TEST CODE 02127020

FORM TP 2011203 MAY/JUNE 2011

CARIBBEAN E XAM I NAT I O N S COUNCIL

ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION

HISTORY

PAPER 02

2 hours 40 minutes

09 MAY 2011 (a.m.)

UNIT 1: THE CARIBBEAN IN THE ATLANTIC WORLD

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

1. There are THREE sections in this paper, ONE on EACH of the THREE Modules.

2. EACH section comprises THREE questions, a document-based question and TWO

essay questions.

3. There are NINE questions on this paper.

4. Answer THREE questions, ONE on EACH Module.

5. You must answer ONE document-based question and TWO essay questions.

6. You should spend 10 minutes reading through the paper before starting to write your
responses.

Copyright © 2010 Caribbean Examinations Council

All rights reserved.

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SECTION A: MODULE 1

Answer ONE question only from this section.

Question 1.

The extracts below relate to the culture of the indigenous American peoples and the arrival of the
Spaniards. Study them, then answer Parts (a) to (d) that follow.

Document I

They bear no arms, nor know thereof; for I showed them swords and they grasped them by the
blade and cut themselves through ignorance ... Their darts are a kind of rod ... and some have at
the end a fish’s tooth and others, other things.

Journal of Christopher Columbus, 1492, in F. R. Augier and S. C. Gordon.

Sources of West Indian History, Trinidad and Jamaica:
Longman Caribbean, 1962, p. 1.

Document II

To their god Huitzilopochtli they sacrificed hawks and quail. To Mixcoatl they sacrificed deer,
rabbits and cayotes. They made daily offerings of quail to the sun, on which occasions various
priests stood at dawn at the temple, with their faces turned toward the east ...

Clavigero, 16th Century Spanish Historian.

Quoted in Shirley C. Gordon. Caribbean Generations.
Trinidad and Jamaica: Longman Caribbean, 1983, pp. 4 – 5.

Document III

They ... make voyages of a hundred and fifty leagues at sea, with their numerous canoes, which
are a small kind of craft with one mast. Their arms are arrows, in the place of iron weapons,
as they have no iron, some of them point their arrows with tortoise-shell, and others make their
arrow heads of fish spines, which are naturally barbed like a coarse saw: these prove dangerous
weapons to naked people like the Indians, and may inflict severe injury, but to men of our nation
are not very formidable.

Letter from Dr. Chanca, Physician to Columbus’ fleet on his

second voyage, 1494, in F. R. Augier and S. C. Gordon.
Sources of West Indian History. Trinidad and Jamaica:
Longman Caribbean, 1962, p. 2.

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(a) With reference to Document I, comment on Columbus’ assertion that indigenous peoples
“bear no arms, nor know thereof”. [6 marks]

(b) Identify the indigenous group referred to in Document II and outline the role of religion
in the lives of this group. [9 marks]

(c) With reference to Document III, explain THREE ways in which the technology of the
indigenous people differed from that of the Spaniards. [12 marks]

(d) Based on Documents I, II and III, outline ONE perception that the Spaniards had of the
indigenous people. [3 marks]

Total 30 marks

Question 2.

“The claim of a West African presence in the Americas prior to Columbus’ arrival is unconvincing.”
Assess this view.
Total 30 marks

Question 3.

Examine the effects of Spanish settlement on the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean up to 1600.

Total 30 marks

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SECTION B: MODULE 2

Answer ONE question only from this section.

Question 4.

The extracts below relate to chattel slavery in the Caribbean. Study them, then answer Parts (a)
to (d) that follow.

Document I

When my master and mistress went from home ... I took in washing, and sold coffee and yams
and other provisions to the captains of ships ... for I wanted, by all honest means, to earn money
to buy my freedom. Sometimes I bought a hog cheap on board ship and sold it for double the
money on shore ...
The History of Mary Prince – A West Indian Slave:
Related by Herself. Moira Ferguson (ed.).
Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997, p. 81.
Originally published 1831.

Document II

Besides the profits arising from their superabundance of provisions, which the better sort of Negroes
are able to sell regularly once a week at Savannah La Mar [market], to a considerable amount,
they keep a large stock of poultry, and pigs without numbers; which latter cost their owners but
little ...
Matthew Gregory Lewis, Esq. M. P. Journal of a West Indian
Proprietor, Kept During a Residence in the Island of Jamaica.
New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969, p. 112.
Originally published 1834.

Document III

Their mental and physical indolence, in short, their collective intellectual powers that stand at a
very low level, allow of the Negroes being endowed with but a few good qualities, among which
their unlimited gratitude shines forth as the most brilliant ... [but] their unbounded thirst for revenge
... is very striking. Not only in connection with his physique but also in regard to disposition, a
marked difference is shown between the Creole negro and the one brought straight from Africa:
the latter is reserved and mischievous, the former is ever cheerful, light-hearted and ready for a
joke.
Robert Schomburgk, Travels in British Guiana.
in Alvin O. Thompson. A Documentary History of Slavery
in Berbice, 1796 – 1834. Georgetown, Guyana: Free Press, 2002, p. 65.
Originally published 1848.

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(a) With reference to Document I, outline the survival strategies of enslaved women in urban
settings in the Caribbean. [6 marks]

(b) With reference to Document II, describe the internal marketing system which existed
alongside the plantation economy in the Caribbean. [9 marks]

(c) With reference to Document III, explain the writer’s perception of the difference between
the African-born and Creole persons. [9 marks]

(d) To what extent is the perception of Africans in Document III consistent with that portrayed
in Documents I and II? [6 marks]

Total 30 marks

Question 5.

Select ONE of the following anti-slavery rebellions:

(i) Berbice, 1763

(ii) Barbados, 1816

(iii) Virginia, 1831

(iv) Jamaica, 1831 – 1832

Discuss the view that the selected rebellion failed to achieve its primary objective due to a
combination of factors.
Total 30 marks

Question 6.

“Emancipation was designed to compensate the planters.” Discuss this statement with reference
to ONE of the following:

(i) The 1833 Act for the Abolition of Slavery throughout the British Colonies

(ii) The Decree to End Slavery in the French Colonies in April 1848

(iii) The Acts to End Slavery in Puerto Rico (1873) and Cuba (1880).
Total 30 marks

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SECTION C: MODULE 3

Answer ONE question only from this section.

Question 7.

The extracts below relate to the social and economic experiences of the Chinese, Indian and
Portuguese immigrants during the indentureship and post-indentureship period. Study them, then
answer Parts (a) to (d) that follow.

Document I

... [The Chinese are] a very shrewd, industrious people, and a valuable addition to the community.
In some respects they are more valuable than the Coolies; for not only do they rise in the scale
of society, but they marry Creole women (no Chinese women, or very few, having been brought
with them), and settle down permanently in the country [Trinidad]. They assume the European
dress, adopt European manners, and live in very respectable style. Some of the houses are their
own property, being elegantly, not to say extravagantly, furnished.

W. H. Gamble, Trinidad, Historical and Descriptive:

A Narrative of Nine Years’ Residence in the Island (London 1866),
in Walton Look Lai, The Chinese in the West Indies 1806 – 1995.
A Documentary History. Barbados: The Press,
University of the West Indies, 1998, p. 211.

Document II

... before any such marriage is contracted, the parties thereto shall first obtain a Certificate signed
by the Protector of Immigrants to the effect that there does not appear from the records of the
Immigration Department to be any impediment to the intended marriage, and no marriage shall
be deemed to have been duly contracted unless such Certificate has been first obtained.

Amended Law 22, 1896, Sec. 13 (i) Chapter 456 of Jamaica Laws of 1938
(Revised Edition), in Verene Shepherd, Transients to Settlers:
East Indians in Jamaica in the late 19th and early 20th Century.
Leeds, England: Peepal Tree, University of Warwick, 1994, p. 213.

Document III

... It is no common praise to a race [Portuguese] who came here scarce 10 years ago destitute
and penniless, that in many instances, they are now wealthy merchants ... They have turned their
industry into every available channel and in every instance with marked success. They have broken
down the monopolies and materially cheapened the rate of living, and in that they have benefitted
the colony to an incredible extent.

The Colonist, 5 March 1852, in Mary Noel Menezes,

The Portuguese of Guyana: A Study in Culture and Conflict,
Anand Press: India, p. 175.

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(a)
With reference to Document I, outline THREE reasons why the Chinese immigrants were
regarded as an ‘industrious people’ and ‘a valuable addition to the community’.
[6 marks]

(b) With reference to Document II, give THREE arguments to support the view that the colonial
governments did little to facilitate the adjustment of the Indian immigrants to life in the
Caribbean. [9 marks]

(c) With reference to Document III, explain TWO ways by which the Portuguese immigrants
became ‘wealthy merchants’ of benefit to ‘the colony’. [6 marks]

(d)
With reference to Documents I, II and III, give THREE reasons to support the view that
immigrants were integrated into the social fabric of Caribbean society by 1900.
[9 marks]

Total 30 marks

Question 8.

Discuss the strategies used by the people of the British-colonised Caribbean to attain independence
in the 1950s and 1960s.
Total 30 marks

Question 9.

Account for the failure of the movement for independence in the French-colonised Caribbean up
to the 1990s.
Total 30 marks

END OF TEST

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