O wonder!

How many goodly creatures are there here!

How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world
That has such people in’t.
William Shakespeare, The Tempest (V.i. 181–84)

Green Line

Oberstufe

Exklusiv für Hessen:  

Topic zum Thema South Africa
“From apartheid to reconciliation”

Hessen
Textquellenverzeichnis: 5 From Dance with a poor man’s daughter by Pamela Jooste, published by
Black Swan. Reprinted by permission of The Random House Group Limited; 6–7 From Miriam’s Song
by Mark Mathabane © New Millenium Books, a Division of Mathabane Books & Lectures, Oregon,
USA; 8 From The Blues Is You in Me, AD Donker, Johannesburg, 1976; 9–10 Used by permission of
the Nelson Mandela Foundation, Soufh Africa, www.nelsonmandela.org; 12–13 Copyright © 1998
by Desmond Tutu. Used by permission of Lynn C. Franklin Associates, Ltd. on behalf of Archbishop
Desmond Tutu; 14–15 © Christopher Hope, 2005. Reproduced by permission of the author c/o Rogers,
Coleridge & White Ltd., 20 Powis Mews, London W11 1JN.; 16 © 2004 Verlagsgruppe Handelsblatt
GmbH, Düsseldorf
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Stock Photography, Waukesha, WI; 2.3  iStockphoto (RF/Ken Sorrie), Calgary, Alberta; 3.1  Corbis,
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Inhaltsverzeichnis
Topic From apartheid to reconciliation
A South Africa – past Introduction; quotes; timeline 2
and present
Spot on facts The system of apartheid Fact files; diagram 4
B Life under apartheid Coloured women From Dance with a Poor Man’s Daughter by 5
Pamela Jooste; graph
Black schools From Miriam’s Song by Mark Mathabane 6
C The struggle against [C] I remember Sharpeville Poem by Sipho Sydney Sepamla 8
apartheid Sabotage and terror acts Speech by Nelson Mandela 9
D International Boycotts and sanctions Quotes 11
reactions
E Coming to terms The Truth and Reconciliation Speech by Desmond Tutu; cartoon; 12
with the past Commission [C] listening text
F South Africa today Eden in an electric fence Newspaper article from Guardian Weekly; 14
cartoon
A cartoon Cartoon strip by S. Francis, H. Dugmore, Rico 15
Spot on language German-English interferences Language exercises; mediation text 16

Symbols and abbreviations

[p] Do this task with another person.
[g] Do this task in a (small) group.
[K] This film clip is on the Service-CD South Africa (W503253).
[C] This listening text is on the Service-CD South Africa (W503253).
[C] This song is on the CD-ROM in the teacher’s book.
[m] You will need Internet access to complete this task.
S1 This is a reference to the Skills section.

adj adjective esp especially sg singular

adv adverb fml formal sb somebody
AE American English hum humorous sl slang
↔ antonym i. e. id est (Lat.) sth something
BE British English = that is syn synonym
coll collocation infml informal v verb
disappr disapproving n noun, substantive vlg vulgar
e. g. exempli gratia (Lat.) pej pejorative vs versus
= for example pl plural

1
 Topic From apartheid to reconciliation
A South Africa – past and present

» Close the door

on the past and
the ghosts come
through the
window. «
Journalist Christopher Hope

» By recovering and investigating

some of the hidden stories of
the past, we construct a new and
broader understanding of human
experience.
Apartheid Museum
«
1652
1836/7 1886
The first European
colonists, the Dutch, Many Afrikaner farmers move Gold is discovered on
settle at the Cape of northwards into the interior to the Witwatersrand
Good Hope. They are get away from the rule of the 1852–54 (Johannesburg). The demand
1806
often referred to as British and to control their own Two Boer republics are for cheap, unskilled labour
Afrikaners or Boers The British affairs. The journey becomes created: the Orange in the mines increases
(farmers). Over time defeat the known as the ‘Great Trek’ and is Free State and the rapidly. The government
they come to regard Dutch at the later interpreted as a triumph over South African Republic drafts laws to force blacks
South Africa as their Cape and take both the British and the black (also known as the off the land and into the
own country. control of it. Africans. Transvaal Republic). mines.

WORD BANK
the past continues to
haunt sb • to come to
terms with one’s past •
to put the past behind
one • to cling to the
past • to redress past
grievances • to look into
the future/ahead
1 [p] Team up with another student and discuss what the pictures and the quotes
on these two pages reveal about South Africa in the past and present.
2 Both Germany and South Africa have had to come to terms with inhumane
regimes (national socialism and apartheid respectively). How can a country best
deal with and commemorate past injustices? Discuss these ideas. S26
punish members of the old regime • create a national holiday • erect statues/
memorials • name schools/streets after resistance fighters • establish a
reparations fund for former victims • build museums to commemorate the past

2
 [m Online-Link: 594000-2801] From apartheid to reconciliation  A  South Africa – past and present

» The past dealt with in a

cavalier fashion does not
remain the past. It refuses
to lie down quietly.
Archbishop Desmond Tutu
«

» If there are dreams about a beautiful South Africa,

1880–81/1899–1902 1910
The Boers fight two
wars of independence
against the British.
The Second Boer War
ends in a British victory
and intensifies the
resentment of the Boers
against the British.
there are also roads that lead to their goal. Two of these
roads could be named Goodness and Forgiveness.
Nelson Mandela
«
1911–36 1936–45
Several laws are The Second World War leads to a
The Union of South Africa is created. passed to limit the shortage of labour because white
The British agree to the clause rights of blacks: they workers are enlisted in the army.
of racial segregation in the new are forbidden to own More Africans move into the towns
constitution. Blacks are barred land, they can be leading to increasing white hostility
from the vote in the former Boer forced to live in special and calls for stricter segregation.
republics, elsewhere black voting areas, they are barred Fascist ideas, developed in Europe,
rights are attached to the ownership from certain (semi-) have a marked influence on
of property. skilled jobs. Afrikaner thinking.

3 Read the timeline up to 1945. Which factors and FACT FILE

events help to explain why a radical system of racial Full name: Republic of South
segregation was installed in South Africa in 1948? Africa
Capital: Pretoria (Tshwane)
4 In this topic you will find out more about events in Population: 47.9 million
South Africa from 1948 to the present day. Create (estimated 2008)
Ethnic groups: Black 79.5 %,
your own timeline, modelled on the one above,
White 9.1 %, Coloured (mixed
entitled: “Apartheid in South Africa and the path to race), 8.9 %, Indian/Asian 2.5 %
democracy.”
Language: English
(11 official ethnic languages)
Area: 1.22 million sq km
(470,693 sq miles)
Natural resources and exports:
gold, diamonds, other metals
and minerals, machinery
Currency: Rand (ZAR)

3
 From apartheid to reconciliation Spot on facts
Spot on facts
The system of apartheid
n ‘Apartheid’ is a Dutch word which can be
translated as ‘separateness’; it is the term for the
formal segregation of groups of people on the
grounds of race. In 1948 the Afrikaner National
5 Party won elections with a programme of
apartheid and managed to stay in power for
46 years until 1994.
n As of 1949 marriages between whites and non-
whites were prohibited by the Prohibition of
10 Mixed Marriages Act; as of 1950 sexual relations
between blacks and whites were forbidden.
Police could raid homes to enforce the law.
n The Population Registration Act of 1950 classified
South Africans into four racial groups: Whites,
15 Coloureds, Africans and Indians.
1946 Census:
Racial groups in South Africa
69 % African
21 % White
8 % Coloured
2 % Indian
n The Group Areas Act of 1950 determined
which areas in a city were reserved for which
racial group. People living in the ‘wrong’ area
were forcibly removed; districts with a mixed
20 population were bulldozed. Many families were
torn apart, and members of an ‘inferior race’ had
to apply for permits to visit their relatives.
n The Bantu Authorities Act of 1951 established
‘homelands’ for the blacks. They consequently
25 lost their South African citizenship and required
passports to enter South Africa. It effectively
stripped them of all civil rights. The government
set aside infertile areas for the creation of
homelands which soon resulted in starvation on
30 a large scale.
n The Separate Representation of Voters Act of
1951 forced coloureds to vote separately from
the whites, but they were only allowed white
representatives in parliament. Blacks were not
35 represented in parliament.
n The Abolition of Passes Act of 1952 replaced the
old passes – which blacks were forced to carry
and which controlled their movement into the
cities – with a new ‘reference book’, including
4
the holder’s photograph and fingerprints. An 40
amendment in 1972 stated that blacks were only
allowed into urban areas for 72 hours without
a pass. Police regularly raided black townships
looking for blacks without passes, imprisoned
offenders or moved them to their homelands. 45
n The Bantu Education Act of 1953 regulated
schooling for blacks. The syllabus focused
on tribalism, rote learning, discipline and
punishment. The overall goal was to teach black
children ‘that equality with Europeans was not 50
for them’. Blacks could only attend separate
universities, also known as ‘tribal colleges’.
n The Suppression of Communism Act of 1950
gave the government almost unlimited powers
to outlaw opposition. It defined communism 55
as any scheme to promote disturbance or
disorder. It declared all political parties opposing
the apartheid regime illegal and prohibited
demonstrations. Offenders faced imprisonment
or a five-year banning order. In 1962 and 1967 60
even tougher laws allowed the government
to detain anyone suspected of action against
apartheid for up to 180 days. Torture was routinely
applied by the Security Police and prisoners
frequently died from the wounds inflicted. The 65
death sentence was in effect, too. In 1985 a state
of emergency was declared which enabled the
government to virtually act outside the law. The
legal situation prevented many people from
voicing their opinion openly, many opponents 70
fled the country.
 [m Online-Link: 594000-2802] From apartheid to reconciliation  B  Life under apartheid

B Life under apartheid

1 [p] Work with a partner. One of you reads the text below, the other one reads the
text “Black schools”. Note down important key words and summarise your text for
your partner. Use the information on the previous page to explain the historical
situation in which your text is set.

Coloured women
“What people say about my mother is that she took a little trip on the Kimberley
train.”
When a person in the Valley says this, it’s all they’ll ever need to say. Other
people will nod their heads and pull their faces because they know all about that
 5 story but that’s not to say that everyone knows. White people don’t know and it
just goes to show that they don’t know everything. […]
On ordinary trains you will find suitcases and boxes and parcels with all
kinds of worldly goods packed in them. On the Kimberley train, if you know what
to look for, you’ll find people like us and they’ll have no luggage. All they’ll be
10 carrying with them are their hopes and dreams.
We all know this but we don’t talk about it except behind our hands and TIP
behind people’s backs. We never talk out loud about people who leave their Kimberley is the capital
families and go to Johannesburg to try and pass for white. The ‘try-for-Whites’ we of the Northern Cape
province, also called
call them and because the disgrace is so big we keep what we know about them
Diamond City. The Valley is
15 to ourselves out of respect for the family and the ones who stay behind. a colloquial term used in
[…] The Kimberley train’s secret is that it doesn’t go to Kimberley at all. It goes this novel for certain parts
all the way to Johannesburg and Johannesburg is where some people want to be of Cape Town (District Six,
but I don’t say why. Mowbray).
In Johannesburg it can suit people to be colour-blind. All you have to do
20 is get there and be light enough to ‘pass’. Then you can walk from one world 13 topass for/as sb/sth to be
straight into the other. Easy as pie and no questions asked. That’s what people accepted as sb/sth
21 easy as pie (infml) very easy
say. After that, if anyone asks you to show your ID you look them straight in the 33 the world’s my oyster (idiom)

eye and say you’ve lost it, just like a white person would. As if it didn’t matter at die Welt liegt mir zu Füßen
all. That’s all it takes.
VIP FILE
25 People in Johannesburg can’t tell by looking and sometimes, if a try-for-white
woman catches a man’s eye, he will be willing to take a chance and ask her to
marry him. Even respectable white men with money do this and sometimes, if
the woman is pretty enough, they will do it even if in their hearts they are not
quite sure.
30 It can happen to anyone and if it does happen, then that woman’s troubles
are over. She can put her family behind her for ever and she need never come
back again. Once the ring is on her finger everyone will look up to her and give Pamela Jooste (born 1946)
her respect and the world will be her oyster. Just as long as no-one ever finds out. lives in Cape Town. She
grew up in District Six,
From: Pamela Jooste, Dance with a Poor Man’s Daughter, 1999
where people of all ethnic
2 a) Name the narrative perspective used and explain its function. S8 backgrounds lived until
the apartheid regime had
b) Examine the use of language and register in this text. How do they tie in with
the multi-racial population
the narrative perspective? S8, S10 forcefully removed. Her
book Dance with a Poor
3 Creative writing: Imagine you are a coloured person trying to pass for white. Man’s Daughter is largely
One day you meet somebody from your past. Write about this encounter. based on childhood
experiences and she won
4 [m] [p] Research: Find out more about the Cape Town suburb of District Six. several prizes for it.
Share your information with a partner, then report to your class. S32

5
 From apartheid to reconciliation  B  Life under apartheid
VIP FILE
Mark Mathabane (born
1969) grew up in a
ghetto in Johannesburg.
In 1978 he won a tennis
scholarship to the US,
where he eventually
settled. He became an
author, relating the
story of his youth in
the bestseller Kaffir Boy
(1986), and an educator,
serving as a White House
Fellow (1996). Miriam’s
Song (2000) is the
story of his sister who
continued to live in the
Johannesburg ghetto until
the end of apartheid.
  4 Lord’s Prayer Vaterunser
  5 primer a book for teaching
children to read
  7 Sub-B name for the second
grade in primary school
during apartheid
17 squalor dirt, misery
17 Alexandra a township of
Johannesburg
20 slovenly untidy or dirty in
appearance
30 feces !*fi:si:z? Kot
6
Black schools
The white inspectors – who are all Afrikaners – visit our classroom. I’m afraid
of them, as are many of my classmates, but the mistress has told us not to
show our fear. The white inspectors smile and nod approvingly as they listen
to us fervently recite the Lord’s Prayer and sing our hearts out in the hope of
impressing them to give us more benches, primers, and other school things.  5
They don’t. But my disappointment fades when at the end of the year I get
promoted to Sub-B after passing the final exam. I’m very happy. Other students
fail the final exam, and according to Bantu Education rules, they can’t be
promoted to the next class. They have to repeat Sub-A. A lot of them eventually
drop out, in part because few parents can afford to keep using their hard-earned 10
money to pay school fees and purchase uniforms and books for a child who
keeps failing.
To my horror, there are more cleanliness inspections in Sub-B, which are
almost always random. I soon learn that proper hygiene is an obsession at Bovet
Community School. 15
“Cleanliness is next to godliness” is constantly drummed into our heads – we
are told that the poverty in our homes and the squalor of Alexandra is no excuse
for looking and smelling like pigs – especially because one never knows when
white inspectors might come to assess our progress. If students at our school
are found to be slovenly, it might be held against the school, and we might not 20
receive enough money from the Department of Bantu Education to pay for an
ever-growing list of school needs: benches, desks, textbooks, chalk, salaries for
teachers and mistresses, and more classroom space.
One morning after assembly the Sub-B mistress – women, who are paid less
than men, always teach the overcrowded madhouses of the lower primary – 25
announces that we are going to have our bloomers (panties) inspected. All
boys are ordered outside. We girls are lined in a row and ordered to raise our
gym dresses. The mistress goes around the hall sniffing our bloomers. Mine are
raggedy but clean. A lot of girls have bloomers that smell of urine; some have
bloomers with traces of feces from improperly wiping with pieces of newspaper 30
because few families can afford toilet paper; and some have no bloomers at all.
They all get whacked with a cane. […]
 From apartheid to reconciliation  B  Life under apartheid

A record number of pupils are enrolled in Sub-B. There isn’t enough room
for everyone inside the hall. During xivitanelo, dictation, half the class take the
35 dictation exam outside in the dusty courtyard because being crammed together
makes it easy for pupils to copy from one another. And copying is severely
punished.
I’m glad I’m not among those who have to take xivitanelo outside. The last
time I did I failed because I got dizzy from squatting on my haunches in the hot
40 sun while simultaneously trying to write on my slate and listen to the mistress
shouting dictation from the top of the stairs, a distance of about forty feet. Her
voice kept fading in and out as she turned around to keep an eye on dozens of
pupils scattered across the courtyard, many of whom were dozing from fatigue
and hunger.
45 Those taking xivitanelo inside have to sit on the cold cement floor because
not enough benches have been supplied by the Department of Bantu Education.
But I’m happy. At least I’m out of the broiling sun.
After xivitanelo the mistress goes from pupil to pupil checking the answers.
39 haunches backside, bottom
Using a white chalk, she draws a big right (check mark) across the slates of those 43 fatigue !fE*ti:G? extreme
50 who got the answers correct, and a big wrong (cross) across the slates of those tiredness
who didn’t. I’m among those who get a big right. I’m thrilled. 47 broiling very hot

From: Mark Mathabane, Miriam’s Song, 2000

5 Describe the graph below. Then use the information in the text above to explain WORD BANK
why a significantly higher percentage of black students are enrolled in Sub-A or Discussion
Sub-B than in the higher grades. S27 the system has serious
drawbacks • a distinct/
6 a) The book Miriam’s Song is subtitled A Memoir. What are the striking language long-term disadvantage
features of this text type? S4 • to feel disadvantaged/
underpriviledged/
b) Compare the narrative perspective with that used in the previous text. S8
second-class/oppressed •
7 Discussion: What negative consequences do you see for an entire country if a large desirable/advantageous/
profitable • to develop
group in society is excluded from an adequate education? S26
one’s full potential • to
become highly skilled/
qualified • dissatisfaction/
social unrest
Standard 10 Black enrollment in
Standard   9 South African schools, 1982
Standard   8
Standard   7
Standard   6
Standard   5
Standard   4
Standard   3
Standard   2
Standard   1
Sub-B
Sub-A
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 %

7
 From apartheid to reconciliation  C  The struggle against apartheid [m Online-Link: 594000-2803]

C The struggle against apartheid

[C] I remember Sharpeville

On the 21st March 1960 in a flash

on a wrath-wrecked of the eye
ruined-raked morning of gun-fire … 15
a black sea surged forward they fled they fell …
 5 its might ahead
our heads bowed
mind behind
our shame aflame
it had downed centuries-old
our faith shaken
containment …
we buried them for what they were 20
it sucked into its core
our fallen heroes and our history
10 the aged and the young …
into a solid compound From: Sipho Sydney Sepamla,
of black oozing energy The Blues Is You in Me, 1976

VIP FILE
Sipho Sydney Sepamla
(1931–2007) grew up in
Johannesburg, studied in
Pretoria and went into
teaching. Disappointed
with Bantu education,
he became a writer of
poems, short stories
and novels. Today, he is
considered a forerunner
of Black Consciousness,
a movement that
emphasised black self-
reliance in the anti-
apartheid struggle.

FACT FILE
The Sharpeville massacre
As a reaction to the
hated pass laws the PAC
(Pan Africanist Congress) 1 The poem consists of three parts. Give each part a title.
organised a mass protest
in Sharpeville, 50 km from 2 Using your background knowledge about apartheid, try to explain the following
Johannesburg. Several expressions. If necessary do further research.
thousand men, women, wrath • ruin • might • centuries-old containment • aflame • faith
and children assembled in
front of the police station; 3 a) Sepamla has been called a “poet-as-historian”. Which features in the poem are
they were supposed to poetic, which ones are factual?
hand in their passes
b) Explain why the second part of the poem is shorter than the others. S6
and give themselves
up for arrest. The police c) What is the effect of the use of anaphora, particularly the repetition of the first
opened fire, shot fleeing person pronoun?
protesters in the back d) How do you interpret the last two words: “[we buried …] our history“? S6
and killed 69 of them,
including some children. 4 Creative writing: Imagine protesting against some injustice as part of a large
Sharpeville marked the crowd of people. You suddenly notice the police aiming their guns at the crowd.
end of organised non- Write an interior monologue about this situation and what ensues. (Look up more
violent resistance.
information about Sharpeville if you want to.) S12

8
 From apartheid to reconciliation  C  The struggle against apartheid

5 Before your read: Look at the photos of Nelson Mandela from different periods of
his life. Describe the changes and comment on them. S28

Nelson Mandela (left) in prison on Robben Island Nelson Mandela becomes the first black president of South Africa

Sabotage and terror acts

Nelson Mandela’s statement at the opening of his trial on charges of sabotage at
the Supreme Court of South Africa in Pretoria on April 20, 1964.

I was one of the persons who helped to form Umkhonto. I, and the others VIP FILE
who started the organisation, did so for two reasons. Firstly, we believed that
as a result of Government policy, violence by the African people had become
inevitable, and that unless responsible leadership was given to canalise and
 5 control the feelings of our people, there would be outbreaks of terrorism which
would produce an intensity of bitterness and hostility between the various races
of this country which is not produced even by war. Secondly, we felt that without
violence there would be no way open to the African people to succeed in their
Nelson Mandela was
struggle against the principle of white supremacy. All lawful modes of expressing born in 1918 in Qunu,
10 opposition to this principle had been closed by legislation, and we were placed Eastern Cape. In 1944 he
in a position in which we had either to accept a permanent state of inferiority, or became active for the
to defy the government. We chose to defy the law. We first broke the law in a way ANC and from 1964 till
1990 he was in prison for
which avoided any recourse to violence; when this form was legislated against,
anti-apartheid activism.
and then the government resorted to a show of force to crush opposition to its In 1993 he received the
15 policies, only then did we decide to answer violence with violence. […] Nobel Peace Prize. He
Four forms of violence were possible. There is sabotage, there is guerrilla was elected as the first
warfare, there is terrorism, and there is open revolution. We chose to adopt the black President of South
Africa in 1994. He retired
first method and to exhaust it before taking any other decision.
from politics in 1999, but
In the light of our political background the choice was a logical one. Sabotage he continues to fight for
20 did not involve loss of life, and it offered the best hope for future race relations. human rights and against
Bitterness would be kept to a minimum and, if the policy bore fruit, democratic the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
government could become a reality. This is what we felt at the time, and this is
what we said in our manifesto:
“We of Umkhonto we Sizwe have always sought to achieve liberation without
25 bloodshed and civil clash. We hope, even at this late hour, that our first actions   1 Umkhonto (we Sizwe)
will awaken everyone to a realisation of the disastrous situation to which the literally ‘Spear of the
Nation’, the active military
nationalist policy is leading. We hope that we will bring the government and its wing of the ANC
supporters to their senses before it is too late, so that both the government and 12 to defy to refuse to obey or

its policies can be changed before matters reach the desperate state of civil war.” show respect
27 nationalist policy here: the
30 The initial plan was based on a careful analysis of the political and economic policy of the Afrikaner
situation of our country. We believed that South Africa depended to a large National Party

9
 From apartheid to reconciliation  C  The struggle against apartheid
FACT FILE
The African
National
Congress
(ANC) was
founded in
1912 to fight
against racial
discrimination in the
newly created Union
of South Africa. In the
early years of apartheid
its members protested
peacefully with strikes
and acts of civil
disobedience. In 1960
the ANC was banned,
and frustrated with all
non-violent attempts,
some of its members
went underground. In
1994 the ANC became
the governing social
democratic party,
supported by trade unions
and the communist party.
36 drain Belastung
36 tocompel to force sb to do
sth
45 reprisal violent reply to an
aggressive act
6 Use the text and any other information you have gained to illustrate Nelson
7 Analyse the tone of the speech. Then examine how Mandela puts forward his
8 [m] [g] In groups of four, find out about other protests against apartheid, such
9 Debate: Violence is a legitimate means to fight for basic human rights. S26
10
[m Online-Link: 594000-2804]
extent on foreign capital and foreign trade. We felt that planned destruction of
power plants, and interference with rail and telephone communications, would
tend to scare away capital from the country, make it more difficult for goods
from the industrial areas to reach the seaports on schedule, and would in the 35
long run be a heavy drain on the economic life of the country, thus compelling
the voters of the country to reconsider their position.
Attacks on the economic life-lines of the country were to be linked with
sabotage on government buildings and other symbols of apartheid. These
attacks would serve as a source of inspiration to our people. In addition, they 40
would provide an outlet for those people who were urging the adoption of
violent methods and would enable us to give concrete proof to our followers
that we had adopted a stronger line and were fighting back against government
violence.
In addition, if mass action were successfully organised, and mass reprisals 45
taken, we felt that sympathy for our cause would be roused in other countries,
and that greater pressure would be brought to bear on the South African
government.
This then was the plan. Umkhonto was to perform sabotage, and strict
instructions were given to its members right from the start, that on no account 50
were they to injure or kill people in planning or carrying out operations. […]
In the long run we felt certain we must succeed, but at what cost to ourselves
and the rest of the country? And if this happened, how could black and white
ever live together again in peace and harmony? These were the problems that
faced us, and these were our decisions. 55
Experience convinced us that rebellion would offer the government limitless
opportunities for the indiscriminate slaughter of our people. But it was precisely
because the soil of South Africa is already drenched with the blood of innocent
Africans that we felt it our duty to make preparations as a long-term undertaking
to use force in order to defend ourselves against force. If war were inevitable, we 60
wanted the fight to be conducted on terms most favourable to our people. The
fight which held out prospects best for us and the least risk of life to both sides
was guerrilla warfare. […]
During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African
people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black 65
domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which
all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal
which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I
am prepared to die.
Nelson Mandela, Pretoria, April 20, 1964
Mandela’s statement: “All lawful modes of expressing opposition to this principle
had been closed by legislation” (line 9).
defence. S10
as the Black Sash women, the defiance campaign, the strikes known as ‘stay-at-
home-days’ and the Soweto uprising. Each of you chooses one campaign and then
informs the other group members about it.
 [m Online-Link: 594000-2805] From apartheid to reconciliation  D  International reactions

D International reactions

Boycotts and sanctions

Calls for boycott of goods from South Africa
• “Lego out of South Africa. Lego is sold for at least 30 million Danish Kroner
every year in South Africa. Boycott Lego.”
• “Boycott Polaroid until it stops all sales to South Africa.”
 5 • “Don’t buy any South African goods.”
• “Chase Manhattan invests your dollars in apartheid. Close your account.”
Examples of sports sanctions against South Africa
• “South Africa has been barred from taking part in the 18th Olympic Games in
Tokyo over its refusal to condemn apartheid.” BBC News, 1964
10 • “During the apartheid years, we were mostly excluded from international
rugby. [...] When we toured New Zealand the year after, our players had to
train in horse stables to avoid demonstrators and were flour bombed from
light aircraft during matches.” Blogger Mike Smith

Examples of political sanctions

15 • The UN asks its member states to “cease forthwith any provision to South
Africa of arms and related materials of all types.” Resolution 481, 1977
• “Major cities such as New York are refusing to do business with anyone who
does it in SA and many of America’s largest companies are being forced to
face moral and political questions about their operations under an apartheid
20 regime.” The Guardian, March 11, 1985
• “Two of Ireland’s major universities have launched an academic boycott
against SA. They warned staff who work there during their holidays or while
on sabbatical that they will be dismissed.” Sowetan, May 14, 1986
  6 Chase Manhattan name of
Controversy over the effects of sanctions an American bank
15 forthwith from now on
25 • “Examples of the effective use of sanctions include South Africa where it is 15 provision here: sale
thought that international sanctions isolated the government and helped 23 sabbatical a period of

bring its policies of apartheid to an overdue end.” M. S. Smith, Conflict Research time which a teacher at
Consortium, University of Colorado university can take off to do
research
• “The role those sanctions played in the eventual demise of the apartheid 27 overdue überfällig

30 regime […] was probably very small.” Philip I. Levy, Yale University 29 demise here: collapse

1 [p] Discuss what you would personally be prepared to do or not to do to protest

against a totalitarian government in another country. S26
2 Debate: Are sanctions an effective tool to fight an inhumane regime? S26

11
 From apartheid to reconciliation  E  Coming to terms with the past

E Coming to terms with the past

FACT FILE
Several factors led to the collapse of the
apartheid regime. Domestic developments:
In the wake of the 1976 Soweto uprising
and the death of hundreds of blacks at the
hands of the police, black protests became
increasingly numerous and violent. By
1985 the government declared a state of
emergency. White resistance to apartheid
grew: youth resented conscription to the
army and church leaders condemned
apartheid. Economic developments: The
government had to spend enormous
amounts on defence and weapons at a
time when the international gold price fell
sharply. Farming and mining ceased to be
the major industries, and the new industries
required large numbers of skilled workers.
But the Bantu education system prevented
this. International developments: Outside
pressure grew in the form of international
sanctions and protests. Economic sanctions
prevented badly needed investments.
In 1990 Mandela was released from prison
and the ban on the ANC and other political
parties was lifted. The old apartheid laws
were repealed and a new constitution
took effect in 1993. In the first democratic
election in 1994 the ANC won with a 62.6 %
majority. Mandela became the first black
South African president.

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission

VIP FILE The following is part of a speech made by Archbishop Desmond Tutu at the Nobel
Peace Laureates Conference at the University of Virginia, USA, in November 1998.

Desmond Tutu (born
1931) studied theology
in South Africa and
England. He became the
first black Archbishop of
the Anglican Church in
Cape Town in 1986. For
his unceasing efforts to
use non-violent resistance
against apartheid he
was awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize in 1984.
After apartheid ended
he was chairman of the
Truth and Reconciliation
Commission.
  2 Chile after the dictatorship
in Chile from 1973–1990
  2 blanket amnesty amnesty
for all
  5 bygones the past
  6 fiat an official order
  7 inexorable impossible to
prevent
14 liberation movements
here: the military wings of
banned political parties
14 stalemate Pattsituation
22 ‘Death and the Maiden’ a
play about a torture victim
26 to subvert to destroy or
undermine
Forget the past, and let’s get on with the business of living in the present. And
so, you can give yourselves, as they did in Chile, “blanket amnesty”. Blanket
amnesty, which is really amnesia. We forget. Let’s try to forget. Mercifully,
mercifully, God has created us in a particular kind of way. The past dealt with in a
cavalier fashion does not remain the past. It refuses to lie down quietly. Bygones  5
don’t become bygones just by your say-so. You don’t have a fiat and then you say,
“Now, bygones, you are gone.” They don’t go. They return inexorably. They will
return to haunt you. And you remember those quite haunting words in Dachau,
the concentration camp museum, at the entrance there: “Those Who Forget the
Past Are Doomed to Repeat It.” 10
Yes, but there is this way, the South African way, which didn’t happen because
South Africans were particularly smart, it was forced on them because of the
realities of our situation: no one won. The apartheid government didn’t win, the
liberation movements didn’t win. Stalemate. Hey, how are we going to deal with
this? And they struck on this compromise. Compromise tends to have a bad 15
press, but it’s not always a bad thing. Because, they said, “OK, in exchange for
truth, you will get amnesty. In exchange for telling us everything you know about
what you want to ask amnesty for, you will get freedom. Of course, if you don’t,
the judicial process, we hope, will take its course.” You see, to say “let us forget
about it” was unsatisfactory also for other reasons. One of them is that you re- 20
victimize the victims. You say to the victims, “What happened in your case either
didn’t happen, or it doesn’t matter.” And you remember Dorfman’s ‘Death and
the Maiden’: the woman recognizes the voice of the man who tortured and raped
her. And she manages to tie him up, and she’s got a gun, and he still denies. And
she is on the verge of killing him. And then, he turns around and he admits he 25
did, and she lets him go. Because the lie subverted her identity, her integrity.
And we found, you know, that just in the telling of the story, people have
experienced a catharsis, a healing. […]
I want to give you one or two examples, and then I will sit down. A white
woman is a victim of a hand-grenade attack by one of the liberation movements. 30

12
 [m Online-Link: 594000-2806] From apartheid to reconciliation  E  Coming to terms with the past

A lot of her friends are killed. And she ends up having to have open-heart
surgery, and she goes into the ICU. She comes to the Truth and Reconciliation
Commission to tell her story. And she tells her story. And she says, “You know,
when I came out of hospital, my children had to bathe me, had to clothe me,
35 had to feed me. And I can’t walk through the security checkpoint at an airport –
I’ve still got shrapnel inside me – so, all kinds of alarms go off when I walk
through.” Do you know what she said? She said, of this experience that left
her in this condition? It has – can you credit it? – she says, “It has enriched my
life.” She says, “I’d like to meet the perpetrator, I’d like to meet him in a spirit of
40 forgiveness. I would like to forgive him.” Which is extraordinary. But then, she
goes on to say, she goes on to say – can you believe it? – she goes on to say,
“I hope he forgives me.” […]
The very last example. The ANC exploded a bomb in Pretoria in one of its
main streets, called Church Street. They were attacking the headquarters of the 32 surgery (medical) operation
45 South African Air Force. One of the officers was blinded in that attack, a 32 ICU intensive care unit at
white man. When the ANC operative applied for amnesty – and amnesty is hospital
36 shrapnel (Bomben-)Splitter
applied for in an open hearing – the ANC operative, Abu-Bakr Ishmael, turned 39 perpetrator sb who

to Neville Clarence and asked for forgiveness. And the two – the one white blind committed a crime
46 operative here: sb who does
man, and the Indian – shook hands. And that picture became a kind of icon. It
secret work
50 was emblazoned on the front pages of our newspapers, and on television. And 50 to emblazon to decorate sth

Neville Clarence said, “As we shook hands, it was as if both of us didn’t want to let with a striking image
go of the other.”
Desmond Tutu, Charlottesville, November 5–6, 1998

1 a) In the text above Tutu explains the motives for setting up the Truth and
Reconciliation Commission. Sum up the most important points.
b) Present the two cases where past grievances were dealt with successfully.
2 What stylistic devices are used in the speech? Explain their effect. S15
3 [C] Listen to the end of the speech. What, according to Tutu, is the significance of WORD BANK
the South African example for the rest of the world? S21 Feelings
gratitude • tranquility •
4 [p] Tutu says: “To forgive is not just to be altruistic. It is the best form of self- elation • contentment •
interest.” Talk about personal experiences with a partner, when you forgave solemnity • joy • serenity
someone or were forgiven. • to feel light-hearted/
generous • nagging
5 [m] [g] Project: Research a case that went before the Truth and Reconciliation dissatisfaction • sense
Commission. Present it in class and decide whether the applicant should be of defeat • shame •
contrition
granted amnesty or not. S22

13
 From apartheid to reconciliation  F  South Africa today
1 Before you read: What is your idea of living in Eden? Note down a few ideas, then
Diepsloot township
  1 fortress Festung
  5 to fortify to make secure
against burglary and attack
  7 cluster-village geschlossene
Wohnsiedlung
  7 gated equipped with a
security entrance or gates
16 confined locked-in
16 to get the drift (coll) to
understand sb
19 reinforced here: particularly
strong
20 mole Maulwurf
21 perimeter wall the wall that
surrounds an area
22 incursion the appearance of
sth that is not wanted
22 current Strom
28 to stroll to walk in a slow,
relaxed way
33 rutted roads Straßen mit
tiefen Spurrillen
33 shack very simple, small
building made of wood,
metal and other materials
14
F South Africa today
share them with your classmates. While you read the text compare your personal
views with the Eden outlined in the article.
Eden in an electric fence
Dainfern, a walled fortress-suburb in the northern stretches of Johannesburg
is set among fields, nature trails and wooded suburbs, and is, inch for inch,
probably the most costly secure space in Africa. And one of the most successful.
[…]
Jo’burg is the city of beautiful walls where people fortify their houses,  5
barricade their flats, electrify their fences, buy dogs and guns. Or they move
into cluster-villages, gated, guarded and patrolled round the clock. They all sell
freedom from fear, but Dainfern does it better, and does it with style.
What segregates South Africans these days is security, and how much of
it you can buy is what separates the saved from the servants. Dainfern is the 10
answer to the Jo’burger’s prayer: to live a life in a safe place where no bullets fly
and car-jackers fear to tread. […]
Dainfern’s achievement has been to persuade those behind its walls that this
isn’t a prison, it is a paradise; it’s not a life sentence, it’s a lifestyle. “No one who is
not supposed to be in here is in here,” the managers of Dainfern told me in tones 15
that might well apply to those confined in less happy institutions. I got their
drift. Anyone not meant to be in here runs the risk of being electrocuted, shot or
arrested.
Embedded in the walls that ring the enclave are seismic sensors. Reinforced
steel bars reach down 3m into the earth to stop human moles who might tunnel 20
beneath the fortifications. Detectors along the length of the perimeter wall listen
for incursions. An electric fence tops the wall and carries enough current, a
polite notice warns, “to cause death”. Closed-circuit cameras constantly check
the perimeter defences. In the gatehouse control-room staff screen and record
every visitor who comes and goes. Rapid-reaction vehicles stand ready, and 25
frequent armed patrols glide down Collingham Close and Willowgrove Road.
Patricia, who has lived here for years, got to the heart of what makes
Dainferners happy. “What we have here is the way it was. When you could stroll
through your neighbourhood and leave your windows open. When your kids
took their bikes and rode down to the river. What we’re doing is remaking the life 30
of the 60s in the new millennium.” […]
Diepsloot (deep ditch) is just down the road. It is a vast, apocalyptic place of
rutted roads, shacks, houses, thin children, thinner goats, constant cooking fires,
constant funerals, dirt roads and dust. You do not see white faces in Diepsloot.
Lucas, 20, lives in Diepsloot and works as a security guard in Dainfern. 35
“Maybe they don’t like our smoke, maybe they don’t like our taxis, but they like
our muscles,” he says. Last July a rumour went around Diepsloot that residents
were to be moved to new housing miles away. The township erupted in riots that
went on for days. Thembi, who is out of work and 18, says: “It wasn’t true that
we were moving, but people thought it was true and they got very angry. This is 40
home.”
The riots shut down the entire area. They were the worst seen since South
Africa put the apartheid era behind it. Cars were stoned, reporters attacked.
 From apartheid to reconciliation  F  South Africa today

Police fired rubber bullets and many were arrested. I heard from Moses, a FACT FILE
45 gardener in Dainfern, a phrase used again and again about those riots: “God’s The new South Africa
anger broke loose.” Young Mathoba told me he stoned journalists because • The ANC is riddled with
corruption and scandals.
“you have to talk to someone”. The bitterness in Diepsloot was not directed at
Government officials are
Dainferners but at the city council that “is more corrupt than the old apartheid accused of fraud, but
people,” says Sophie, a maid in Dainfern. “Big jobs and good times for bigwigs – rarely face prosecution.
50 no house, no hope for us.” • Living standards have
South Africa right now is not much interested in history; all the talk is of the declined after apartheid.
“new”. But history goes on being terrifyingly interested in South Africa. Close the • Gang violence and crime
has become a major
door on the past and the ghosts come through the window. problem, making South
Christopher Hope, Guardian Weekly, March 11–17, 2005 Africa one of the most
dangerous countries.
2 [p] How would you like living in Dainfern? Jot down a few ideas first, then • The HIV/AIDS epidemic
is particularly rampant.
exchange your views with a partner.
• One of the more
3 Reduce the information about Dainfern and Diepsloot in this news story to the positive figures is
German-born Helen
most important points and write two mini fact files about them.
Zille, mayor of Cape
4 a) Find examples of the following rhetorical devices: Town, who successfully
tackled crime and
alliteration • anaphora • repetition
unemployment.
See the glossary of literary terms or use the Internet for help. • Tourism is still an
b) What are typical features of this news story? S4 important source of
income, with some 10
5 Creative writing: Imagine you were either Lucas, Moses or Sophie. Write their blog million annual visitors.
entry about living in Diepsloot and working in Dainfern. S12
6 What is the cartoonist’s view of “The new South Africa”? Interpret the cartoon
below. S28

A cartoon

15
 From apartheid to reconciliation Spot on language

Spot on language
German-English interferences

Die schwarze Elite von Südafrika heute

Wenn in diesen Tagen der zehnte 20
Jahrestag des politischen Wechsels
in Südafrika gefeiert wird, fällt
wieder der Name Ramaphosa.
5 Doch der Politik hat der Mann
mit dem spitzbübischen Lächeln
entsagt. Heute verkörpert der
51-Jährige wie kein anderer den
wirtschaftlichen Aufstieg der
10 schwarzen Elite am Kap. […]
Mit seiner Investmentge-
sellschaft Millennium Consolidated
Investments (MCI) mischt er heute
in vielen Branchen mit: in der
15 Versicherungs- und Textilindustrie,
im Mediensektor, im Mobilfunk, 35
in der Immobilienbranche und
neuerdings im Bergbau – sein lang
40
45
50
der Mann, der während der
55
Apartheid-Ära die mächtige
Bergarbeitergewerkschaft NUM
(National Union of Mineworkers)
in den größten Streik der süd-
25 afrikanischen Geschichte führte,
60
ist zum bekanntesten schwarzen
Industriekapitän geworden.
Geholfen hat ihm das
Bestreben des ANC, der schwarzen
30 Bevölkerung nach dem politischen
65
Umbruch auch wirtschaftlich den
Rücken zu stärken. Schlagwort:
Black Economic Empowerment
(BEE). Immer öfter werden heute
in Südafrika Schwarze bei lukra-
tiven Staatskontrakten bevorzugt.
Wer als „weißes Unternehmen“
weisen kann, braucht sich um viele
staatliche Aufträge erst gar nicht zu
bewerben.
Die meisten Schwarzen sind
stolz auf die Macht, die einige
wenige wie Ramaphosa heute in
den einst blütenweißen Chefetagen
ausüben. Doch als prominenter
schwarzer Geschäftsmann ist
Ramaphosa auch Zielscheibe
für jene, die den kometenhaf-
ten Aufstieg der „schwarzen
Rand-Lords“ kritisieren – eine
Anspielung auf die weißen
Immigranten, die am Ende
des 19. Jahrhunderts nach der
Entdeckung der Goldfelder an den
Johannesburger Witwatersrand
strömten und vereinzelt zu großem
Reichtum gelangten.
Für seine Kritiker symboli-
sieren Ramaphosa und schwarze
Mitstreiter wie der vor allem
im Minen- und Bankwesen
tätige Tokyo Sexwale die immer
größere Kluft zwischen der dün-
nen schwarzen Oberschicht und
der großen Gruppe schwarzer
Habenichtse. [...]
Wolfgang Drechsler, Handelsblatt,
28. April 2004
11 Investmentgesellschaft investment trust
14 Branche industry
17 Immobilienbranche real estate

gehegter Traum. Ausgerechnet keinen schwarzen Partner vor- 40 staatlicher Auftrag state contract

1 Mediation: Summarise the main points of this article in English. S33

2 The present tense in German – different tenses in English. Review the tenses with the help of
a grammar book. Then translate these sentences. S33
1. Er arbeitet jetzt seit 10 Jahren in derselben Firma.
2. Wir planen jetzt gerade unser nächstes Projekt.
3. Wir betrachten jetzt die Angelegenheit als erledigt.
4. Ich versuche es jetzt noch einmal.

16
 From apartheid to reconciliation  Spot on language

3 Fill in the appropriate tenses.

White South Africans 1 (flee) the country at
a much higher rate than in previous years.
Economists 2 (agree) that the gap between
the rich and the poor in South Africa 3 (widen).
They 4 (point out) that the lot of the poor 5
(improve) and the unemployment rate 6 (go
down). Optimists 7 (emphasise) that South Africa
8 (be) a democracy for only 15 years. Pessimists
9 (only • see) that poor South Africans 10 (live)
in hell. For some months now one of the national
best-selling books 11 (be) Don’t Panic, aimed at
disappointed South Africans. In its opening chapter
the author asks: “ 12 (Have • we) a viable country
by 2020?” It cannot be overlooked, though, that in
10 years’ time the country 13 (be • certainly) very
different from today.

4 Review the position of adverbs in English with the help of a grammar book. Then put the
adverbial expressions in the brackets in the correct position.

1. A frican women experienced fewer restrictions
than men, that’s why they were at the forefront
of resistance. (usually • often • in the early
1950s)
2. The South African government planned to
introduce passes for women. (in the 1950s • too)
3. Women resisted this attempt. (for several
years • categorically)
4. Their resistance grew into a national movement.
(soon)
5. A bout 20,000 women marched and handed
over letters of protest against the proposed
pass laws. (on 9 August 1956 • to the Union
Buildings • in Pretoria • peacefully)
6. The women’s resistance failed to achieve its
objectives. (unfortunately • back then)
7. As a result of the pass laws women were forced
to settle. (increasingly • illegally • in the cities)
8. August 9 is a public holiday to celebrate National
Women’s Day. (today • in South Africa)

5 False friends or not? Translate these sentences with the help of a German-English dictionary.
There are some expressions which can be translated (almost) literally and others which have
no direct equivalent in English. S3

1. Auge um Auge, Zahn um Zahn! 5. Es ist aus und vorbei.

2. Wie du mir so ich dir. 6. Schwarze und Weiße können sich auf Augenhöhe
3. Wie auch wir vergeben unseren Schuldigern. begegnen.
(aus dem Vaterunser) 7. Wir sollten diese Angelegenheit ad acta legen.
4. Lass mal Gras über die Geschichte wachsen. 8. Die Zeitungen graben ständig alte Geschichten aus.

6 Which gerund constructions in the following text are used correctly and which aren’t?
Make corrections where necessary.

Archbishop Tutu tried to do everything for avoiding

bloodshed. He set up the Truth and Reconciliation
Commission to give blacks and whites a chance for
forgiving each other. There were some moving cases
 5 in which former political activists apologised to
their victims for causing them so much harm. Most
commentators felt the commission was a major step
for overcoming the apartheid era. In 2001 the Apartheid
Museum was opened in Johannesburg for teaching
10 children about the past. However, there are now
many young South Africans who believe it is time for
forgetting the past.

17
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