within psychoanalysis.

Catharsis has a series of positive and negative effects for the person, which are:

Positive

1- Catharsis allows people to release traumas from past situations that they had repressed.
Having these repressed emotions can interfere with your daily activities.

2- When the person releases those traumas and situations it had repressed, it can feel a sense of
liberation. It feels that it is not carrying any weight and that he can continue with its life in a
normal way.
3- When the person has downloaded those emotions and traumas that were repressed, they find it
easier to deal with situations that may arise later.

4 - Release emotions allows the person to have greater control of them.

Negative

1- Although the person unloads those emotions and traumas it had, this does not mean that it will
be better. How the person performs this process many times may not be positive, leading them to
perform inappropriate behaviors when expressing how they feel.

2- Catharsis can lead to the person acting in a way that can make people around it feel bad.

QUESTION #1
HOW CAN GESTHALT PSYCHOLOGY FURTHER ENABLE UNDERSTANDING OF
THE SELF?

Gestalt psychology – an influential theory of perception early in the twentieth century – proposed
that perception was determined not by the elemental sensations of light and dark but by laws of
similarity, good continuation (analogous to smoothness), closure, symmetry, etc. that grouped
such elements within a larger visual context. Derived from gestalt psychology, three types of
theory focus on processes within the social perceiver: attribution, impression formation, and
consistency theories. Other attitude theories and self-theories build indirectly on these origins,
but still emphasize understanding as primary.

Heider's theories of social perception focused on harmonious, coherent wholes: invariance in

perceived personality. Heider's social perceiver, portrayed as a naive scientist, searches for
consistencies in behavior, to make coherent dispositional attributions (inferring stable, personal
causes). Other attribution theories developed: Jones's theory of correspondent inference describes
how perceivers impute dispositions that fit an actor's behavior, attributions increased by a
behavior's unique (‘noncommon’) effects and low social desirability.

A second line of person perception theories also originated in gestalt ideas and eventuated in
dual-process models. Asch proposed a holistic theory of impression formation, in which the parts
(most often personality traits) interact and change meaning with context. The alternative, an
algebraic model that merely summed the traits' separate evaluations, matured in Anderson's later
averaging model of information integration.

A third line of theories follows from gestalt approaches. Heider's balance theory posits that
perceivers prefer similarly evaluated people and things also to belong together. This emphasis
fits other consistency theories.

1. IS IT POSSIBLE TO TEACH WITHOUT LEADING?

Yes. When you teach it’s not necessary that you lead. In a way that you teach only what the
student is able to learn. Or better, teach only the most of what you can actively share with your
student. In the aspect of leading is that its not necessary the when you teach it is the time that you
guide them. Leading is to guide. The focus of knowledge to be learned is in between, let’s say,
the master of dance and the student, both in action. The beginner dancer dances better because of
the help of the master.

In this example, the new knowledge seems to be "in between" (master vs learner). It is not
completely the deep knowledge of the Master since he reduces his possibilities to adapt them to
the beginner, and it is neither the actual possibilities of the beginner since he dances better only
because he is helped by the master.

2. IS IT POSSIBLE TO LEAD WITHOUT TEACHING?

Yes. When you lead you need to teach it. Example, if you are task to lead the prayer, teaching is
not needed. You just need to know what you want and want to tell on your prayer.

3. CITE A SCENARIO WHERE THE LORD JESUS HIMSELF DOES THE ROLE OF A
SOCIAL ADVOCATE.

JESUS AS A SOCIAL ADVOCATE

By following Jesus, which I believe means we have to actively incorporate the beatitudes and
works of mercy into our lives, we are engaged in building up the kingdom of God. If God is just
and a kingdom is a society, we are necessarily engaged in social justice. After all, in the rite of
infant baptism, our parents assented to raising us to keep Christ's command to love God and
neighbor; loving one's neighbor seems like a good definition of social justice.