Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Brighter Grammar 3

    Uploaded by

    Tic1
    8 views46 pages
    Grammar

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    Grammar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    8 views46 pages

    Brighter Grammar 3

    Uploaded by

    Tic1
    Grammar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 46
    Brighter Grammar 3 An English Grammar with Exercises New edition CE Esterey Margaret Macaulay Revised by D KSwan mg ae on, {a hacatt Compe Soap ew as rene ap fe unio. {one nyo ay nn Seen neh Sr i ee 159 amy De age Contents (Each ssn is fotowed by exercises) 1 Pronouns refleve 2 Pronoun: potesv, inter ‘nsdomonsratve 3 Adverbs: degree requeny and Interogatve 4 The present erect tense 1 5 The present erect tense 2 6 The present perfect cominuous tense 17 The past perfect ense 1 The ture wil 9 The ure 2: offering and ating 10 The four 3: ging 1 The fature continuous tense 12 The fata perfect tense 13 Commands and request 14 cave and passive voice 1 15 Active and passive voice 2 16 Sentences Clisee, Phrases 18 Adjective clauses: the relative pronoun 19 Adverb clauses 20 Now clawes 21 Direct andindiret speech ‘Revision (Book 1, Lesons 19-16), Pronoua are words hat stand instead of pours. Personal pronouns ae wid instead of noun that mean persons or (especialy i) animal or things. They can be singular plural, masculine gender, feminine gender or neutral gender. A pronoun may be the subject or te object. The sective form of many pronouns iseitterent fom theirobjectve form. In this, pronouns te sotlke nouns ‘Levstook in that pronoun box apuin nde there are any ‘more pronouns. Yes, tere are thre or four mot Kinds, ers ook at these fis, the el, selves kind. Lesson One “Thee pronouns sas ed ia -elf or selves forthe pla) ysl youself himself, herself, ef, oneself ourselves, yourseives, damsel ‘The self pronouns wsaly tad or he same person o thing tthe subject ofthe sentence. Lat ussee some of them a, ssw myelin the miro. Becareful or you wil hr youre Richard helped himeelft the cakes, Mary drese herself cael. One mest be allowed to please onl “The ten can now feed ielh. Weraught ourselves toswin, “The boyshurt homes geting over the wal There i, ofcourse, ference in meaning between hese "Too ht hi. Tomhit himself ‘The sti does’ go rom one person or thing to another It ‘comes back again ke the reflection na mito tothe doer ofthe ction. These self pronouns are called refleve Emphasizing ‘But this ie mo the ony “ere washed himself. gow bedi, saw hi, ‘nyse? You, youre, said be looked dean aed Jeremy, isl sid he had had ash ‘Theft himslfs quite pany aFelextve pronoun; the subjec Jeremy andthe pronoun hms bot stand forthe ems Boy But he others are diferent. They could be missed that the se pronouns o. Look Lesson One ‘outand the sentences would still make vente. Thy a8 put there to make what said stronger, to make it more ‘emphatic Tis ithe empha seo the efleive pronouns In their emphatic use, he refleve prosouns sometines have the meaning ‘alone’, in which cae they often have By with Teveat thereby myself “Thisisan agin that goes by il ‘George made that model aeroplane al by himself Here ae the elf ronouns arangedinatabe Singular Plural ] Tipenon | myself univer 1 J2ndipenon | sourett ourselves | frimsee aaperion hen themselves onesie Exercises ‘A Put efenive pronouns int the Blank spaces in these -Example:Sohn burt when he fel “Answer: Jo hart hl when etl 4 Fathercat when he was shaving. 2 Mary ssw inthe minor 3 Wess inthe mito 4 Tenight — to pay the piano, 5 The itn ied bite me, anit by mistake, 6 The poor womaa threw under he train, Lesson One 7 The boys helped tothe cakes. 8 There are plenty af cakes here, Richard, Help B Put reftxie pronouns in thsi emphatic ute ino the lank spaces, 1 He did the work ally —_, 2 Taaw te acrident—— 5 Mary sewed those dresses 4 Onceanrt ssw atrelike tary — 5 Youehilren mus iy this oom — ep you 6 Te chilre ied the room by —_. 7 Do yos thnk, Joba, that you can ook the dane by —— eat 5 We cooked the dinner entry by 9 Thismachine works by 10 You and Richard ean do ha job am not gingto Leon Two Pronouns: possessive, interrogative and demonstrative Possessive pronouns Now let us ave lok athe posesive pronouns. [wan you tolook ack fora momento the lessons on adjectives (Gook2, Leone ands), You wil remember that we hid jective that showed possesion’ my book, your ea, his bicjle,hercar, our otse ther gtden But in the following sentences thee are some other words ‘hat show postesion “Thats ist yours i's mine Lend me your bey; hes goo, He's wearing shat ati ‘We spat the dy wit the Browns. Their was the Best ary Ihave been “Tae words yours, mine, ous, et, dot qualify nouns. They show posesion, andere they are standing instead of ‘ous; yours mean, athe sentence, our seat hers cans “herbie They ae poses pronouns ‘You wl quite often ind the possesive proaouns used with of ike ts: He sa iend of mine. Novasiiedotmoas you might expect. Here are sme examples: “That dog of yours has ben Gghting again ‘There's John aod that frend of hs going play emis Leon Two Heres table, o that you can compare the possesive ‘ramouns andthe possesive adjectives. Possssiv adjcives This my book This books mine Tass your book This books your. Tas she book ‘This book sh This cher book This books er. The our book ‘This books ore. Tis ther book. ‘Ths books his. Pronouns thal show posession are psseiveproneuns. Interrogative pronouns ‘There are some pronouns that we ue when we ak questions, Forexample, Who ae you? Whar ave you done today? Which ofthese books do you want? Pronouns that are used task quston are interrogative pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns Here are fur pronouns whose works to point outhing “This tsa book These are my books Thatta str Those ae ars Pronouns tht point ot are called demonstrative pronouns cian: But you tol ut that hi nd thay, hese ad hase, Whar and which, were adjective, sexcman Td 10 Leszon Two cian ot now yu say they ae pronowss Tracnax: Richard, retd me the ale on pape Sof Book? ‘oano (ead) "You tel what pat of spect a word isby the motets diag” ‘esc: RightNow lok at thes sentences [Which book do you ant? Which ofthese books do you Whar ererizerhave you What have you done tay? ‘done today? Thubook's goadone. Thitisa good book TTharsariscaledMare. Dhaba very bright star Thesebooksbelongto These are he teaches books the teacher. Thosestars ace milions Those arevery dss tiles 3. Trcolumn A which, what hs, ha these, hose ae fijetves oe Book I, Lesson’) beease they galfy owns Tn column B, they are pronouns because they stand inseadof moans that lear 30%, Richard? sustane Yer tank you Tunderstandi 20% Lesion Two Exercises ‘A Put posasve pronoun inthe bank spaces, Example: We own tht at. Tatcatis__ ‘Anover: We own tht ext. That ctf zt, 1 Lown that, Thatcatis__. 2 Youown hatcat.Thateat ir 3 Heownsthat eat That eats — 4 She owns that eat. That ats — 5 They own that eat. Thateatis— B In he folowing sentences we the verb be instead of the verb belong, Make ay other secestary changes, Example: That house belongs 0 me. ‘Answer: Thathouse mine 1 Thowe books belong ter. 2 Taatnew howe belongs him, 3 These plover belong to you. 44 Tharpicurebeloags tome 5 Thatearbelongs tos. 6 Thote fomers Belong to them 7 Does thitext belong you? 8 Dothore toy belong tober? 9 Dothese chocolates belong tous? 10 Did thos chocolates belong to hem? Putin the missing posessve adjectives and potssve renouns. ‘Example: Joa has done —_bomework, and he's helping ime with Answer: Joba has doe ls homework, an he's helping me win 1 Lvecatenall___ sandwiches. Can Ihave one of —_? 2 Lesson Two 2 Tell Ricard sotto forget book. And you must’, 3 George has lost pea. Ask Maryifshe wll ead him 44 We've had dinner; have they had __! 5 Richardhasadogandsohavel.—dogand had a fight 6 Have you heard rom that end of __ who went 0 Hong Koog? 17 The teacher want’ youtocetuca hat book of shat he fest you 18 Margaret warts to know if you've seen agai of loves of ‘9 Mrand Mes Green and friend of are comingto see 10 Weare goiag'o Kingston tostay with Jamaican tend oo 1 Dinner has been ea longtime. Ihave had and Mary as had come and have —— ow D Inthisexereise youate giag to make examples of ‘romans and adjectives a work in sentences We give you ‘eexample, nd you make to more examples diferent 1 Make wo sentence with which ta interogative Example: Here ae wo cakes. Which do you waat? 2 Make two sentences with which aan interrogalive jective Eeample 1 ling. Which umbrella wil you take? 53 Make two sentences with har ab demonstrative adjective, Example: Tha bas goos'o lea. La’ get on 4 Make two sentences with hr as «demonstrative prosoun ‘Example: Thas ou bus. Ras! Lesson Two 5 Make two sentences with what ba interogative “Example: What do you want for supper? 6 Make ow sentences with what xan interogative jective Example: What tine it? E Thisisa story about well-known American milion, Joh D. Rockeeler- A tend of tod the sory. Ths frend sid tat though Rocketeer gave ay milions to help other people, he ever Heed to Spend money mn hme. ne day he wont say at ahotein New Vorkad asked forthe cape room hyd "War sth pie of room? he asked, The manager told hin “And which oor iiton” Apsin the manage tld him. “tron lowes oom yutave! ew nayighere ‘ymynet/andonly seeds salicom, “The anager sa Tat oom the smallest nd cheapest sechave, and ded Bt why do you coon 3 poor rot iter en yourson stays ber, heoays bar our most pensive oom: yours our eheapot Yes said Rocetler but ater i wey an; [Note the worn tals. ay which are adjective which are pronouns, od ive the Kindin each ete Here the fist one's an example Example: Ths— pronoun, demonstrative Levon Tiree Adverbs: degree, frequency and interrogative ‘Revon, Adverbs ar aed with verb total howan actions done (adverbs ef manner) or when an actin done (eaves of tine) or wheres ation happens (adverbs of lace). They ste often made by adzing yo the adjective; Eutinere ave sme exceptions, Adverbs generally follow the verb, Phases tha othe work of adverbs ate ale adverb ‘Adverbs of degree ‘You hive learned that adverb ate used with, ood ‘ers But ther one Kind of adverb that mods iets and other advert, Look a these sentenes "Tom did a very eiffel exer, ‘That at too big for you. ‘Yer ite rahe are Dinners almost cea. Shebas a ely beau face ‘Allthese words are answers to such quesons 5 How Sint? "How big” ete, and you wil node that they are ‘nd with the adjotves dieu bi, ete, tel the degree of ial, bigness ete. They ar adverb of degre, Some advert degre can msi avers Richard ean ver cls as Leson Three He arived oSBon, He answered the question que esl. Some adverbs degree modify verbs hardly Row bi. “Trat near it me. Iquile derstand, We have nearly Bhished this exercise, Adverbs of degree modify verbs, adjectives and other verb. Adverbs of frequency ‘Thor re other adverbs that tellus how often”. They are called adverb frequency Here ae some examples never be him nom: nave ner den him. We sometimi Peet him on the bus ‘They usualy fo homes weekend, He doesn't off bt the cinema 6 Lesson Tree ‘YoucanalwayiTind her inher ofc. [Notice the postion of thee adverbs inthe sentence. Write them berore most verbs, but ater th “pecs (ter adverbs of trequency ae writen a the not the Tweet there only one orice. Hocomeshere dai. ‘The meaing sre held weedy, Interrogative adverbs Some adverbs are used to ask question. They are Tetrropaive adverb Where ze you gong? Why youd ha? When wilh ome ere? ‘Comparison of adverbs You wit remember that adjectives have depres of ‘emparison (Book 2, Lessons and), You hae the sre ‘hing wih adverbs, bu ony wih adverbs of manner Positive ‘Comparative | Superlative ry Taser ‘ares eaty earlier ales, wwe beter est Baty ose ort quickly Mmotequckly | moet quisly ape tmotehappiy | moet happy Lesson Tree ‘Adverbs and prepositions Sometimes the sume word may be wed as a adverb ota prepuon it depends onthe work the word is doing. it overnss noun ors pronoun iiss prepositos. ‘Armour pi (prepotion) Fe Iteape reposition he do. Marya ighened whena mower par (ove) ere are some more examples: “The car ran over (prepostion)asaake, ‘A plane ew aver (adver), and we watched it He went tothe room before (preposition) me. have been toch place Before (overt), Wie heard the butler side (preposition) the oom, les raining. Come inside (adver), “The bucket went down (preposition) the wll Sitdown (adver) Exercises ‘A Useone ofthe adverbs of degree inthe box for each space in he following sentences and thensay wheter the aver that youchoore mies a verb, an adjective or another adverb, We have don theft one for you. ‘oo rather almost quite weary move most es completly just 1 Lesson Tree Advet_[ Modifies ] Tey ade] 1 This exercise snot — diffu 2 John speaks French wel 53 The explores —— died of hist. 4 He rove te car_——fastin hat busy tea. 5 Ihave finshed my work, 6 Tohink she answered hat question clever 1 Recatefl You kiled me 8 Lam — sorry fobear that your fathers 9 This sone ofthe — difficult question to answer. 10 Whathe aid war sot toe AL Thave ——forgoten what he said. 12 Your works importan: than your games 13 know him 14 [know Bim tall. 15 Richard ough totem and talk — B The words in talc the following sentences a all vera. Say what Rnd each Oni Example: John sometimes wie tome, “Answer sometimes adverb of trequeney 1 Richard an dow the Sel uly, 2 Wewenttoseea fiend yesterday, 3 Wayne ply otal we {6 Where are you poingioany? 1 Ihave often mae tat mistake. ‘8 Why don't you wrk more carefull? 9 Tus ta ee him one or ices week; now Lneversee 10 When willbe learn pot to die his cats fast? » Lesson Tiree CC Sey whether the words ia alc are verbo repens and give reaton for your reply. Example: The gate was open, andthe crs wea rough “Answer through adver, motes went 1 The musi got louder sth band dew ner. 2 I ood near Richard inthe crowd, 3 Your name willbe called before mine 4 Yououghtto have told me that Before, 5 Inside hat box there ae vakable eves 6 wil never go inde that house apn. 7 es very ice tobe outde wben the sa sii {8 He stood ousdethe door, andlstened to what was going on ude 9 Thehowe ran round the racecourse 10 The big wheel turned round slowly UL Hyou cancun over the wire fence, get under 12 Youcan gounder im going to slimb ver Lesson Foor The present perfect tense 1 ‘Revision Vert re words hat expres an action or asateol being Thee isaayssverbin the peda of sentence and this er gies with is abjet in umber and peson ‘Verbs that ake an objet are trantve verb; vert that don't ake an object are intrantve verb, ‘Theformot a verb shows 1 the tine (present, pst or future) when an action happens, hhappeneé, oF wllaappe, snd 2 the completes or nempatenes ofan action, The resent ontinvoes tenses se fora ston that stil {oiogon, The simple present tense ted fora cepted or habitual action, The past condauous ener wed fr sa sion that wa conning athe pat, ‘Verbs fom thei negative in t40 ways 1 By adaing north the base form (the method of the ‘pecalics) 2 By using do (does, dd) wth not and the ase form (the method of alerts except the pecs) ‘Verbs that form thir simple past ease and past partpeby singed, tthe base forte regular vere Wet ‘hat ov thet past tense and pat participle by canging thei vowel are regular verbs “exci: Come here, Jobo, want you to belp me wih Ts Teson, [am gong f ask you todo some mplethings and then Flask youa few questions Fist, willyu open the oor, please? Vok doers.) Now wha have you fst one, John? a Lesson Four dove: Ihave opened the door, ‘react: Good wit your answers on the blackboard Thave opened the door. (Fo Hara) Wat has ob jt done, Hany? sma: [Het opcode oo] ‘ecm Now wrt your ue onthe koa ies oe} ate out ne? son: [ Thave written my name. | ‘eit Wt hoe done, deat scx [He hs writen hie mane ‘Texcia: And what have Ijost asked you, Richard? ronan: [ You aveastedie aqueston. ‘Teac: John shake hands with Richard, What have John ‘td Richard jst done, Mark? ana: [They have shaken ands ‘Teacas: Now, allie cas, close your books, What have ‘youall just done? css: [Wehave dosed ourbooks ] ‘Texcttx: Now, lok aes sentences onthe boat John, ulineunderallthe verbs, oh does.) {hve open the door {have writen my mime, He has opened the door He has sete his ame ‘Wehsve dou on boots asked mes question, "Notice hatall these verbs have two pats, The fist is have 2 Lesson Four (or aa; the second ithe past partcpe “Theformof aver shows tw things (Book 2, Lesion 12) {when an acon happens; 2 whether the acon ished crnot. Inthe sentence tht we have jus weten dow, it frit clear ht the ston eEnebed But the speaker interes the result of the ction! Tave opene the aoe (Lok. Is open.) eave writen my ame. (Look. There iti on the board) ‘You hive asked mea question. (And now 'm answering i) Sothe present perfect ese suse when we are thinking more aout the present sul than about he past ction Inthe cxamplesabove, we know he tie ofthe ston from the coatet Tn other cass, the present perfect ese oft use with adverbs or adverb phrases that tellus about the Here are some examples. Notice he position ofthe adverbs sd adverb phrases inthe sentences ost Riehara hijaanduered he question aiready thafe aay ened the doo. {cot yet Have you seen te Tomer of London ye? sient finshed inch yet. uptonow hive done English grammar fortwo yeas yp 10 since... Thven'testen anything soe easy this for... Wehavea'thadaleter fom them fora year iy Wehse mderly fished supper. ‘The present perfect tense formed by ang haehar anda ast participle Exercises [A Write down the past participle of these verbs. Add (R) {ora regula ver oF() fora vega verb Example sk ‘anower steed (R) write Gide AN ehigk 16 break 2eatch —Tknow ell 17 chome Stee Seat” give 18 wake ‘open S see 19 being Sdove get AS teach 20 pay B One verb foreach of hese sentences isin brackets in its bbase for. In some cases there ran adverb or adverb phrase 5 well. Wate the semances down nth the verb nthe resent perfect tee Lesson Four ‘Example: Look. John —hisname on this page, (ready — wwe) “Answer: Look. Yb has elteady wie his name on this age. 1 1 apicture. Do joule i? (jst draw) 2 Theat — asm (ot yet dink) 3 Thetaia fom Pars (steady arrive) 4 She he lee. (pearly = fis) 5 1—allthe cakes (ready eat) 6 ‘Those cars —— an accent. (jst have) 7 You——amiake, Ths the wrong word (make) 8 John — his bieyletohs brother Tom. Toms vty hapor (give) 9 Weim —_.(aotsince Monday see) 10 My fends the Pyramis. (aever se) 2s Leston Five The present perfect tense 2 “The presen perfect tent formsit negative by pting not ‘ter have (or as). forms nterogative By changing tne ‘order ofthe subject andthe verb ave, (You woul expect this of course, because haveis one ofthe pect’) Here deters empl "You have opened the door. afemaive) You haven opened the doo. (egatve) Have you opened the Soo? (ntarrogstive) Mary has ben to the 200 (afimative) Mary hag? been othe 200. (oepatie) “Hat Mary been to tne 200 terrogatve) have taught you this before. (atfemative) havenanugh you this beloce(aepative) Havel taught you ti before (interopative) Leon Fie ‘Comparison ofthe present perfect and simple past tenses Les compare the poset prtect tems and he simple past tense, You emember he Scions we poke about seserday? Jobe [pened] the door yesterday. “Aer hat he [ote] hs ame Then [asa] a ques Jotn and Rica [shoot hands few minute fer ‘Then you at [Sod] your books “That wa yesterday. The verb and adverb phrases yesterday aftr hater fw minutes af that sow that the sentenoes ae about the pat, We oe the simple past. tense ofthe verbs, We somtimes ure an adver or adverb ‘bras, butsometies the context ad the simple pat tense Telthe hearer orreaer that our terest sin the pas “The following adverbs and adver phrases oftimeare often ‘te with he imple pas tense. anhourage. ast month yesterday fenminutes2g0 last year ‘On Tuesday two months ago last week mise tenyearsago"lastrummer then ‘The folowing adverbs and adver ed withthe present perf tense ses oftime ar often jut since yesterday et sinc ast week Tieady ‘ince 1982 Sprono Levon Five “The present perfect ese used when we ae thnking mo ofthe present result upto now’) than about he past cin Exercises [A Make te following setences (2 negative, and (0) Interrogtive. Some are nthe present perfec tense ad some acim the simple past ease Example “He bas opened the door. ‘Answer: (3) He has’ opened the dor. (©) Hashe opened ne door? ‘Example 2 He opened the window: ‘Answer: (2) le id’ topen the window, (©) Dighe open the window? 1 Thave fnghed the work. 2 Henaswriten eter 5 Joyce as drunk her milk 44 Thoy have understood the lesson, 5 Richard na gone tothe 20, 6 Tfnished the work ysteraay 1 He waoteseterlan week, 8 Lloyd dank his orange jae this nosing 9 They understood the lesson on Monday. 10 Richard weat to the 200 lt week, ' Supply either the present perfect tense othe simple past tense, Put the advebs inthe correc potion inthe sentence, (Seetewon3) 1 just (et) you the answer. 2 1 (ell youth answer ysteday, ™ Leon Five 3 George neve (0) 0 Japan up tothe preset, 44 John ad Richard jst (0) a. 5 She already (aswer) delete 6 She answer ion Tuesday 7 John and David (0) away fve minutes ago. 8 1 (ead) thatbook i the summer hola. 8 The baker (el) now all his cakes 10 He (a the ast one Ralf an hour ago, » LessonSix The present perfect continuous tense ‘You remember the present coatiauous tense andthe past continous ene: ‘am earning Enaisherammar now (preset continuo). "as earning English grammar a yeu ago (past contnaous). Will, youcan abo havea present perfect continuous tense: have beer leering English grammar for vo ears means ‘upto now" and sois present perfect continous. Here aresome more example. As yousce this tense made by sing the ng form of he er (learning) with have (hat). ten Lesson Six Mr Thomas as been ching oh sehoo for twenty ve you seen Richard? We've been ooking fori theater, Tre ben working on thi model engine frst wees. eal ished nw Ts ben raining fortwo dys, Do you thik itll ever Gege ies hard worker. He's been digo in the arden aimoriog ‘The volts ar ted they've ben marchingsne easly morning “Tenaya home now? ~ "No she's been staying wth ber dunt it London for he st wo mont ‘You've Been suing the present perfect continuo. Tope vou undertand i now Inahese example, the contrat orm i's = thas he hashes = seas. (Don't gtthis's axed up with's = is.) “The present perfect ontnaou tense sed Io express an ‘ition tha began nthe pat snd coming Exercises ‘A Change the following sentences from present continuous {o preset perfect ontnsous Ada phrases rom the oxo show te tne “il day, al the aeroon since breaks ine, fine at ane, for wo year 1 Tamfearsng Eagsh gamma. 2 The teaches i eachingnthischool 3 We are looking for Rika, 4 Fred working on his radio set 5 leiscaining nae Lesson Sir 6 Weare gathering apples. 17 They aeliving in Kington 8 The et sleeping font the fire, 9 The birds ae singing inthe woods, 10 Fathers writing eters 1 Fillinthe blank columns, Te fst ones dove for you Present continous) Past continuous] Present perfect T Tam speaking, | Iwar speaking, | Thave been speaking 2 Heisworking 5 Sheissewing {Tur mowing. 5 Youarelearaing, 6 Weare stdying 7 They are digg. 8 Thevoldersare gtng 9 The houses baring 10 Thesunie shining | 2 Lewon Seven The past perfect tense Look at these wo sentences ‘Ai eared Engh He ame to England, Both these actions happenedin the past so we se the simple past tense, earned and came, ‘But suppose we wantta show that one of these stins happened before the eter one. Suppese we went to say that before he came to England, Aiea Enginh Then we se the past perfec tens othe action that happened st, and we tse he snl past ene forthe other acon, We sy ‘li had lared Engish beloehe came to England The past pcec tens is formed ike the preset perfect ese, bout intend of wig the preset form have (hat), we se the past form, ad 2 Lesion Seven For another example, we te glngio a fotball match, but swe aelate, When we arrive a he football fed, the wears {re aleady paying Then when we tel omebody about t stterwards, we sy ‘When we reached the eld, the game hed stared ‘One ation (the game tring) happened before the ober sion (our arrival onthe football eld). The ear acton it ‘in the pat perfect tense (had stared) the later action (Geached) inthe simple past ene Here are some further examples, Before the fieengines sve, the fie had destroyed the When Margaret had finshed her homework, she turned on the radio Thad aleadygorbome belore i began oa. Richard got anew exerci book yesterday because he had filed sa on belore that, Mary and Enc Le had decorated the room, Mes Lee had bated cakes, and Mr Lee had bought small ‘The pst perc tenses used to show that one ation happened before snater ation nthe pat Exercises ‘A Jon the following pais of sentences so thatthe verb ia ‘ove pa isin the past erect tense. Add whe or before Example: (a) ohm rived athe party. b) Fred lef Answer When fo atcved atthe pty, Fred hs et. 1 (a) Jomnstuied Frene, (6) He ent Pris, 2 (@) Wearcived athe cinema b) The fim sare. ou Lesson Seven 3 (a) Richard ata he cakes, (b) Mark arrived home 4 () The army commander stecidall he mape cf the ddr (8) He made the sack, 5 (9) The gardener inhed digging the garden. (b) He put ‘some cabbape pants, B Here sory. Rewrite it putting al the verbs in brackets nto the pas perfet ene, Ask youre why is inthe past, paves. ‘One good turn deserves another One evening Green was diving slong 2 lonely sountry road. He (craw) £100 trom bis bank in London, and be (out tin ie pocket before he Began journey. "At the loslest part ofthe road,» man in badly Sting clothes stopped him ‘Can I come with you tothe next town?” the man ake. "Yer! Green sid "Get in And be dove on {As be talked tothe man, Green leared tht be (be) in prison for robbery and (break out) of prison two days before. Green was very woried atthe thought ofthe £100 that he (put) ia his pocket. Suddenly he saw a police car tnd had an ides. He just (each) tal town where he ‘Speedlimit was 30 les an hour He pressed down the accelerator snd drove the cara fst a would po. He looked tach and saw that the police car (ee) him ond (Cepia) to ehase him. After a mile oreo the police car ‘overtook him and ordered him ta stp. A policeman got out ‘Green (hope) that be coud tell he policeman about the escaped robber, but the man took 2 gun out of his pocket tnd put it to Greea's back The policeman tok out his ‘notebook and pen and std be wanted Greens ame and aéress, Leszon Seven “cant 1 come with you to the police station?” Green shed: But the pocemas Sig, ‘No, T vant your same snd ‘Sttess now. You mil have to appar atthe police ation ‘So Greem gave the police his policeman wrote it down, put his notebook and peal back I his pocket and gave Green a talk about’ dangerous driving ‘Green stated up his ar again and drove on. He (ive up) ail hope of his £100 but suddenly the posenger sald he Wanted to get out Green stopped the eat the man got out nd sig, “Thanks for the de. Youve been good fo me Ta tke 10 give you this in return. Aad he handed Green ‘he poiceman’s notebook ‘While the policeman was ting to Green, the thief (steal) the notebook Lesion Eight The future 1: will maneate eon (0042, Lesion 1) yousew how we use vila the be form oh ver och trees Tat —_— Youwit Hew [oe weve yearol sen year, We wil * “They vil } Some people we slic the tps: aha, me sat ‘The negative is formed by acing not (wii one ofthe peculiar), Will noi often shortened to wont, [oitnor won’ ‘You wl no (won') He wil nor(wor’) | betwelve wat ext year We wll nor (won) They wil not (wo) ‘The negative shall mois often sbortened a show Tokar betwee until tet yar fy th | ” Lesson Eight “The merogaie i fore by lverson (Book 2, Lesson 18) Willyou [yan [Seostevossener {ir Whey | myy Here are some more examples the we ofthe future tense. Thope two rani des, wel have to ty. Youvonteced an uabrla Wal you come with uso our walk? No, Filsteyat home and get te te end Evenifit tins you won getvery wet ‘You're wrong here Tibia haf uns wellger wet sheough % Lesion Eight ‘The futare tenses wed for actions expected to happen nthe (store. Exercises |A Weite these sentences with wilor‘in the lank spaces. 1 1 be fourtea years i next week 2 We belateifwe don bury. 5 He be thineen yearsod on Tuesday. 4 You belateif you don't hurry. 5 —epen he dor torus? 6 —you came to oar hoase for tea? 1 Taha comet you at him § —"youask himtocome? 9 Tink we ——~bave ran his afternoon 10 your fends come and have ame? B Change the folowig into the fatre tense. Change words Teta and yxerday into tomorrow ot me weok whe nesenary 1 Me Green dives the car to London, 2 Mr Lee gvesswenceecture. 43 The students lear sens from him, 4 Iwent to Condos yesterday. 5 John went to London yesterday. 6 am fifteen year od today. 4 Wayne eleven years a today. 5 Weraw our ies ast week 9 They stayed with sas Chm. 10 Ieesined yesterday and Lgot wet. (Begin Tespest..) Leon Nie The future 2: offering and asking Inthe interrogate ablon page 38 we lett out and me, he Inpeson, a question sa ae, we use shal forthe is pero ‘Shall pea the window? ‘Shallwe come wth you? ‘Shall make you cup of coffee? {Wwe aska question tty to find out what somebody eve Wants, we may weal foe he It person plural ‘What shall me do this evening? Goer SHALL We Do THIS EVENING ?- ee SAD | EB 7 Lt Sometimes hie hai wed in a suggestion; ‘What do you want to doth evening? Sha we goto the ‘Shale itn tthe aio? {allother ete, we ws wl the Lt pero fur edo withthe 2nd and Sed prone ‘Wil et alter trom you? Leon Nine Wut we see you ane teste? Wat paste examination? Wale getwetift rans? (Piso sout sees Book Leon ad Exercises A How do you make there offers? Example teary Macy'sba ‘Answer: hal Leary your bag, Mary? 1 twshut the door 2 topourout tea or your mother 5 toleleptone fora ta for Mr Shah 4 to drive Mrs Jones othe station 5 tolend your pencil to Tom B How doyou make these suggestions? Example: Sapgestto Mary that yu goto the concert Answer: Shall we gto the concert, Mary? 1 Suggest Joh that youshare ta 2 Teytopesunde your endo sim acrosthe iver wih ou 3 Bento Smash yosandshe yen ean 4 You wanton tens thiseveing,Sgaet apa o Richer ee 5 Sugesio Jac hat you and he stop waking and havea a Lesson Ten The future 3: going to We can express fru action in anoter way, and that shy thing gong to. Look at here examples ‘Richard aye going fo work hard net year Tam going to write ete to my ante ods. Me Gree point sll nr ‘Were gong nish ourhomework alter supper. Look carefully those examples, You wil ee that in every ae going fo expresses invention "Rocha intends to wodk hard going fo work had’ he says. Tinendto writ tomy ual: gong o wrt to him” ‘Me Green planstosellhisea: he's going seit. Wehure rade up ou minds tf our homework: We tre going ois there an intention about the ature, we ca we going. We can also we going ff therein ease in the presen: Ws ging rai. (Leanse the back elouds) acu It's gong bea very good party. (Richard bas sen the cakes tat his mother has made) ‘ow Tm going have bad cold. (Tom already has the fret signof bad col. Tom dose intend to have 3 fold. He jas knows thats coming) In such aes its alo probable that the ation Wil happen “The going fotre wally expresesintentono present Exercises [A Rewrite the flowing sentences using (be going 0 instead of wil There sone sentence that ante changed, CCanyou find which oe itis? 1 My lathes wil buy me bicycle for my birthday. 2 Ourhouse willbe painted net week 53 They wileave Tridad tomorrow 4 We wil grow apples nour garden. 5 [see him agin rcognae him, 6 How wilyouopea the bor? 47 Won'tyouhave one of these cakes? 8 Won't Mary sing song ors? 9 Wl Mask ad Richard pay with us tomorrow? 10 Won't George and Willa ply ith us tomorrow? 1 Rewrite he folowing sentences for future ation, (2) ‘sng wl (or U;() using gong. Replace the present or prt time expesions bya fete tie expression. Example: He id the work yesterday. ‘Anower (2) He mild the work tomoxoN. (@) He's going do the work tomorow. 1 Lorote to him ast week, 2 Hisacle gave him abicyclefrhisbirthay as month 5 Theyaold hele house lst yea. 4 Richard worked ard aterm, 5 Did Richard woo hard Ist term? 6 What ined you have ianer? 4 agate sang song athe ie concer. 8 They bila new scheatin 582 9 Didar you go to sei yesterday? 10 Dist Ricard pay fotbalon Tuesday? Lesson Eleven ‘The future continuous tense Aconverston between John, Ricard, Loy and Michal ov: My fathers taking me with him to Psi ‘scwaan: Ob, youare luck! T wish soul goto Pais ‘When are you ging? son: Next week, Ts ime nxt Friday be geting into the eto goto the sation = 1ovo: And well Be walking to shoo ‘san: Aad he ache il be wai for swith another lesson on Englih grammar! secret: Yes, whe we age leaning grammar, John wil be ‘peeing on his way to Pass. Ludky Joba! Lure: Whle we are doiag ou homework, what will you be ‘doing, Soka? von expect behaving dinner theta ‘ucwaan: Ive never tad dinner onthe tein, What time do you getini Pas? rot: che tain son ime mel be drawing int the s Lesson Eleven lator ust about he time you: ‘morning cast hope you won'e fling too red after being uP ‘lle sons il be fing to excited 0 fee tied {ovo ano, mice Well wee inking about you new Friday evening sony: Thanks. And Fe einking about yu. getingupiashe {that conversation youhave had eleven examples ofthe {ture continuous tee “The vers ae formed by using he simple future (will you hl te) wth be a he ing form of he ver, Hereaall ‘he forms of he future continuo of wa: (Atiomaive Treragoive |_Negtve [iwitbe walking | Wilbe | Iwon" be walling sralkig? ‘Youwillbe walking | Willyeube | Youwon'tbe vraag? | wating He iltewalking. | Willhebe | He wort be walking? | walking. Wewittbe walking. | Willwebe | Wewon'tbe walking? | sealliag “They willbe Witney be | They won'be | wating walking? | wating “The fotre continous tense express an actlon il ‘oainang in the ft Exercises ‘A Write ot the fate continous tens (firma, Imeropative, and native) ofthe verb write. Lesson Eleven B Change th subjetsf the following sentences trom Ist prion (we) tothe 3d person subjects given in brackets, 1 rilbethisking about you. John) 2 Weilbehaving dinner onthe tin. (Jobn and his father) 5 ribe wating shoot (Henry) 4 We won'tbe getting ino th ca. (The others) 5 Twoo'thefeehng excited (The thers) Answer the questions uring the convertion a his lesion Example: What wil John be doing next Friday? ‘Anoner Hele geting no the ar ogo tthe station 1 What wil Jha’ ends be dong next iay? 2 What with teacher be doing? 3 What wil John be doing wile Ms lends ar learning panna? 4 What il ete doing white they ate ding heir omework? 15 What wl John's rind be doing when he i arevagin Pars? Lesion Tene Leston Twelve ‘This tease ismadeby using will wl you will et), together with haveand he past partici. The future perfect tense cam) Beece (El ‘A conversation between Mes Campbell, Margaret and Jan I ras ams cara: Margret, I want out goto the baker's r beforesixo'dock: Ihave to do some work, but have \ what? = object, Fred dreamed tat he wae trvelng othe moon. reamed> what = that he was ravelingto the moon (bie) ‘now that wo and so make fut ‘now what? = tat wo and wo ake four (objec) “Those clauses, then, redoing the work of noun, They ate oun laces. ® Lesson Twenty ‘lost every noun aus you meet wl be the object ofa transitive ver, usally a ver ike sy, think, alive et Butyou wll emembet that noun are very ote the subject of tentency; and sometime, but otvery ote, noun ‘aus ithe subject ofa sentence Hee ae to simpesentenees each with noun forthe best: ‘Subject, ‘Your work Seems very if Theprionersescape _|ieacompete mystery, ‘Now, instead of the noun work and the noun erape we will ‘sea aus has dong exactly the same work, ating subject of the verb seems andthe subject ofthe verb Sie T Wiatyouar dang __[eraavey if How the posonerescaped_ [is acomplete mystery. ‘excnex: Ann, what works done by te clauses What you are doing and Flow the prisoner ezaped? The work of noun each of them is the subject of "THACHER: Good. And how do you know they are dependent dauses, Grace? race: Because they have aver the, 20 they ae not ‘phrases, They dont make complete sense by themselves, Ee they arene tetencer. They frm pat Of complex Sentence. They ate noun ase, Noun clauses asthe objet ofa verb Fred deeam&d [hate was waveling th RGA] ‘kao [Gat twa an make Toor a Lesson Twenty Mary sald [ate Ted reading books] “The noun causes ia Boxes ate he objects Fhe verbs thatthe arom point, Noun clauser atthe rbje of sentence (Wrist are dora] seems very fica [Flaw prone eseaped] isa complete mystery, “The moan dauesin bones are the subjects ofthe sentences A clause that does the work of noun na sentenceisa noun ‘dave, ‘A noun lanes gnerlly the objeto verbo the subject of Exercises ‘A Whatdoes moun use do? 'B Divide these complex sentences into man clauses snd ‘oun laze. Say hat works done by each noun clause ‘Wehave dove the fst one for you, (Number Si quite tical Wee thetecer repli the fie clam ) Mainclawe [Nounclste | Work done by noun clawe 1 Fredsaid that he wae aking] object of aid lock tora alk 1 Fredsid hate was taking Jock fr a wal 2 Reetard hopes tht the teacher wont ak him a question, 3 Ibelieve that youareteling the tt 4 Thaveforgoten what your ame is 5 The puplssa that the questions were too dificult Leszon Twenty 6 “They ae quite easy sepied the teacher. 5 Shove me how I nus do these exercises. 8 What yousuidwas quite re. 9 asked the porterifthe rain had gone 10 Why ede that mistake I dont kw Complete these sentences by adding a dase beglaning wien hat 1 George said 3 Hedocsnt think 4 Richard believes 5 Margaret promised 6 Lam very mach afraid 7 Does John know 8 Wiliam herd one day. 9 taee 10 Leertainty hope What kindof clauses have you added? 86 Leon Twenty-one Direct and indirect speech ‘eacter: Where are you, Richatd and what are you doing? ‘ewan: Tam inthe clasroom, a Tam wing ‘exci: Joshua, what id Richardsay? JosHUA: He sai hat he wasin the easroom aod was writing is exec, -encnen: What ae you holdingin your hand, Richaed? eta: Fm holding a penal. ‘ence: What di Richard ay, Mask? ane He eid that he wat holdings pene ‘reccure Where are yourbooks, Rahard? owanD; They are ony dese. ‘rescner: What die say, Hasry? Hana: He ai tat his book wee on is des, ‘Acurs: What ine do you come to ehool, Richard? [HOHARD:Teome sehool at nine o clock ‘Teach; What ine ib say he cae to sebool, Loy? ‘ior: He said that he caret school tin lock, ‘Teac: What wll you do when you have finished your sean: go out and ply. ‘ence: What dhe say, oa? Jorn: He sai that he would go out nd ply. Inthat conversation you hada numberof entencse expresed in two ways: T'By Rehan 2 By the student who reported what Richard sid Lesion Twenty-one ‘When you ead Richard's words you hve the exact word of thespeaker Richard's rentences ate drs pec. When you ead the words ofthe other students you havea dierent form. You don't get the words exactly as Richard ‘aid them, You get them as they were epored indirectly, byanother speaker. esnolonger Richard saying, but someone speaking about Riche, andso saying he’. Aadit ‘Snot Richard speaking inthe present ine, but someone the, eling you wnat Richard sn the past. The dent Sentences ndicet speech, LLetus putsome of thot entnce side by side and ee the

    You might also like