PHILIPPINE HEALTH SITUATION & IMPORTANT HEALTH
INDICATORS indicators measure gaps between men and
Phil. Population
 Current population as of the Monday, August
31, 2020(UN data) is 109,818,368.
 Its equivalent to1.41%of the total world
population of more than 7.8 billion as of August
31, 2020.
 Ranks number13 in the list of countries &
dependencies by population.
 Population density is 368 per Km2 (952 people
per mi2).
 47.5 %of the population is urban(52,008,603
people in 2020)
 The median age is 25.7 years.
Other Demographic Data
 Life Expectancy:
Both sexes 71.7 years
Males 67.7 years
Females 75.9 years
Uses of Health Indicator
 Description - to describe health care needs in a
population, and the disease burden in specific
population groups.
 Forecast or prognosis - to anticipate results
with regard to the state of health (forecast) of a
population or a group of patients (prognosis).
 Explanation - can facilitate an understanding of
why some individuals in a population are
healthy and others are not.
 System management and quality improvement
- The production and regular monitoring of
health indicators can also provide feedback to
improve decision-making in various systems and
sectors.
 Evaluation - can show the results of health
interventions.
 Advocacy - can serve as tools to support or
oppose particular ideas and ideologies in
different historical and cultural contexts.
 Accountability - can provide needed
information-on risks, disease and mortality
patterns, and health-related trends over time-
for a wide range of audiences and users
 Research - Simple observation of the temporal
and spatial distribution of health indicators in
population groups can facilitate analysis and
lead to a hypothesis to explain observed trends
and discrepancies.
 Measure gender gaps - Gender-sensitive
women resulting from differences or
inequalities in gender roles, norms, and
relations.
Health Indicators
 Incidence Rate – measures the frequency of
occurrence of phenomenon during a given
period of time.
 IR = number of new cases of a particular disease
registered during a specified period of time
------------------------------------------------------------ = 100,000
Population at risk
 Prevalence Rate – measures the proportion of
population which exhibits a particular disease
at a particular time
 PR = number of new & old cases of a certain disease
registered during a specified period of time
------------------------------------------------------------ = 100
total no. of persons examined at the same given time
 Crude Birth Rate – measure of one
characteristic of the natural growth or increase
in the population
 CBR = Total no. of live births registered in a given
calendar year
------------------------------------------------------------ = 1, 000
estimated midyear population
 Examples in Negros Oriental:
Total live births in 2019 is – 3, 128
Estimated midyear population – 1, 354, 995
Please compute the CBR
 Crude Death Rate – the rate with which
mortality occurs in a given population.
 CDR = No. of deaths in a calendar year
------------------------------------------------------------ = 1, 000
Midyear population
 Example in Negros Oriental:
total deaths in 2019 – 1, 020
midyear population – 1, 354, 995
practice computation of CDR
  Infant Mortality Rate – number of deaths of Prevalence
infants under 1 year of age in a calendar per Survey
1000 live births in the same period Prevalence of FNRI-DOST 33.4 21.4
stunting among NNS (2015)
 A good index of the level of health in the under-five
community because infants are very children
sensitive to adverse environmental
conditions Leading Causes of Morbidity
 IMR = Deaths under 1 year of age in a calendar year
------------------------------------------------------------ = 1, 000
no. of live births in the same year

 Maternal Mortality Rate – death of a female

from any cause related to or aggravated by
pregnancy , childbirth or within 24 days of
termination pregnancy, irrespective of the
duration and the site of pregnancy
 MMR = No. of deaths due to pregnancy, delivery, puerperium
in a calendar year Leading Causes of Mortality
------------------------------------------------------------ = 100
no. of live births in the same year

Better Health Outcomes

Data Baseline 2022

source target
Average life PSA 70 72
expectancy in (2010-
years 2015)
MMR per UN 114 90
100,000 live Estimates (2015)
births Infant Mortality
IMR per 1, 000 PSA-NDHS 23 15
live births (2013)
Premature PSA-CRVS 188 156
mortality (2014)
attributed to
cardiovascular
diseases,
cancer,
diabetes, and
chronic
respiratory
diseases per Maternal Mortality: by main cause
100,000 Number, Rate/1000 livebirths & Percent distribution
population Philippines, 2010
Tuberculosis National 434 427 Causes Number Rate Percent
incidence per TB (2016) TOTAL: 1, 719 1.0 100
100, population
 Complications 660 0.4 38.4 Immunity–the host’s ability to resist a particular
related to disease-causing agent.
pregnancy
occurring in the Herd immunity –the immunity level present in a
course of labor, population group.
delivery and
Types of Immunity
puerperium
Hypertension 605 0.3 35.2 Passive – short term resistance that is acquired either
complicating naturally or artificially.
pregnancy,childbirth
and puerperium  Passive artificial: immunoglobulins
Postpartum 298 0.2 17.3  Passive natural: transfer from mother to
hemorrhage newborn
Pregnancy with 156 0.1 9.1
abortive outcome Active – long-term and sometimes life-long resistance
that is acquired either naturally or officially.

EPIDEMIOLOGY  Active artificial: vaccination

 Active artificial: infection

Uses of Epidemiology according to Morris

 Epidemiology is derived from three Greek root
words:
EPI - on, upon
DEMOS – people
LOGY – study
 Epidemiology is, thus, the study of what is upon
the people.
 In modern terms, it is the science of the
distribution of disease and its determinants
(causes).
 Study of the patterns of disease occurrence in
human populations and factors that influence
this patterns.
 a branch of medical science that deals with the
incidence, distribution, and control of disease in
a population (Merriam-Webster).
 is also a process that uses the facts at hand as
clues to point to new knowledge and solutions.
Epidemiologists have been called “disease
detectives” and “medical sleuths” for this
reason.
Who is Morris?
Important Terminologies
Endemic – the continuing presence of a disease or
infectious agents in a given geographic area.
Epidemic –an increase in the frequency of disease
above the usual and expected rate (endemic rate).
 Study the history of health population and rise
& fall of diseases and changes in their character
 Diagnose the health of the community and
condition of people: distribution & dimensions
in terms of incidence, prevalence, disability &
mortality . . .
 Study the work of health services in view of
improving them. Community expectations 
provision of services
 Identify syndromes by describing the
distribution and association of clinical
phenomena in population.
 Complete the clinical picture of chronic disease
and describe their natural history
 Search for causes of health & disease by
comparing the experience of groups that are
clearly defined by their composition,
inheritance, experience, behavior and
environments.
 He is Jeremias “Jerry” Noah Morris
 A Scottish epidemiologist who established the
importance of physical activity in preventing
cardiovascular diseases
 Author of “Uses of Epidemiology”

Pandemic– an epidemic that is worldwide in Patterns of Occurrence and Distribution

distribution.
 1. Sporadic–intermittent occurrence of few Host Factors
isolated cases in a given locality.
 Genetic
Example: rabies
 Age
2. Endemic–is the continuous occurrence  Sex
throughout a period of time, of the usual  Ethnicity
number of cases in a given locality.  Physiologic factors
Example: dengue  Immunologic
 Pre-exiting disease
3. Epidemic –unusually large cases in a relatively  Human behavior/lifestyle
short period of time.
Environmental Factors
Example: Leptospirosis outbreaks after the
floods  Physical: climate, geographic factors
 Biologic environment: human population &
4. Pandemic–simultaneous occurrence of flora
epidemic of the same disease in several  Socio-economic environment: occupation,
countries urbanization
Example: SARS, AHINI, COVID 19
Chain of Infection
These are factors contributory to epidemics or
pandemics:

1. Agent Factors –their introduction to the

environment or changes in their number due to
the presence of favorable medium.
2. Host factors –it may be related to resistance
and lifestyle
3. Environmental factors –changes in the physical
environment that directly and indirectly
influence equilibrium of the agent and the host.

Epidemiologic Triad or the Agent, Host, Environment

Sources of Information/Tools for Epidemiologic
Model
Assessment/Study

Agents of Diseases
 Nutritive elements: excess or deficiency
 Chemical agents: poisons, allergens, etc.
 Physical agents: heat, light, radiation
 Infectious agents: protozoa, bacteria, virus
A. Primary Sources
 Observation (ocular or windshield survey either
by driving or walking)
 Surveys (when other information is not
available)
 Informant interview –these are purposeful talks
with key informants (leaders or persons with
position an influence) and members of the
community.
 Community forum –an open meeting with the
members of the community.
 Focus group –is a much smaller group, usually
6-12, with a homogenous membership (similar
socio-cultural or health conditions).
 B. Secondary Sources
 Registry of vital events –such as births,
marriages and deaths. This info are available at
the Local Civil registrar and with the NSO as the
central repository.
 Health Records & Reports–which includes the
FHSIS (Monthly, quarterly & annual forms). This
is the basis for priority setting, planning &
decision making, monitoring & evaluation of the
DOH program implementation.
 FHSIS cont. . . Recording Tools
 Individual Treatment Record
 Target Client List: prenatal, postpartum,
under 1-year old children, FP, sick children,
TB register, National Leprosy control.
 Disease Registries –it is a listing of persons
diagnosed with a specific type of disease in a
defined population.
 Census Data –is the periodic governmental
enumeration of the population.
No. of new cases of a particular disease registered during
a specified period of time
------------------------------------------------------------ x 100,000
population at risk
Analytic Epidemiology
 It goes beyond simple description or
observation
 It seeks to identify associations between a
particular human disease or health problem and
its possible causes
 They test hypotheses or seek to answer specific
questions.
Types of Analytic Epidemiology
1. Prevalence Studies
 It describes patterns of occurrence of a specific
condition.
 It examines causal factors

Epidemiologic Approaches/ Process 2. Case-control studies

 Make a comparison between people with a
1. Descriptive health-illness condition (case) and those who
2. Analytic lack the condition (control).
3. Experimental

Descriptive Epidemiology 3. Cohort studies

 Includes investigation that seek to observe and
describe patterns of health-related conditions
that naturally occur in a population.
 Counts –are simple measures of
description.
- The first step in research
 Rates –are statistical measures expressing
the proportion of people with a given
health problem among a population at risk.
 A group of people who share in a specific time
period.
Experimental Epidemiology
 Follows and builds on information gathered
from descriptive and analytic approaches.
 It is used to study epidemics, the etiology of
human disease, the value of preventive &
therapeutic measures and evaluation of health
services.

Rates The Steps in Conducting Epidemiologic Research

 Prevalence rate –refers to all people with health
1. Identify the problem
condition existing in a given population at a
2. Review the literature
given point in time.
3. Design the study
 Number of persons with a characteristic 4. Collect the data
total number of population 5. Analyze the findings
 Incidence rate –refers to all new cases of a 6. Develop conclusions and applications
disease or health condition appearing during a 7. Disseminate the findings
given time.
Outline of an Epidemiological Investigation or Process

1. Establish the fact for a presence of an epidemic

 Verify diagnosis
 Reporting: complete & prompt
 An unusual prevalence exist?

2. Establish time & space relationship

 When
 Location

3. Relations to characteristic of the group of

community
 Relation to cases: age, group, sex, color,
occupation, past immunization, etc.
 Relation to sanitary facilities, etc.

4. Correlation of all data obtained

 Summarize the data
 Build up the cases for final conclusion
 Establish the source of the epidemic
 Make suggestions as to the control and to
prevent future outbreaks