Chapter 05 - Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

Topical Approach to Lifespan Development 8th

Edition Santrock Test Bank
Download full solution manual + test bank at:
https://testbankpack.com/

Chapter 05
Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

Multiple Choice Questions

1. (p. 159) According to Esther Thelen, motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and
acting. Her theory is called the _____ theory.
A. bio-psycho-motor
B. dynamic systems
C. bio-behavioral
D. perceptual systems

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Motor Development

5-1
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

2. (p. 159) According to the dynamic systems theory, how do infants develop motor skills?
A. Infants perceive something new in the environment that motivates them to act. They use
their perceptions to fine-tune their movements.
B. Motor development comes about through the unfolding of a genetic plan, or maturation.
C. Motor skills are initially influenced by biology but become increasingly dependent on
environmental factors.
D. Infants take bits and pieces of data from sensations and build representations of the world
in their minds.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Motor Development

5-2
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

3. (p. 160) What mechanisms help infants survive before they have an opportunity to learn
adaptive behavior?
A. reflexes
B. motor skills
C. vision and hearing
D. dynamic systems

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Reflexes

4. (p. 160) Infants root in order to

A. find something to grasp.
B. find something to suck.
C. calm down.
D. go to sleep.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Reflexes

5. (p. 160) Which statement BEST describes the relationship between the rooting and sucking
reflexes?
A. Both involve avoiding toxic substances.
B. Rooting involves locating food; sucking involves eating food.
C. Sucking involves eating; rooting involves bonding with a caregiver.
D. Rooting involves grasping a food source; sucking involves locating food.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Reflexes

5-3
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

6. (p. 160) Baby Chloe startles when she hears a loud sound. She arches her back, throws back
her head, and flings out her arms. Which reflex is she demonstrating?
A. sucking
B. Moro
C. rooting
D. grasping

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Reflexes

7. (p. 160) Janice strokes the cheek of newborn Robby. He turns his head toward that cheek and
opens his mouth. This is an example of the _____ reflex.
A. sucking
B. Moro
C. rooting
D. grasping

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Reflexes

8. (p. 160) Adaptive, built-in reactions to stimuli are called

A. fine motor skills.
B. gross motor skills.
C. Moro.
D. reflexes.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Reflexes

5-4
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

9. (p. 160) Which reflex enables an infant to obtain nourishment?

A. sucking
B. Moro
C. grasping
D. rooting

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Reflexes

10. (p. 160) Which reflex involves many responses from the whole body?
A. sucking
B. rooting
C. Moro
D. grasping

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Reflexes

11. (p. 160) The Moro reflex is a response to _____, whereas the grasping reflex is a response to
_____.
A. sound or movement; touch
B. touch; sound or movement
C. smell; sight
D. sight; smell

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Reflexes

5-5
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

12. (p. 160-161) How long does it take for most infants to establish a sucking style that matches
how mothers hold them, how the milk is coming out of the bottle or breast, and the infant's
temperament?
A. one day
B. one week
C. several weeks
D. several months

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Reflexes

13. (p. 160) Shawn is 5 years old and sucks his thumb. His mother is worried that thumb
sucking will become a lifelong habit. A developmental psychologist would MOST likely
advise Shawn's mother to:
A. keep Shawn at home for another year before entering kindergarten.
B. change her disciplining methods.
C. develop a strict behavior intervention plan.
D. relax because the behavior will most likely remit on its own.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Reflexes

14. (p. 161) Activities that use large muscles develop:

A. the grasping reflex.
B. fine motor skills.
C. gross motor skills.
D. the sucking reflex

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Gross Motor Skills
Topic: Infancy

5-6
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

15. (p. 161) Baby Karyn has just learned to sit independently. Approximately how old is she?
A. 1 year
B. 3 weeks
C. 2 months
D. 6 months

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Development of Posture
Topic: Infancy

16. (p. 161) Marta is developing new abilities, such as sitting and standing, but is not yet able to
climb or ride on riding toys. Marta is in her
A. first year.
B. second year.
C. prenatal stage.
D. reflex stage.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: First Year
Topic: Infancy

17. (p. 161) Infants normally are able to sit, stand, and walk ______, and climb and balance
their feet in a squatting position _________.
A. within the first 6 months; within the first year
B. within the first year; within the second year
C. after 18 months of age; after 24 months of age
D. after 1 year of age; after 2 years of age

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: First Year
Topic: Infancy

5-7
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

18. (p. 161) Research shows that infants occasionally take a few large steps when walking.
These large steps indicate which of the following?
A. increased desire for independence
B. increased acceleration and speed
C. increased balance and strength
D. sign of future delay in motor development

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Second Year

19. (p. 162) Well-developed gross motor skills allow infants to become more independent.
Independence is important because it:
A. is a prerequisite for the development of fine motor skills.
B. allows more and different kinds of interactions with the environment.
C. fosters greater numbers of dendritic connections in muscle tissue.
D. allows infants to strengthen the bonds with their primary caregivers.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Second Year

20. (p. 161-162) Infants start to be able to walk

A. as soon as they can make alternating leg movements.
B. before they can make alternating leg movements.
C. as soon as they can produce forward stepping movements.
D. only after they are able to balance on one leg long enough to swing the other leg forward
and shift their weight without falling.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Infancy
Topic: Learning to Walk

5-8
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

21. (p. 162) Miri can walk quickly and run stiffly for a short distance. She loves to stand and
kick her soccer ball. Miri is likely between the ages of _____ months.
A. 9 and 12
B. 13 and 18
C. 18 and 24
D. 36 and 48

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: First Year
Topic: Infancy

22. (p. 162) To foster infants' motor development, which of the follow practices would be
effective?
A. giving infants opportunities for exercise
B. stroking, massaging, or stretching the babies
C. frequently exercising the babies’ trunk and pelvic muscles
D. All of these answers are correct.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: First Year
Topic: Infancy

23. (p. 162) Infants are likely to reach motor milestones at different ages depending on the
culture. This is probably due to
A. the climate.
B. activity opportunities.
C. the genetic disposition.
D. nutrition.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Cultural Variations
Topic: Infancy

5-9
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

24. (p. 164) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding gross motor activity during
middle and late childhood?
A. Only one child in a thousand can hit a tennis ball over the net at the age of 11.
B. Girls usually outperform boys in large-muscle activities until adolescence when the
opposite is true.
C. Elementary-aged boys usually outperform girls in large-muscle activities.
D. Children at this age can master activities such as running, climbing, and skipping rope.
However, once they master them, they don’t find them pleasant and enjoyable anymore.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 2.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Gross Motor Skills
Topic: Middle and Late Childhood

25. (p. 164) Joey is the best batter on his little league team. Which of the following is a
consequence of playing organized sports that Joey may encounter?
A. unrealistic expectations for academic success
B. focusing more on academic work
C. unrealistic expectations for success as an athlete
D. limitations on developing peer relations and friendships

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Gross Motor Skills
Topic: Middle and Late Childhood

5-10
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

26. (p. 164) Playing organized sports can have which of the following negative effects on a
child?
A. undue pressure and stress to achieve and win
B. overly developed muscle mass
C. decreased cognitive functioning
D. increased peer pressure for substance abuse

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Gross Motor Skills
Topic: Middle and Late Childhood

27. (p. 164) Peak physical performance usually occurs during

A. adolescence.
B. the 20s.
C. the 30s.
D. the 40s.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Early Adulthood
Topic: Gross Motor Skills

28. (p. 164) Which of the following athletes would MOST likely show peak performance during
adolescence?
A. golfer
B. swimmer
C. sprinter
D. marathon runner

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Gross Motor Skills

5-11
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

29. (p. 165) Brent's biological functions are beginning to decline. How old is he?
A. 65
B. 50
C. 45
D. 30

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Gross Motor Skills
Topic: Middle Adulthood

30. (p. 165) Tom wants to attend his son's little league game. His son is embarrassed by Tom's
loud cheering, though, and asks Tom not to come. What should Tom do?
A. go anyway and cheer
B. go but not cheer
C. go but hide so his son can't see him
D. respect his son's wishes and stay home

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Gross Motor Skills

31. (p. 166) Gross motor skills include activities such as running, whereas fine motor skills
include activities such as
A. jumping.
B. gymnastics.
C. cutting with scissors.
D. crab walking.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Fine Motor Skills

5-12
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

32. (p. 166) What skills involve movements such as buttoning a shirt or typing?
A. fine motor
B. gross motor
C. reflexes
D. perceptual-motor

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Fine Motor Skills

33. (p. 165-166) Tammy is middle-aged and walks daily with her friends. Research shows that
she can expect which of the following in older adulthood?
A. a higher risk of obesity
B. arthritis in her knees and hips
C. the same level of motor ability loss as her non-walking counterparts
D. a lower level of motor ability loss

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Gross Motor Skills
Topic: Late Adulthood

34. (p. 166) Rachel Clifton and colleagues (1993) demonstrated that infants
A. have to see their own hands in order to reach for an object.
B. do not have to see their own hands in order to reach for an object.
C. have good control over their fine motor skills as early as a few days after birth.
D. cannot use cues from muscles, tendons, and joints to guide their reaching until after they
are over 12 months of age.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Fine Motor Skills
Topic: Infancy

5-13
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

35. (p. 166) A significant achievement in an infant's interactions with the environment is the
A. onset of reaching and grasping.
B. grasping reflex.
C. Moro reflex.
D. sucking reflex.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Fine Motor Skills
Topic: Infancy

36. (p. 166) Three-year-olds scribble all over the page, but 4-year-olds can make more precise
drawings because 4-year-olds have more developed
A. grasping abilities.
B. fine motor skills.
C. gross motor skills.
D. palmer grasping abilities.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty Level: Basic
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Fine Motor Skills

37. (p. 168) Baby Jasmina is sitting in her high chair and picks up Cheerios using her thumb and
forefinger. This newfound ability is due to the development of rev: 11_25_2014_QC_57666
A. the palmer grasp.
B. the pincer grip.
C. gross motor skills
D. reaching ability

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Fine Motor Skills
Topic: Infancy

5-14
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

38. (p. 168) Baby Ty reaches and grips a toy using his whole hand. This ability is called the
A. palmer grasp.
B. pincer grasp.
C. gross motor skill.
D. “sticky mittens” experience.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Fine Motor Skills
Topic: Infancy

39. (p. 167) The "sticky mittens" studies found that

A. gross motor development determines fine motor development.
B. experience is irrelevant to the development of fine motor skills.
C. experience plays a role in the development of reaching and grasping.
D. experience plays a role in grasping but not reaching.

APA Outcome: 1.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Fine Motor Skills
Topic: Infancy

40. (p. 167) Which of the following reasons BEST explains why 4-year-old Tanisha might
knock over a tower of blocks she is building and start again?
A. She fails to place a block squarely on the stack she is assembling.
B. She tries too hard to place every block perfectly.
C. She makes careless movements because she doesn't pay enough attention to what she is
doing.
D. Knocking the tower down is more interesting than building it up.

APA Outcome: 1.1

APA Outcome: 2.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.
Topic: Early Childhood
Topic: Fine Motor Skills

5-15
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 House of Commons, Mr. Balfour, who do not accept the offered
treaty which would banish war forever between the two nations
of our race. This invitation was sent by the same President
Cleveland, who is now denounced as favoring war. … It was my
office to introduce to Mr. Cleveland, then President of the
United States, as he is now, the delegation from the British
Parliament urging arbitration. In the conferences I had with
him previous to his receiving the deputation, I found him as
strong a supporter of that policy as I ever met. I do not
wonder at his outburst, knowing how deeply this man feels upon
that question; it is to him so precious, it constitutes so
great an advance over arbitrament by war that—even if we have
to fight, that any nation rejecting it may suffer—I believe he
feels that it would be our duty to do so, believing that the
nation which rejects arbitration in a boundary dispute
deserves the execration of mankind."-

A. Carnegie,
The Venezuelan Question
(North American Review, February, 1896).

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1895-1896 (December-February).

The gold reserve in the Treasury again imperilled.
Refusal of any measures of relief by the Senate.

In his annual Message to Congress, December 2d, 1895,

President Cleveland described at length the stress of
circumstances under which in the previous February, the
Secretary of the Treasury had contracted with certain bankers
and financiers to replenish and protect the reserve of gold in
the Treasury for redemption of United States notes (see above),
and added: "The performance of this contract not only restored
the reserve, but checked for a time the withdrawals of gold
and brought on a period of restored confidence and such peace
and quiet in business circles as were of the greatest possible
value to every interest that affects our people.
{561}
I have never had the slightest misgiving concerning the wisdom
or propriety of this arrangement, and am quite willing to
answer for my full share of responsibility for its promotion.
I believe it averted a disaster the imminence of which was,
fortunately, not at the time generally understood by our
people. Though the contract mentioned stayed for a time the
tide of gold withdrawal, its good results could not be
permanent. Recent withdrawals have reduced the reserve from
$107,571,230 on the 8th day of July, 1895, to $79,333,966. How
long it will remain large enough to render its increase
unnecessary is only matter of conjecture, though quite large
withdrawals for shipment in the immediate future are predicted
in well-informed quarters. About $16,000,000 has been
withdrawn during the month of November. The foregoing
statement of events and conditions develops the fact that
after increasing our interest-bearing bonded indebtedness more
than $162,000,000 to save our gold reserve we are nearly where
we started, having now in such reserve $79,383,966 as against
$65,488,377 in February, 1894, when the first bonds were
issued.

"Though the amount of gold drawn from the Treasury appears to

be very large as gathered from the facts and figures herein
presented, it actually was much larger, considerable sums
having been acquired by the Treasury within the several
periods stated without the issue of bonds. On the 28th of
January, 1895, it was reported by the Secretary of the
Treasury that more than $172,000,000 of gold had been
withdrawn for hoarding or shipment during the year preceding.
He now reports that from January 1, 1879, to July 14, 1890, a
period of more than eleven years, only a little over
$28,000,000 was withdrawn, and that between July 14, 1890, the
date of the passage of the law for an increased purchase of
silver, and the 1st day of December, 1895, or within less than
five and a half years, there was withdrawn nearly
$375,000,000, making a total of more than $403,000,000 drawn
from the Treasury in gold since January 1, 1879, the date
fixed in 1875 for the retirement of the United States notes.

"Nearly $327,000,000 of the gold thus withdrawn has been paid

out, on these United States notes, and yet everyone of the
$346,000,000 is still uncanceled and ready to do service in
future gold depletions. More than $76,000,000 in gold has
since their creation in 1890 been paid out from the Treasury
upon the notes given on the purchase of silver by the
Government, and yet the whole, amounting to $155,000,000,
except a little more than $16,000,000 which has been retired
by exchanges for silver at the request of the holders, remains
outstanding and prepared to join their older and more
experienced allies in future raids upon the Treasury's gold
reserve. In other words, the Government has paid in gold more
than nine-tenths of its United States notes and still owes
them all. It has paid in gold about one-half of its notes
given for silver purchases without extinguishing by such
payment one dollar of these notes.

"When, added to all this, we are reminded that to carry on

this astounding financial scheme the Government has incurred a
bonded indebtedness of $95,500,000 in establishing a gold
reserve, and of $162,315,400 in efforts to maintain it; that
the annual interest charge on such bonded indebtedness is more
than $11,000,000; that a continuance of our present course may
result in further bond issues, and that we have suffered or
are threatened with all this for the sake of supplying gold
for foreign shipment or facilitating its hoarding at home, a
situation is exhibited which certainly ought to arrest
attention and provoke immediate legislative relief.

"I am convinced the only thorough and practicable remedy for

our troubles is found in the retirement and cancellation of
our United States notes, commonly called greenbacks, and the
outstanding Treasury notes issued by the Government in payment
of silver purchases under the act of 1890. I believe this
could be quite readily accomplished by the exchange of these
notes for United States bonds, of small as well as large
denominations, bearing a low rate of interest. They should be
long-term bonds, thus increasing their desirability as
investments, and because their payment could be well postponed
to a period far removed from present financial burdens and
perplexities, when with increased prosperity and resources
they would be more easily met. …

"Whatever is attempted should be entered upon fully

appreciating the fact that by careless easy descent we have
reached a dangerous depth, and that our ascent will not be
accomplished without laborious toil and struggle. We shall be
wise if we realize that we are financially ill and that our
restoration to health may require heroic treatment and
unpleasant remedies.

"In the present stage of our difficulty it is not easy to

understand how the amount of our revenue receipts directly
affects it. The important question is not the quantity of
money received in revenue payments, but the kind of money we
maintain and our ability to continue in sound financial
condition. We are considering the Government's holdings of
gold as related to the soundness of our money and as affecting
our national credit and monetary strength. If our gold reserve
had never been impaired; if no bonds had ever been issued to
replenish it; if there had been no fear and timidity
concerning our ability to continue gold payments; if any part
of our revenues were now paid in gold, and if we could look to
our gold receipts as a means of maintaining a safe reserve,
the amount of our revenues would be an influential factor in
the problem. But unfortunately all the circumstances that
might lend weight to this consideration are entirely lacking.
In our present predicament no gold is received by the
Government in payment of revenue charges, nor would there be
if the revenues were increased. The receipts of the Treasury,
when not in silver certificates, consist of United States
notes and Treasury notes issued for silver purchases. These
 forms of money are only useful to the Government in paying its
current ordinary expenses, and its quantity in Government
possession does not in the least contribute toward giving us
that kind of safe financial standing or condition which is
built on gold alone.

{562}

"If it is said that these notes if held by the Government can

be used to obtain gold for our reserve, the answer is easy.
The people draw gold from the Treasury on demand upon United
States notes and Treasury notes, but the proposition that the
Treasury can on demand draw gold from the people upon them
would be regarded in these days with wonder and amusement; and
even if this could be done there is nothing to prevent those thus
parting with their gold from regaining it the next day or the
next hour by the presentation of the notes they received in
exchange for it. The Secretary of the Treasury might use such
notes taken from a surplus revenue to buy gold in the market.
Of course he could not do this without paying a premium.
Private holders of gold, unlike the Government, having no
parity to maintain, would not be restrained from making the
best bargain possible when they furnished gold to the
Treasury; but the moment the Secretary of the Treasury bought
gold on any terms above par he would establish a general and
universal premium upon it, thus breaking down the parity
between gold and silver, which the Government is pledged to
maintain, and opening the way to new and serious
complications. In the meantime the premium would not remain
stationary, and the absurd spectacle might be presented of a
dealer selling gold to the Government and with United States
notes or Treasury notes in his hand immediately clamoring for
its return and a resale at a higher premium.

"It may be claimed that a large revenue and redundant receipts

might favorably affect the situation under discussion by
affording an opportunity of retaining these notes in the
Treasury when received, and thus preventing their presentation
for gold. Such retention to be useful ought to be at least
measurably permanent; and this is precisely what is
prohibited, so far as United States notes are concerned, by
the law of 1878, forbidding their further retirement. That
statute in so many words provides, that these notes when
received into the Treasury and belonging to the United States
shall be 'paid out again and kept in circulation.'"

United States, Message and Documents (Abridgment),

1895-1896, page 27.

"The difficulty which had been anticipated in keeping gold in

the treasury became acute as a result of the president's
Venezuelan message of December 17. The 'war scare' which was
caused by that document was attended by a panic on the London
Exchange, which communicated itself to the Continental
exchanges and produced at once serious consequences in New
York. Prices fell heavily, some failures were reported, and
the withdrawal of gold from the treasury assumed great
proportions. On the 20th the reserve had gone down to
$69,650,000, ten millions less than three weeks earlier, with
future large reductions obviously near at hand. The president
accordingly on that day sent to Congress a special message,
stating the situation, alluding to the effect of his recently
announced foreign policy, and declaring that the result
conveyed a 'warning that even the patriotic sentiment of our
people is not an adequate substitute for a sound financial
policy.' He asked Congress to postpone its holiday recess
until something had been done to reassure the apprehensive
among the people, but declared that in any case he should use
every means in the power of the executive to maintain the
country's credit. The suggestion was acted upon. …

"On December 26 two bills were introduced in the House of

Representatives by Chairman Dingley of the ways and means
committee. Adopting the view maintained by the Republicans,
that the chief cause of the difficulty in maintaining the gold
reserve was the deficiency in the revenue, he proposed first a
bill 'to temporarily increase the revenues.' This provided
that until August 1, 1898, the customs duties on most
varieties of wool and woolen goods and on lumber, should stand
at 60 per cent of those imposed by the McKinley Act of 1890,
and that the duties in all the other schedules of the tariff,
except sugar, should, with slight exceptions, be increased by
15 per cent over those of the existing law. This bill passed
the House on the 27th by a party vote of 205 to 81. On the
following day the second bill, 'to maintain and protect the
coin redemption fund,' was passed by 170 to 136,—47
Republicans in the minority. This bill authorized the
secretary of the treasury to procure coin for redeeming
legal-tenders by the sale of three-per-cent five-year bonds,
and to provide for temporary deficiencies by the issue of
three-year three-per-cent certificates of indebtedness in
small denominations. The administration was as little
satisfied with this bill as with that changing the tariff, and
proceeded with the bond issue. …

"The failure of the bills in the Senate was foreseen, but the
precise form in which it was manifested excited some surprise.
On February 1, [1896], the bond bill was transformed by the
adoption of a substitute providing for the free coinage of
silver, and this was passed by a vote of 42 to 35. On the 14th
the House refused, by 215 to 90, to concur in the Senate's
amendment, and the whole subject was dropped. Meanwhile the
Senate finance committee had reported a free-coinage
substitute for the House tariff bill also. But after this
further exhibition of their strength the silver senators
refused to go further, and on February 25 joined with the
Democrats in rejecting, by 33 to 22, a motion to take up the
bill for consideration. This vote was recognized as finally
disposing of the measure."

Political Science Quarterly,

 June, 1896.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1895-1896 (December-

December).
Plans for coast defense.

In his annual report to the President, 1895, the Secretary of

War wrote as follows of pending plans for coast defense, and
of the progress of work upon them:

"In your annual message transmitted to Congress in December,

1886, attention was directed to the urgent necessity for
seacoast defense in these words: 'The defenseless condition of
our seacoast and lake frontier is perfectly palpable; the
examinations made must convince us all that certain of our
cities should be fortified and that work on the most important
of these fortifications should be commenced at once.' … Since
that time the condition of these defenses has been under grave
consideration by the people and by this Department. Its
inadequacy and impotency have been so evident that the
intelligence of the country long since ceased to discuss that
humiliating phase of the subject, but has addressed itself to
the more practical undertaking of urging more rapid progress
in the execution of the plan of defense devised by the
Endicott Board in 1886, with subsequent slight modifications.
That plan contemplated a system of fortifications at 27 ports
(to which Puget Sound was subsequently added), requiring 677
guns and 824 mortars of modern construction, at a cost of
$97,782,800, excluding $28,595,000 for floating batteries. By
an immediate appropriation at that time of $21,500,000 and an
annual appropriation of $9,000,000 thereafter, as then
recommended, the system of land defenses could have been
completed in 1895.

{563}

"The original plan contemplated an expenditure of $97,782,800

by the end of the present year. The actual expenditures and
appropriations for armament and emplacements have, however,
been but $10,631,000. The first appropriation for guns was
made only seven years ago and the first appropriation for
emplacements was made only five years ago. The average annual
appropriations for these two objects has been less than
$1,500,000. The work has therefore been conducted at about
one-seventh the rate proposed. If future appropriations for
the manufacture of guns, mortars, and carriages be no larger
than the average authorized for the purpose since 1888, it
will require twenty-two years more to supply the armament of
the eighteen important ports for which complete projects are
approved. If the appropriations for the engineer work are to
continue at the rate of the annual appropriations since 1890,
it will require seventy years to complete the emplacements and
platforms for this armament for the ports referred to."

Report of the Secretary of War, 1895,

page 19 (54th Congress, 1st Session,
House Document volume 1).

In his Message of the following year, the subject was touched

upon by the President, as follows:

"During the past year rapid progress has been made toward the
completion of the scheme adopted for the erection and armament
of fortifications along our seacoast, while equal progress has
been made in providing the material for submarine defense in
connection with these works. … We shall soon have complete
about one-fifth of the comprehensive system, the first step in
which was noted in my message to the Congress of December 4,
1893. When it is understood that a masonry emplacement not
only furnishes a platform for the heavy modern high-power gun,
but also in every particular serves the purpose and takes the
place of the fort of former days, the importance of the work
accomplished is better comprehended. In the hope that the work
will be prosecuted with no less vigor in the future, the
 Secretary of War has submitted an estimate by which, if
allowed, there will be provided and either built or building
by the end of the next fiscal year such additional guns,
mortars, gun carriages, and emplacements, as will represent
not far from one-third of the total work to be done under the
plan adopted for our coast defenses—thus affording a prospect
that the entire work will be substantially completed within
six years. In less time than that, however, we shall have
attained a marked degree of security. The experience and
results of the past year demonstrate that with a continuation
of present careful methods the cost of the remaining work will
be much less than the original estimate. We should always keep
in mind that of all forms of military preparation coast
defense alone is essentially pacific in its nature."

Message of the President, 1896

(54th Congress, 2d Session, House Document, volume 1).

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1896 (January).

Admission of Utah to the Union.

See (in this volume)

UTAH: A. D. 1895-1896.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1896 (January-February).

Appointment of commission to investigate the
Venezuela boundary.
Re-opening of discussion with Great Britain on the
arbitration of the dispute.

See (in this volume)

VENEZUELA: A. D. 1896-1899.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1896 (February).

New treaty with Great Britain for arbitration of
Bering Sea claims.
 See (in this volume)
BERING SEA QUESTIONS.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1896 (February).

Weyler made Governor of Cuba.
His Concentration Order.

See (in this volume)

CUBA: A. D. 1896-1897.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1896 (March).

Removal of Confederate disabilities.

The following enactment of Congress, which may, with

propriety, be styled an "Act of Oblivion," was approved by the
President on the 31st of March, 1896:

"That section twelve hundred and eighteen of the Revised

Statutes of the United States, as amended by chapter forty-six
of the laws of 1884, which section is as follows: 'No person
who held a commission in the Army or Navy of the United States
at the beginning of the late rebellion, and afterwards served
in any capacity in the military, naval, or civil service of
the so-called Confederate States, or of either of the States
in insurrection during the late rebellion, shall be appointed
to any position in the Army or Navy of the United States,' be,
and the same is hereby, repealed."

United States of America, Statutes at Large,

volume 29, page 84.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1896 (May).

Extension of civil service rules by President Cleveland.

See (in this volume)

CIVIL SERVICE REFORM: A. D. 1893-1896.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1896 (June-November).
The Presidential election.
The silver question at issue.
Party Platforms and Nominations.

A national conference held at Washington, in March, 1895, may

be looked upon as the beginning of a widely and powerfully
organized movement to force the demand for a free and
unlimited coinage of silver, on equal terms, as legal tender
money, with gold, into the front of the issues of the
presidential canvass of 1896. The agitation then projected was
carried on with extraordinary ardor and skill and had
astonishing success. It was helped by the general depression
of business in the country, and especially by the long
continued ruling of low prices for the produce of the
farms,—for all of which effects the gold standard of values
was held to be the one relentless cause. In both political
parties the free silver propaganda was pushed with startling
effect, and there seemed to be doubt, for a time, whether the
controlling politicians in either would take an opposing
stand. Southern influences proved decisive of the result in
the Democratic party; eastern influences in that of the
Republicans. The ranks of the former were swept rapidly into
the movement for free silver, and the party chiefs of the
latter were driven to a conflict with it, not wholly by
convictions or will of their own. During the spring and early
summer of 1896, the Democratic Party in State after State
became committed on the question, by declarations for the
unlimited free coinage of silver, at the ratio of 16 to 1;
until there was tolerable certainty, some weeks before the
meeting of the national convention, that its nominee for
President must be one who represented that demand. How
positively the Republican Party would champion the gold
monetary standard was somewhat less assured, though its stand
on that side had been taken in a general way.

{564}
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
Republican Platform and Nominations.

The Republican national convention was held at St. Louis, on

the 16th, 17th and 18th of June. The "platform" reported by
the committee on resolutions was adopted without amendment on
the last named date. Its declarations were as follows:

"The Republicans of the United States, assembled by their

representatives in National Convention, appealing for the
popular and historical justification of their claims to the
matchless achievements of the thirty years of Republican rule,
earnestly and confidently address themselves to the awakened
intelligence, experience, and conscience of their countrymen
in the following declaration of facts and principles:

"For the first time since the civil war the American people
have witnessed the calamitous consequences of full and
unrestricted Democratic control of the Government. It has been
a record of unparalleled incapacity, dishonor, and disaster.
In administrative management it has ruthlessly sacrificed
indispensable revenue, entailed an unceasing deficit, eked out
ordinary current expenses with borrowed money, piled up the
public debt by $262,000,000 in time of peace, forced an
adverse balance of trade, kept a perpetual menace hanging over
the redemption fund, pawned American credit to alien
syndicates, and reversed all the measures and results of
successful Republican rule.

"In the broad effect of its policy it has precipitated panic,

blighted industry and trade with prolonged depression, closed
factories, reduced work and wages, halted enterprise, and
crippled American production while stimulating foreign
production for the American market. Every consideration of
public safety and individual interest demands that the
Government shall be rescued from the hands of those who have
shown themselves incapable to conduct it without disaster at
home and dishonor abroad, and shall be restored to the party
which for thirty years administered it with unequalled success
and prosperity, and in this connection we heartily endorse the
wisdom, patriotism, and the success of the administration of
President Harrison.

"We renew and emphasize our allegiance to the policy of

protection as the bulwark of American industrial independence
and the foundation of American development and prosperity.
This true American policy taxes foreign products and
encourages home industry; it puts the burden of revenue on
foreign goods; it secures the American market for the American
producer; it upholds the American standard of wages for the
American workingman; it puts the factory by the side of the
farm, and makes the American farmer less dependent on foreign
demand and price; it diffuses general thrift, and founds the
strength of all on the strength of each. In its reasonable
application it is just, fair, and impartial; equally opposed
to foreign control and domestic monopoly, to sectional
discrimination, and individual favoritism.

"We denounce the present Democratic tariff as sectional,

injurious to the public credit, and destructive to business
enterprise. "We demand such an equitable tariff on foreign
imports which come into competition with American products as
will not only furnish adequate revenue for the necessary
expenses of the Government, but will protect American labor
from degradation to the wage level of other lands. We are not
pledged to any particular schedules. The question of rates is
a practical question, to be governed by the conditions of the
time and of production; the ruling and uncompromising
principle is the protection and development of American labor
and industry. The country demands a right settlement, and then
it wants rest.

"We believe the repeal of the reciprocity arrangements

negotiated by the last Republican administration was a
national calamity, and we demand their renewal and extension
on such terms as will equalize our trade with other nations,
remove the restrictions which now obstruct the sale of
American products in the ports of other countries, and secure
enlarged markets for the products of our farms, forests, and
factories.

See, in volume 5,
TARIFF LEGISLATION (UNITED STATES):
A. D. 1890, and 1894.

"Protection and reciprocity are twin measures of Republican

policy and go hand in hand. Democratic rule has recklessly
struck down both, and both must be re-established. Protection
for what we produce; free admission for the necessaries of
life which we do not produce; reciprocity agreements of mutual
interests which again open markets for us in return for our
open markets to others. Protection builds up domestic industry
and trade and secures our own market for ourselves; reciprocity
builds up foreign trade and finds an outlet for our surplus.
We condemn the present administration for not keeping faith
with the sugar producers of this country. The Republican party
favors such protection as will lead to the production on
American soil of all the sugar which the American people use,
and for which they pay other countries more than $100,000,000
annually. To all our products—to those of the mine and the
fields as well as to those of the shop and the factory—to
hemp, to wool, the product of the great industry of sheep
husbandry, as well as to the finished woollens of the mill—we
promise the most ample protection.

"We favor restoring the early American policy of

discriminating duties for the upbuilding of our merchant
marine and the protection of our shipping in the foreign
carrying trade, so that American ships—the product of American
labor, employed in American shipyards, sailing under the Stars
 and Stripes, and manned, officered, and owned by Americans—may
regain the carrying of our foreign commerce.

"The Republican party is unreservedly for sound money. It

caused the enactment of the law providing for the resumption
of specie payments in 1879; since then every dollar has been
as good as gold. We are unalterably opposed to every measure
calculated to debase our currency or impair the credit of our
country. We are, therefore, opposed to the free coinage of
silver except by international agreement with the leading
commercial nations of the world, which we pledge ourselves to
promote, and until such agreement can be obtained the existing
gold standard must be preserved. All our silver and paper
currency must be maintained at parity with gold, and we favor
all measures designed to maintain inviolably the obligations
of the United States and all our money, whether coin or paper,
at the present standard, the standard of the most enlightened
nations of the earth.

{565}

"The veterans of the Union Army deserve and should receive

fair treatment and generous recognition. Whenever practicable,
they should be given the preference in the matter of
employment, and they are entitled to the enactment of such
laws as are best calculated to secure the fulfillment of the
pledges made to them in the dark days of the country's peril.
We denounce the practice in the Pension Bureau, so recklessly
and unjustly carried on by the present administration, of
reducing pensions and arbitrarily dropping names from the
rolls as deserving the severest condemnation of the American
people.

"Our foreign policy should be at all times firm, vigorous, and

dignified, and all our interests in the Western Hemisphere
carefully watched and guarded. The Hawaiian Islands should be
controlled by the United States, and no foreign power should
be permitted to interfere with them; the Nicaraguan Canal
should be built, owned, and operated by the United States; and
by the purchase of the Danish Islands we should secure a
proper and much needed naval station in the West Indies.

"The massacres in Armenia have aroused the deep sympathy and

just indignation of the American people, and we believe that
the United States should exercise all the influence it can
properly exert to bring these atrocities to an end. In Turkey
American residents have been exposed to the gravest dangers
and American property destroyed. There and everywhere American
citizens and American property must be absolutely protected at
all hazards and at any cost.

"We reassert the Monroe doctrine in its full extent, and we

reaffirm the right of the United States to give the doctrine
effect by responding to the appeal of any American State for
friendly intervention in case of European encroachment. We
have not interfered with and shall not interfere with the
existing possessions of any European power in this hemisphere,
but those possessions must not on any pretext be extended. We
hopefully look forward to the eventual withdrawal of European
powers from this hemisphere and to the ultimate union of all
the English-speaking parts of the continent by the free
consent of its inhabitants.

"From the hour of achieving their own independence the people

of the United States have regarded with sympathy the struggles
of other American people to free themselves from European
domination. We watch with deep and abiding interest the heroic
battle of the Cuban patriots against cruelty and oppression,
and our best hopes go out for the full success of their
determined contest for liberty. The Government of Spain having
lost control of Cuba, and being unable to protect the property
or lives of resident American citizens, or to comply with its
treaty obligations, we believe that the Government of the
United States should actively use its influence and good
offices to restore peace and give independence to the island.

"The peace and security of the Republic and the maintenance of

its rightful influence among the nations of the earth demand a
naval power commensurate with its position and responsibility.
We therefore favor the continued enlargement of the navy and a
complete system of harbor and seacoast defenses.

"For the protection of the quality of our American citizenship

and of the wages of our workingmen against the fatal
competition of low-priced labor, we demand that the
immigration laws be thoroughly enforced and so extended as to
exclude from entrance to the United States those who can
neither read nor write.

"The civil-service law was placed on the statute book by the

Republican party, which has always sustained it, and we renew
our repeated declarations that it shall be thoroughly and
honestly enforced and extended wherever practicable.

"We demand that every citizen of the United States shall be

allowed to cast one free and unrestricted ballot, and that
such ballot shall be counted and returned as cast.

"We proclaim our unqualified condemnation of the uncivilized

and barbarous practice, well known as lynching or killing of
human beings suspected or charged with crime, without process
of law. We favor the creation of a National board of
arbitration to settle and adjust differences which may arise
between employers and employed engaged in interstate commerce.

"We believe in an immediate return to the free-homestead

policy of the Republican party, and urge the passage by
Congress of a satisfactory free-homestead measure such as has
already passed the House and is now pending in the Senate.

"We favor the admission of the remaining Territories at the

earliest practicable date, having due regard to the interests
of the people of the Territories and of the United States. All
the Federal officers appointed for the Territories should be
selected from bona fide residents thereof, and the right of
self-government should be accorded as far as practicable.

"We believe the citizens of Alaska should have representation

in the Congress of the United States, to the end that needful
legislation may be intelligently enacted.

"We sympathize with all wise and legitimate efforts to lessen

and prevent the evils of intemperance and promote morality.

"The Republican party is mindful of the rights and interests

of women. Protection of American industries includes equal
opportunities, equal pay for equal work, and protection to the
home. We favor the admission of women to wider spheres of
usefulness, and welcome their co-operation in rescuing the
country from Democratic and Populist mismanagement and
misrule.

"Such are the principles and policies of the Republican party.

By these principles we will abide and these policies we will
put into execution. We ask for them the considerate judgment
of the American people. Confident alike in the history of our
great party and in the justice of our cause, we present our
platform and our candidates in the full assurance that the
election will bring victory to the Republican party and
prosperity to the people of the United States."

Before the adoption of this platform, a motion to amend its

currency "plank," by substituting a declaration in favor of
"the use of both gold and silver as equal standard money," was
laid on the table by a vote of 818½ to 105½. A protest from
delegates representing Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Montana
and South Dakota was then read, and twenty-two withdrew from
the convention, as a sign of secession from the party.
{566}

Immediately following the adoption of the platform, the

Honorable William McKinley, ex-Governor of Ohio, and of fame
in his connection with the tariff act of 1890, was nominated
on the first ballot for President of the United States, by
661½ votes against 240½ divided among several opposing
candidates, and the nomination was then made unanimous. For
Vice President, the Honorable Garret A. Hobart, of New Jersey,
was named, and similarly by the first voting.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: 1896.

Democratic Platform and Nominations.

The Democratic national convention was held in Chicago, July

7-11. The delegates who came to it from the southern States,
and from most of the States west of Ohio, were arrayed with a
close approach to solid ranks for free silver; while those
from New England and the Middle States opposed them in a
phalanx almost equally firm. The "Gold Democrats" or "Sound
Money Democrats," as the latter were called, ably led by
ex-Governor Hill, of New York, fought hard to the end, but
without avail. The financial resolution they strove to place
in the platform was the following:

"We declare our belief that the experiment on the part of the
United States alone of free-silver coinage, and a change in
the existing standard of value independently of the action of
other great nations, would not only imperil our finances, but
would retard or entirely prevent the establishment of
international bimetallism, to which the efforts of the
government should be steadily directed. It would place this
country at once upon a silver basis, impair contracts, disturb
business, diminish the purchasing power of the wages of labor,
and inflict irreparable evils upon our nation's commerce and
industry.