Experience Human Development 13th Edition Papalia Test Bank 1

Chapter 07 - Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
Experience Human Development 13th Edition Papalia

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Chapter 07
Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
Multiple Choice Questions
7-1
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
1. (p. 195)
Which of the following does NOT describe how children develop in the preschool years of early childhood, compared to their
development as toddlers?
A.
Their bodies become slimmer.
B.
Their motor and mental abilities become sharper.
C.
Their verbal development slows down.
D.
Their personalities and relationships become more complex.
APA LO: 1.2

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.1: Identify physical changes in early childhood.
Topic: Bodily growth and change
7-2
2. (p. 195)
During early childhood, physical development involves
A.
more rapid growth and muscular development than during any other phase of the life span.
B.
more rapid growth, but slower muscular development than during the first three years.
C.
slower growth, but more rapid muscular development than during the first three years.
D.
slower growth and slower muscular development than during the first three years.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-3
3. (p. 195)
Physical development during early childhood includes which of the following?
A.
Cartilage turns to bone, and bones become harder.
B.
Girls become taller and heavier than boys during this period.
C.
Children gain weight rapidly, but gain height slowly.
D.
Boys develop more fatty tissue than girls.
APA LO: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
7-4
4. (p. 195)
Brittany, at age 5, is thinner than she was a year ago; she has gained only 4 pounds even though she has grown 2 inches.
Which of the following statements is probably TRUE?
A.
Her growth pattern is normal for her age.
B.
Her diet is probably lacking essential nutrients.
C.
Her growth will probably slow down when she reaches puberty.
D.
She was probably a low-birth-weight baby.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Hard
7-5
5. (p. 196)
Children who cannot recognize the sensation that their bladder is full often suffer from enuresis, which is commonly known
as
A.
sleepwalking.
B.
sleeptalking.
C.
a neurological disturbance.
D.
bedwetting.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Sleep patterns and problems
7-6
6. (p. 196)
Ricardo sleeps VERY soundly at night, but he will still need a daytime nap or a quiet rest until about the age of
A.
3.
B.
4.
C.
5.
D.
6.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
7-7
7. (p. 196)
Shelly is 4 years old. With regard to sleep patterns, she can be expected to
A.
sleep lightly at night.
B.
fall asleep more quickly than she did when she was younger.
C.
need fewer bedtime rituals and routines.
D.
fight going to sleep and find excuses to get up.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Easy
7-8
8. (p. 197)
On occasion, Marcus, a 7-year-old, awakens abruptly from a deep sleep in a state of panic within an hour after falling asleep.
His parents get him quieted down quickly, and he has no memory of the incident in the morning. Martin is probably
experiencing
A.
nightmares.
B.
poor sleep patterns that need modification.
C.
sleep or night terrors.
D.
sleepwalking.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Hard
7-9
9. (p. 197)
Seth used to go to sleep in a dark room, but now, at age 3, he cries unless his parents leave a night-light on. This behavior
may be
A.
a way of putting off sleep.
B.
a risk factor for sleepwalking.
C.
a precursor to bouts of nightmares.
D.
a sign of neurological damage.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-10
10. (p. 197)
Nightmares during early childhood
A.
are rare in children younger than 7 years.
B.
should be treated by a child psychologist.
C.
generally indicate abuse.
D.
are serious only if they occur frequently.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-11
11. (p. 197)
Five-year-old Mike has had an exciting evening opening birthday presents. He has just gone to bed 2 hours later than normal
and has recently eaten a lot of cake and ice cream. Which of the following problems is Mike at risk for during the night?
A.
Night terrors
B.
Nightmares
C.
Sleepwalking
D.
Sleeptalking
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Medium
7-12
12. (p. 196)
Repeated urination in clothing or in bed is called
A.
encopresis.
B.
enuresis.
C.
nightmares.
D.
night terrors.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
7-13
13. (p. 198)
Phillip’s brain has slowed in overall development but has experienced the most rapid development in the areas of the brain
associated with language, thinking, and spatial relationships. We can assume that Phillip is in what age range?
A.
Infancy
B.
Early childhood
C.
Middle childhood
D.
Adolescence
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Brain development
7-14
14. (p. 198)
Gross motor coordination allows a child to
A.
scribble on paper.
B.
stack blocks.
C.
jump and hop.
D.
use scissors.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Motor skills
7-15
15. (p. 198)
Meagan is learning to jump rope. This involves her learning to use her leg muscles to jump in a rhythmic fashion. In learning
to jump properly, Meagan is acquiring a
A.
gross motor skill.
B.
fine motor skill.
C.
proximal motor skill.
D.
reflexive motor skill.
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Motor skills
7-16
16. (p. 198)
According to the text, children are usually not physically ready to participate in organized sports until they are
A.
about 4 years old.
B.
about 5 years old.
C.
about 6 years old.
D.
adolescents, because organized sports are harmful to young children.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Motor skills
7-17
17. (p. 198)
Reagan is 4 years old. At this time she is experiencing the most rapid brain development in
A.
the frontal areas.
B.
the temporal areas.
C.
the midbrain.
D.
the occipital region.
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Brain development
7-18
18. (p. 198)
According to research presented in your text, children under the age of 6
A.
should play on at least two sports teams.
B.
could be overwhelmed by the physical and motor demands of organized sports.
C.
should only play outside if they are part of a team.
D.
should play one organized sport that their parents choose and one that they choose.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Motor skills
7-19
19. (p. 198)
New research on handedness suggests that handedness is most influenced by
A.
genetics.
B.
environment.
C.
the father.
D.
the mother.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Motor skills
7-20
20. (p. 199)
Joey is able to button his shirt and cut his food alone. Joey has developed
A.
fine motor skills.
B.
gross motor skills.
C.
handedness.
D.
None of these
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Motor skills
7-21
21. (p. 199)
Juan can hop, go down a staircase with alternating feet without assistance, and can start and stop quickly when he is running.
Juan is probably how old?
A.
2 years
B.
3 years
C.
4 years
D.
5 years
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Motor skills
7-22
22. (p. 199)
Tanya has recently developed the ability to draw shapes such as circles and squares. She can also button large buttons. What
skills has she developed?
A.
Gross motor
B.
Handedness
C.
Fine motor
D.
Lateralization
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Motor skills
7-23
23. (p. 199)
Left handedness is more prevalent in
A.
girls.
B.
boys.
C.
both.
D.
neither.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Motor skills
7-24
24. (p. 199)
Handedness, the preference for using one hand over the other, usually becomes evident in children when they are about
_________ of age.
A.
9 months
B.
18 months
C.
2 years
D.
3 years
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Motor skills
7-25
25. (p. 199)
The pictorial stage in young children’s drawings typically begins between the ages of ____ and ____.
A.
2; 3
B.
3; 4
C.
4; 5
D.
5; 6
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Motor skills
7-26
26. (p. 200)
The reason many of the major diseases of childhood, such as measles, whooping cough, and tuberculosis, are now fairly rare
in Western industrialized countries is because of
A.
widespread immunizations.
B.
death by accidents.
C.
death by other diseases.
D.
sudden infant death syndrome.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Health and safety
7-27
27. (p. 200)
A key to preventing obesity in children is to
A.
have individual servings of appropriate portions.
B.
increase the numbers of calories per pound of body weight.
C.
vary the amount of calories children consume from day to day.
D.
insist that children eat everything on their plates.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Preventing Obesity
7-28
28. (p. 201)
Cognitive effects from ______ may be long lasting.
A.
obesity
B.
eating dessert
C.
malnutrition
D.
enlarged fatty cells
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
7-29
29. (p. 201)
Factors that would assist with reduction of childhood obesity include
A.
eating meals together.
B.
getting adequate sleep.
C.
limiting television watching to two hours or less per day.
D.
All of the these
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-30
30. (p. 201)
The highest rates of undernutrition are found in
A.
the United States.
B.
West and Central Africa.
C.
South Asia.
D.
Latin America.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Undernutrition
7-31
31. (p. 203)
Injuries in childhood
A.
are likely to be frequent but minor.
B.
are extremely rare because executive functions are fully developed.
C.
cannot be prevented by parents’ supervision.
D.
seldom involve swallowing items including medications and vitamins.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Deaths and accidental injuries
7-32
32. (p. 203)
Currently, which of the following causes the most deaths in childhood?
A.
Cancer
B.
Measles
C.
Accidents
D.
AIDS
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
7-33
33. (p. 204)
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the textbook as something that has been done legally to make young childhood
safer?
A.
Require childproof caps on medicine bottles
B.
Require mandatory helmets for bicycle riders
C.
Require safe storage of firearms
D.
Require mandatory immunizations
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-34
34. (p. 204)
The risk of illness, injury, and death in childhood is most strongly related to the family’s
A.
socioeconomic status.
B.
race.
C.
physical size.
D.
ethnicity.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Health in context: Environmental influences
7-35
35. (p. 204)
Some government programs that help to obtain health care for children include all of the following EXCEPT
A.
Medicaid.
B.
Medicare.
C.
CHIP.
D.
WIC.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-36
36. (p. 205)
According to research presented in your text, which of the following is NOT one of the four major causes of death in children
younger than age 5?
A.
Diarrhea
B.
Pneumonia
C.
Malaria
D.
Ebola
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Surviving the first five years of life
7-37
37. (p. 206)
According to recent statistics, about one in every ____ children is homeless.
A.
10
B.
30
C.
45
D.
65
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Medium
7-38
38. (p. 206)
Parental smoking increases the likelihood that young children may contract a number of medical problems, including which
of the following?
A.
Pneumonia
B.
Delayed fine motor skills
C.
Vision impairment
D.
Delayed gross motor skills
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Medium
7-39
39. (p. 206)
The chief factor associated with ill health in childhood is
A.
size of family.
B.
lack of health insurance and access to health care.
C.
lack of daycare.
D.
stress that helps to boost the immune system’s responsiveness.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-40
40. (p. 206)
Which of the following foods is LEAST likely to cause an allergic reaction in a child?
A.
Eggs
B.
Peanuts
C.
Rice
D.
Wheat
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Food allergies
7-41
41. (p. 206)
One theory about the increase in food allergies among children is
A.
the environment is too dirty and kids react to it.
B.
there are more fresh and organic foods available.
C.
the foods tend to be less processed than in the past.
D.
the environment might be too clean, and children’s immune systems do not develop.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Food allergies
7-42
42. (p. 206)
The proportion of children living in poverty in the United States is
A.
1 in 5.
B.
2 in 5.
C.
3 in 5.
D.
4 in 5.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Medium
7-43
43. (p. 207)
Environmental health steps to prevent lead poisoning include all of the following EXCEPT
A.
removal of lead from paints and gasoline.
B.
screening of residents in areas where the majority of the houses were built before 1950.
C.
closing school buildings.
D.
encouraging parents to remove chipping or peeling paints in their homes.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-44
44. (p. 207)
Many poor children do not get adequate medical care because
A.
they don’t need it.
B.
their parents don’t care.
C.
their families don’t have medical insurance.
D.
their families move so often.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-45
45. (p. 207)
Natasha is 5 years old. She is probably in which of Piaget’s stages?
A.
Sensorimotor
B.
Preoperational
C.
Concrete operations
D.
Formal operations
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.2: Describe three views of the cognitive changes that occur in early childhood.
Topic: Advances of preoperational thought
7-46
46. (p. 207)
Three-year-old Ben is pretending to build a birdhouse with some pieces of wood lying in the yard. Suddenly, Ben says, “I
need a hammer to fix this,” even when there is no hammer present. According to Piaget, Ben has entered the
A.
sensorimotor stage.
B.
concrete operations stage.
C.
formal operations stage.
D.
preoperational stage.
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Medium
7-47
47. (p. 207)
The symbolic function allows young children to
A.
think about things they can see.
B.
refer to mental representations of objects they have seen before.
C.
think abstractly.
D.
think logically.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Advances in preoperational thought
7-48
48. (p. 207)
Young children involved in pretend play are demonstrating
A.
object permanence.
B.
association.
C.
centration.
D.
symbolic function.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-49
49. (p. 207)
Miranda and her uncle see an interesting new car drive by. Later, after the car has gone, her uncle asks if she remembers the
neat thing they saw minutes before. Miranda says, “Yes, we saw a car.” Miranda is demonstrating
A.
deferred imitation.
B.
symbolic function.
C.
recognition memory.
D.
conservation.
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-50
50. (p. 208)
When children repeat an action that they saw someone else perform at an earlier time, they are demonstrating
A.
deferred imitation.
B.
symbolic play.
C.
evidence of the sensorimotor stage.
D.
recognition memory.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
7-51
51. (p. 208)
Marsha watches her mother bathe the new baby. The next morning she gets her doll and a pail of water and bathes her
“baby.” Marsha is showing
A.
deferred imitation.
B.
symbolic-function.
C.
centration.
D.
conservation.
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-52
52. (p. 208)
When children make an object stand for or represent something else, they are using
A.
deferred imitation.
B.
pretend play.
C.
recall memory.
D.
recognition memory.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
7-53
53. (p. 208)
Some children playing in the yard are pretending to bake cookies. One child gathers up some disk-shaped rocks and says,
“Here are the cookies I made!” This child is engaged in
A.
sensorimotor play.
B.
deferred recognition.
C.
pretend play.
D.
conservational play.
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-54
54. (p. 209)
Anne’s father is going to a Halloween party. He comes into her room dressed in a gorilla suit and says, “Hi, sweetheart!”
Anne says, “Oh, Daddy, it’s you!” Anne’s behavior reflects her understanding of
A.
identities.
B.
centration.
C.
symbolic play.
D.
imagery.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Hard
7-55
55. (p. 209)
At about the age of ___, children are able to understand the relationship between pictures, maps, and scale models and that
the objects are spaces they represent.
A.
2
B.
3
C.
4
D.
5
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Medium
7-56
56. (p. 209)
Nick was feeling angry at his little brother, and at about the same time, Nick’s little brother came down with a bad case of the
stomach flu. Nick was worried that his anger caused his brother to get sick. According to Piaget, Nick is demonstrating
_____________ reasoning.
A.
intuitive
B.
centrated
C.
transductive
D.
irreversible
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-57
57. (p. 209)
Kelly broke a lamp and was told that she had been bad. Later that evening, she was told that her parents were getting a
divorce. She thought that her breaking the lamp had caused the divorce. This is an example of what kind of reasoning?
A.
Deductive
B.
Inductive
C.
Transductive
D.
Reductive
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-58
58. (p. 209)
According to the text, children become able to classify objects according to two dimensions, such as color and shape, around
the age of
A.
18 months.
B.
2 years.
C.
3 years.
D.
4 years.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Medium
7-59
59. (p. 209)
According to Piaget, deferred imitation requires the use of
A.
symbolic functioning.
B.
formal operational thought.
C.
concrete operational thought.
D.
seriation.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Medium
7-60
60. (p. 209)
Little Vincent holds up his mother’s broom and says, “With this sword, I am really a knight!” Vincent is engaged in
A.
pretend play.
B.
acting out.
C.
rough-and-tumble play.
D.
object permanence.
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-61
61. (p. 209)
Piaget appears to have greatly underestimated the understanding of causality in children. New evidence suggests that children
as young as _____ years old showed causal reasoning.
A.
1½
B.
2½
C.
3½
D.
4½
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Hard
7-62
62. (p. 210)
Four-year-old Sarah tells her mother, “I told the wind to blow, so it made my kite fly.” This is an example of
A.
animism.
B.
inductive reasoning.
C.
egocentrism.
D.
decentration.
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-63
63. (p. 210)
Which of the following is NOT one of the principles of counting that children begin to recognize during the preoperational
stage?
A.
The ascending-series principle
B.
The stable-order principle
C.
The cardinality principle
D.
The abstraction principle
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-64
64. (p. 210)
By age ___, most children can count to 20 or more and know the relative sizes of numbers 1 through 10; some can do simple
single-digit addition and subtraction.
A.
3
B.
4
C.
5
D.
6
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Medium
7-65
65. (p. 210)
Focusing on only one aspect of a situation and neglecting others is called
A.
centration.
B.
decentering.
C.
conservation.
D.
irreversibility.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
7-66
66. (p. 210)
Piaget concluded that young children come to illogical conclusions because they cannot _____________ and think about
several aspects of a situation at the same time.
A.
mentally focus
B.
reason logically
C.
decenter
D.
remember
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-67
67. (p. 211)
Margaret, who is 4, is upset because her older sister, Leslie, “has more candy.” Actually, each girl has one caramel, but Leslie
has stretched hers into a long string while Margaret’s is still a small cube. This shows Margaret’s inability to use
A.
reversal.
B.
decentration.
C.
conservation.
D.
transduction.
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-68
68. (p. 211)
Inability to understand that a ball of clay that has been molded into a “snake” can be formed into a ball again is an example of
A.
irreversibility.
B.
centration.
C.
conservation.
D.
egocentrism.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Hard
7-69
69. (p. 211)
A child who cannot see something from another person’s perspective or point of view is showing
A.
centration.
B.
egocentrism.
C.
conservation.
D.
irreversibility.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
7-70
70. (p. 211)
Piaget designed the “three mountain task" to study _____________ of young children.
A.
centration
B.
egocentrism
C.
conservation
D.
irreversibility
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
7-71
71. (p. 211)
Alex is listening to some music through headphones so no one else can hear it. When his mother walks into the room, he
says, “Mommy, do you like this song?” although she cannot hear the music. Alex’s question indicates that Alex is
A.
presymbolic.
B.
egocentric.
C.
decentered.
D.
transformational.
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-72
72. (p. 211)
With regard to egocentrism, researchers other than Piaget have found that
A.
Piaget was apparently correct in his view of young children’s egocentrism.
B.
children do better with familiar tasks compared with the three-mountain or abstract tasks.
C.
egocentrism continues at the same level well into middle childhood.
D.
young children do not show empathy because they cannot take another person’s perspective.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-73
73. (p. 211)
Piaget used the three-mountain task to assess children’s level of
A.
conservation.
B.
egocentrism.
C.
seriation.
D.
class inclusion.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Medium
7-74
74. (p. 211)
Conclusions from more recent research on egocentrism suggests that
A.
Piaget was accurate in his assessment of egocentrism in children.
B.
most children are egocentric, but some are not.
C.
levels of egocentrism depend on how familiar a child is with the situation.
D.
biological factors are more influential in the development of egocentrism than Piaget believed.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-75
75. (p. 211)
Which two aspects of preoperational thought are most responsible for children failing Piaget’s conservation tasks?
A.
Egocentrism and animism
B.
Egocentrism and irreversibility
C.
Irreversibility and animism
D.
Irreversibility and centration
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Hard
7-76
76. (p. 212)
Piaget proposed that children begin to develop a theory of mind when they are around
A.
18 months old.
B.
6 years old.
C.
3 years old.
D.
9 years old.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Medium
7-77
77. (p. 212)
According to Piaget, a limitation in the thinking of children in the preoperational stage is that they have difficulty
A.
showing empathy.
B.
classifying objects according to more than one stimulus dimension.
C.
distinguishing reality from fantasy.
D.
thinking animistically.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-78
78. (p. 213)
The child who would develop theory-of-mind best would be
A.
autistic.
B.
one with excellent language skills.
C.
one with a single language rather than bilingual.
D.
an only child.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Hard
7-79
79. (p. 214)
Billy has two imaginary friends named Joe and Buckus. In which of the following ways is having Joe and Buckus similar to
having peer relationships?
A.
They may make Billy less sociable.
B.
They are good company for an only child.
C.
They provide mechanisms of avoidance.
D.
They help him avoid difficult situations.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-80
80. (p. 214)
The children who have the most difficulty in recognizing false beliefs are those who
A.
are rated high in social skills.
B.
have limited language development.
C.
participate in family discussions.
D.
are from non-Western cultures.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-81
81. (p. 215)
Research involving children with autism suggests that
A.
an incomplete or ineffective theory of mind may be a sign of cognitive impairment.
B.
the theory of mind does not seem to relate to social cognition.
C.
developing an accurate theory of mind is not as important as scientists once believed.
D.
difficulties in social reciprocity do not appear to be related to an effective theory of mind.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Do young children have theories of mind?
7-82
82. (p. 216)
Even though the music stopped playing when Mom turned off the car, Reginald can still hear the last couple of notes. These
leftover notes are stored in Reginald’s ____ memory.
A.
sensory
B.
working
C.
long-term
D.
executive
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Basic processes and capacities
7-83
83. (p. 216)
Katina is being asked to repeat a random series of digits back to her psychologist. The psychologist is testing the limits of
Katina’s ____ memory.
A.
sensory
B.
working
C.
long-term
D.
executive
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-84
84. (p. 216)
Jessica cannot bring out the information that was placed in memory. She is having trouble with
A.
encoding.
B.
storage.
C.
retrieval.
D.
retention.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-85
85. (p. 216)
Recognition memory is
A.
better developed than recall memory in early childhood.
B.
the ability to reproduce knowledge from memory.
C.
more efficient in early childhood than in middle childhood, when recall memory takes over.
D.
fully developed by the age of 2.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-86
86. (p. 216)
John is shown a group of objects. The objects are then covered, and he is asked to list all that he remembers. This is a test of
A.
mastery motivation.
B.
recognition.
C.
recall.
D.
symbolic function.
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-87
87. (p. 216)
Which child is likely to have some difficulty with the formation of executive functioning?
A.
One that is impulsive
B.
One with attention problems
C.
One with memory impairment
D.
All of these
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-88
88. (p. 216)
What form of memory provides a storehouse of unlimited amounts of information for long periods of time?
A.
Sensory
B.
Working
C.
Short-term
D.
Long-term
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Medium
7-89
89. (p. 217)
Which form of memory produces a script or outline of familiar things?
A.
Procedural
B.
Generic
C.
Episodic
D.
Autobiographical
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Forming and retaining childhood memories
7-90
90. (p. 217)
Which form of memory seems to rely most on the development of language?
A.
Script
B.
Implicit
C.
Episodic
D.
Autobiographical
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-91
91. (p. 217)
Kelly, age 3, frequently goes to the beach with her mother. One night, when her father comes home from work, he asks Kelly
what she did that day at the beach. Which of the following is Kelly most likely to talk about?
A.
Seeing a helicopter fly overhead
B.
Eating an ice cream cone
C.
Filling her pail with sand
D.
Putting her head underwater for the first time
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-92
92. (p. 217)
A young child may have difficulty answering questions accurately about a specific instance of abuse, even though the child
accurately remembers a(n) _________ of abuse.
A.
episode
B.
pattern
C.
experience
D.
situation
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-93
93. (p. 217)
Four-year-old Ramona has just returned from a trip to a children’s museum. While at the museum, she viewed some antique
cars, listened to some music from 1930, and built a house out of clay. Generalizing from the text, which activity will she be
able to recall the best?
A.
Viewing the cars
B.
Listening to the music
C.
Building the house
D.
All will be recalled equally well.
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-94
94. (p. 217)
Dorisa is able to talk about many of the events that have occurred in her young life. This autobiographical memory seems to
occur due to
A.
the lack of development of language.
B.
the degree of interest that Dorisa showed in particular events.
C.
the uniqueness of the event.
D.
Dorisa’s active participation.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-95
95. (p. 217)
Children remember more about an event if the adult discusses the event with them using a(n) ______________ style of
communication.
A.
repetitive
B.
elaborative
C.
prospective
D.
child-centered
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-96
96. (p. 217)
On the first day of class, Sophie was asked to tell the class about her summer vacation. Which type of retrieval was Sophie
using?
A.
Recognition
B.
Recall
C.
Script
D.
Encoding
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Recognition and recall
7-97
97. (p. 217)
Anna remembers bringing the same lunch box to school every day. This type of memory would be described as
A.
generic memory.
B.
episodic memory.
C.
autobiographical memory.
D.
semantic memory.
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-98
98. (p. 217)
Although she remembers riding the bus every day to school, Hillary especially remembers the day that her bus driver was
dressed up like a clown. This type of memory would be described as
A.
generic memory.
B.
episodic memory.
C.
autobiographical memory.
D.
semantic memory.
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-99
99. (p. 218)
According to the social interaction model, a parent with a high elaborative style
A.
will help children forget unpleasant experiences.
B.
will help children form richer memories.
C.
will often answer for the child when the child can’t remember something.
D.
will have children who perform lower on later tests of cognitive abilities.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Hard
7-100
100. (p. 219)
Intelligence tests for young children
A.
are more reliable than tests for infants.
B.
rarely correlate with intelligence test scores in middle childhood.
C.
are usually administered to groups rather than individually.
D.
contain no verbal items.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Traditional psychometric measures
7-101
101. (p. 219)
Andy, age 3, took an hour-long test that yielded an overall IQ score as well as separate verbal and performance scores. The
test he took was most likely the
A.
Scale of Pragmatic Intelligence.
B.
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI).
C.
Zone of Proximal Development Scale (ZPD).
D.
None of these; intelligence tests are not designed for children as young as age 3.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Traditional psychometric measures
7-102
102. (p. 219)
According to twin and adoption studies, family life has its strongest influence on intelligence during which period?
A.
Infancy
B.
Toddlerhood
C.
Early childhood
D.
Middle childhood
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Influences on measured intelligence
7-103
103. (p. 220)
According to Vygotsky, a child who is in the “zone of proximal development” is
A.
almost ready to perform a particular cognitive task independently.
B.
in a transition between sensorimotor and preoperational thought.
C.
able to perform certain cognition tasks at a later-than-normal age.
D.
physically close to the mother, who provides a secure base from which to explore.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Testing and teaching based on Vygotsky's theory
7-104
104. (p. 220)
Scaffolding
A.
is temporary parental support to enable a child to do a task.
B.
is most needed by children of high ability.
C.
reflects parents’ sensitivity to children’s competence.
D.
may need to become permanent.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
7-105
105. (p. 220)
Early scaffolding practices by parents resulted in children who several years later were
A.
more dependent on adults for problem solving.
B.
more independent in their cognitive and social skills.
C.
lagging behind their counterparts who did not receive scaffolding opportunities.
D.
shown to have no apparent impact on later cognitive skills.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-106
106. (p. 221)
The average child learns ____ new words a day from about 1½years of age.
A.
6
B.
7
C.
8
D.
9
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 7.3: Summarize how language develops in early development.
Topic: Vocabulary
7-107
107. (p. 221)
The ability of young children to retain the meaning of a new word after having heard it used in conversation only once or
twice is called
A.
fast mapping.
B.
overgeneralizing.
C.
rapid regularization.
D.
scaffolding.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Vocabulary
7-108
108. (p. 221)
Most of the sentences of young children are
A.
interrogative.
B.
declarative.
C.
exclamatory.
D.
imperative.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Grammar and syntax
7-109
109. (p. 221)
Bart has just begun to use prepositions. While riding on the bus, he says to his mother, “A lady is sitting behind you.” Bart is
probably how old?
A.
2 to 3 years
B.
3 to 5 years
C.
5 to 7 years
D.
7 to 9 years
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-110
110. (p. 221)
When young children start to make grammatical errors that they did not make previously, they are often
A.
regressing.
B.
discovering grammatical rules but failing to note exceptions.
C.
having trouble expressing more sophisticated thoughts.
D.
showing the effects of exposure to adults who speak ungrammatically.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-111
111. (p. 222)
The practical knowledge of how to use language to communicate is
A.
pragmatics.
B.
a linguistic dysfunction.
C.
preoperational language.
D.
overgeneralizing.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Pragmatics and social speech
7-112
112. (p. 222)
Speech intended to be understood by a listener is called
A.
imaginative speech.
B.
social speech.
C.
grammar.
D.
private speech.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
7-113
113. (p. 222)
Piaget thought that young children’s speech was mostly
A.
egocentric.
B.
social.
C.
unintelligible.
D.
ungrammatical.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Private speech
7-114
114. (p. 222)
Piaget maintained that private speech is
A.
a sign of abnormal development.
B.
a form of communication.
C.
an egocentric form of speech.
D.
practice for social speech.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-115
115. (p. 222)
Vygotsky saw private speech as
A.
reflecting unwillingness to communicate.
B.
egocentric.
C.
resulting from lack of social experience.
D.
a way that children converse with themselves.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
7-116
116. (p. 222)
In evaluating private speech, ________________ believed it represents egocentrism, and __________ thought that it helped
children to integrate thinking and speaking.
A.
Piaget; Piaget
B.
Vygotsky; Vygotsky
C.
Vygotsky; Piaget
D.
Piaget; Vygotsky
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
7-117
117. (p. 222)
A young child is alone in a room, trying to put together a difficult puzzle. The child says out loud, “Maybe if you look for the
pieces with the flat side first, it will be easier to finish the outside part.” This pattern of private speech is most consistent with
______________ view of the function of this kind of speech.
A.
Piaget’s
B.
Kohlberg’s
C.
Vygotsky’s
D.
Binet’s
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-118
118. (p. 222)
Children’s ability to communicate is related to
A.
general knowledge.
B.
popularity.
C.
intent to communicate.
D.
All of these
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Easy
7-119
119. (p. 222)
Mr. Rogers is a kindergarten teacher. He observes that some of the children in his class use private speech more than others.
Of the following, Mr. Rogers is MOST likely to say that the children who engage in private speech
A.
have less self-regulation than the other children.
B.
are more sociable than the other children.
C.
do not talk to themselves when working out problems.
D.
tend to think privately.
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-120
120. (p. 223)
The Garrol family is concerned because their 3-year-old son is still not talking. Which of the following is a possible reason
for the delayed language development of about 3% of preschool children?
A.
Problems in fast mapping
B.
Hearing problems
C.
Cognitive limitations
D.
All of these
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Delayed language development
7-121
121. (p. 223)
Corrine is struggling with a difficult math problem and is talking to herself and muttering out loud. Corrine’s behavior is an
example of
A.
self-regulation.
B.
a language deficit.
C.
private speech.
D.
delayed language development.
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-122
122. (p. 223)
To enhance the development of good reading and writing skills, parents who wish to incorporate educational television
programs such as Sesame Street into their children’s lives should
A.
watch the programs with their children and talk to them about what they see.
B.
let their children watch the program with their peers.
C.
let their children watch the programs alone so they can focus their attention on the material.
D.
strictly limit children’s viewing of such programs, because they foster passive behavior.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Preparation for literacy
7-123
123. (p. 223)
The mastery of the skills that are necessary before a child can begin to read include the knowledge and attitudes that underlie
reading. This is referred to as
A.
emergent literacy.
B.
phonemic awareness.
C.
shared reading.
D.
general linguistic skills.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
7-124
124. (p. 223)
According to your text, which word will be the easiest for little Nathan to learn through fast mapping?
A.
Eagle
B.
Run
C.
How
D.
She
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Vocabulary
7-125
125. (p. 223)
In terms of language, the word pragmatics is most closely related to
A.
cognitive processes.
B.
physical abilities.
C.
social processes.
D.
grammatical processes.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-126
126. (p. 223)
The development of fundamental skills that eventually lead to being able to read is called
A.
pre-literacy.
B.
emergent literacy.
C.
pseudo literacy.
D.
approximate literacy.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-127
127. (p. 225)
The type of school that emphasizes that a child needs to learn at their own pace with appropriate materials is the _______
approach.
A.
Reggio Emilia
B.
Maria Montessori
C.
Piagetian clinical
D.
Vygotsky
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 7.4: Evaluate different approaches to early childhood education.
Topic: Types of preschools
7-128
128. (p. 225)
Which type of preschool is most likely to be found in China?
A.
Society-centered
B.
Child-centered
C.
Role-centered
D.
Academically-centered
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Medium
7-129
129. (p. 225)
Which of the following children is most likely to benefit from high-quality daycare?
A.
Anida, whose divorced mother is poor and under stress
B.
Brett, whose IQ is below average
C.
Cara, who is eager to learn
D.
None of these; it is impossible to predict which child will benefit the most.
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-130
130. (p. 226)
By their late teens, children who had attended Project Head Start or similar programs were more likely than other needy
children to have done which of the following?
A.
Achieved permanent gains in IQ
B.
Been in regular, rather than special education, classes
C.
Finished high school and enrolled in college or vocational training
D.
All of these
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Compensatory preschool programs
7-131
131. (p. 226)
For most U.S. children today, _______________ is the beginning of formal schooling.
A.
daycare
B.
preschool
C.
kindergarten
D.
first grade
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Medium
7-132
132. (p. 226)
Children in full-day kindergarten tend to learn ______ those attending a half-day kindergarten.
A.
more than
B.
less than
C.
the same amount as
D.
None of these
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-133
133. (p. 226)
Compensatory preschool programs, such as Project Head Start, have had positive outcomes, yet participants’ school and IQ
performance has ____________ the performance of middle-class children.
A.
equaled
B.
not equaled
C.
exceeded
D.
lagged far behind
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-134
134. (p. 227)
Children who spent a full day in kindergarten versus children who spent a half day
A.
outperform the half day students academically in third grade.
B.
are outperformed academically in third grade by the half-day students.
C.
are equal in academic performance in third grade to those half-day students.
D.
end up with more delinquency issues once they reach middle school.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: The child in kindergarten
7-135
135. (p. 227)
In terms of compensatory education, which of the following is NOT a component of the PK-3 approach?
A.
Offer prekindergarten to all 3- and 4-year olds.
B.
Require full-day kindergarten.
C.
Coordinate and align educational experiences from prekindergarten through third grade.
D.
Require parental training for all participants in the program.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-136
136. (p. 227)
Kindergarten teachers placed ____ above knowing the alphabet or counting abilities in terms of predicting school success.
A.
self-regulation
B.
physical attributes
C.
knowledge of colors
D.
nutritional patterns
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: The child in kindergarten
LearnSmart Questions
7-137
137. (p. 197)
Sleep terrors typically
A.
affect more boys than girls.
B.
affect more girls than boys.
C.
are most common among children under the age of 3.
D.
continue to occur well into adolescence.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
7-138
138. (p. 199)
Compared to right-handers, left-handers are more likely to
A.
have functionally asymmetrical brains.
B.
be left hemisphere dominant.
C.
be girls.
D.
be boys.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Handedness
7-139
139. (p. 201)
The key factors in obesity are ______ and _____.
A.
genetics; hormonal imbalances
B.
genetics; lack of exercise
C.
caloric intake; lack of exercise
D.
caloric intake; hormonal imbalances
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-140
140. (p. 207)
What is the second stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory of development?
A.
Concrete operational stage
B.
Formal operational stage
C.
Sensorimotor stage
D.
Preoperational stage
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Piagetian approach: The preoperational child
7-141
141. (p. 209)
Thinking about multiple aspects of a situation at the same time is known as
A.
transducing.
B.
conserving.
C.
deducting.
D.
decentering.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
7-142
142. (p. 209)
The ability to recognize that people and objects remain the same despite a change in appearance is known as
A.
egocentrism.
B.
categorization.
C.
irreversibility.
D.
conservation.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
7-143
143. (p. 216)
______ is the retention of information over time.
A.
Encoding
B.
Recall
C.
Retrieval
D.
Memory
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
7-144
144. (p. 219)
Which of the following represents the best definition of I.Q. in childhood?
A.
A measure of how well a child performs a task compared to other children
B.
A genetically determined predictor of academic success
C.
A fixed quantity of inborn intelligence
D.
An environmentally determined predictor of academic success
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Influences on measured intelligence
7-145
145. (p. 222)
Speech intended to be understood by a listener is known as ______ speech.
A.
egocentric
B.
social
C.
private
D.
formal
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
7-146
146. (p. 225)
Which of the following is a government program to provide skills for success in school for lower socioeconomic status
children in the United States?
A.
Reggio Emilia
B.
Head Start
C.
Preschool
D.
Montessori
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
Short Answer Questions
147. (p. 198)
Analyze the differences in gross motor skill ability between a typical 3-year-old and 5-year-old.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Motor skills
7-147
148. (p. 201)
Provide three ways to help prevent obesity in young children.
APA LO: 1.1

Difficulty: Easy
149. (p. 202)
Discuss what is meant by food security and evaluate the research in your text regarding families that are not food secure.
APA LO: 1.3

Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluate
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Food security
150. (p. 203)
Describe two physical activities that young children participate in and explain the hazards involved in participation.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
151. (p. 206)
Examine the risks associated with parental smoking in the home.
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-148
152. (p. 207)
List four aspects of preoperational thought according to Piaget, and choose two to define and provide examples for.
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
153. (p. 213)
Discuss false beliefs and deception in early childhood.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
154. (p. 215)
Discuss the basic processes and capacities in terms of memory during early childhood as outlined in the information-
processing view of cognitive development.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
7-149
155. (p. 221)
Describe how children’s language develops in early childhood. Describe the progression of speech patterns from two-word
phrases through the use of grammar in formulating sentences.
APA LO: 1.2

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Language development
156. (p. 225)
Compare and contrast the Montessori Method and the Reggio Emilia approach to educating young children.
APA LO: 1.3

Difficulty: Hard
7-150

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Chapter 07 - Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Experience Human Development 13th Edition Papalia

Multiple Choice Questions

APA LO: 1.2

During early childhood, physical development involves

APA LO: 1.2

Physical development during early childhood includes which of the following?

APA LO: 1.1

APA LO: 1.2

APA LO: 1.1

APA LO: 1.3

APA LO: 1.2

APA LO: 1.2

APA LO: 1.2

10. (p. 197)

Nightmares during early childhood

APA LO: 1.2

11. (p. 197)

APA LO: 1.3

12. (p. 196)

Repeated urination in clothing or in bed is called

APA LO: 1.1

13. (p. 198)

APA LO: 1.2

14. (p. 198)

Gross motor coordination allows a child to

APA LO: 1.2

15. (p. 198)

APA LO: 1.3

16. (p. 198)

APA LO: 1.1

17. (p. 198)

APA LO: 1.3

18. (p. 198)

According to research presented in your text, children under the age of 6

APA LO: 1.2

19. (p. 198)

New research on handedness suggests that handedness is most influenced by

APA LO: 1.2

20. (p. 199)

APA LO: 1.3

21. (p. 199)

APA LO: 1.3

22. (p. 199)

APA LO: 1.3

23. (p. 199)

Left handedness is more prevalent in

APA LO: 1.1

24. (p. 199)

APA LO: 1.1

25. (p. 199)

APA LO: 1.1

26. (p. 200)

APA LO: 1.2

27. (p. 200)

A key to preventing obesity in children is to

APA LO: 1.1

28. (p. 201)

Cognitive effects from ______ may be long lasting.

APA LO: 1.1

29. (p. 201)

Factors that would assist with reduction of childhood obesity include

APA LO: 1.2

30. (p. 201)