C1 – GROUP 1 (0 TO 1 MONTH)

USUAL (Theory) OBSERVATION

Theory of Child Development by Sigmund Freud ✓ Thumb-sucking
✓ Breastfeeds
First Stage: Oral Stage (0-18 months) ✓ Cries when hungry, in need of mother’s warmth/presence, when
urinated/defecated
Oral Stage in Freudian psychoanalytic theory, initial psychosexual stage during which
the developing infant’s main concerns are with oral gratification. The oral phase in the
normal infant has a direct bearing on the infant’s activities during the first 18 months
of life. For newborns, the mouth is all absorbing organ of pleasure. Freud said that
through the mouth, the infant makes contact with the first object of libido which is the
mother’s breast. Oral needs are also satisfied by thumb-sucking or inserting
environmental objects such as dolls, other toys, or blankets into the mouth.

Freud also though that all babies are initially dominated by unconscious, instinctual and
selfish urges for immediate gratification which he labeled the Id. We are all born with
our Id and it is an important part of our personality. Babies always want to get all their
needs and wants met which is expressed through crying. Often times, when they are
hungry or in need of something, the first thing a baby does is cry. If these needs or
wants are not met, the most common response is crying harder.

Cognitive Development Theory by Jean Piaget ✓ Grasps Mother’s finger or a lock of hair
✓ Cuddles blanket when sleeping
First Stage: Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 24 months) ✓ Reacts to sounds such as clapping of hands or her mother’s voice
✓ Starts to focus eyes on things
The sensorimotor stage is the first of the four stages Piaget uses to define cognitive
development. Piaget designated the first two years of an infant’s life as the
sensorimotor stage. During this period, infants are busy discovering relationships
between their bodies and the environment. Researchers have discovered that infants
have relatively well-developed sensory abilities. The child relies on seeing, touching,
sucking, feeling, and using their senses to learn things about themselves and the
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environment. Piaget calls this the sensorimotor stage because the early manifestations
of intelligence appear from sensory perceptions and motor activities.

Through countless informal experiments, infants develop the concept of seperate

selves, that is, the infant realizes that the external world is not an extension of
themselves. Infants realize that an object can be moved by a hand (concept of causality)
and develop notions of displacement and events. An important discovery during the
latter part of the sensorimotor stage is the concept of "object permanence".

Bio-Psychosocial Model of Development by Robert Havighurst ✓ Turns attention when called

✓ Responds to sight, sound, smell and touch
First Stage (Developmental Tasks of Infancy and Early Childhood (0 to 4 years) ✓ Stops cry when wants are achieved such as feeding and cuddling

The theory emphasizes that learning is basic, and it continues throughout lifespan. It
has six stages of development task from 0 to old age. Each developmental task is
influenced by an individual’s biology, psychology and sociology. An example of tasks in
the first stage or the developmental tasks of infancy and early childhood are learning
to have control of bodily functions, responding to reflexes, learning how to eat,
respond to senses, talk, control the elimination of body wastes, learning sex differences
and sexual modesty, forming concepts and learning language to describe social and
physical reality and, getting ready to read.

Stages of Psychosocial Theory by Erik Erikson ✓ Cries upon waking up when mother is not at her side
✓ Usually only responds to mother’s voice
First Stage: Trust vs. Mistrust (0 to 12 months) ✓ Reacts to mother’s voice
✓ Only wants her mother to carry her
From birth to 12 months of age, infants must learn that adults can be trusted. This
occurs when adults meet a child’s basic needs for survival. Infants are dependent upon
their caregivers, so caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant’s needs
help their baby to develop a sense of trust; their baby will see the world as a safe,
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predictable place. Unresponsive caregivers who do not meet their baby’s needs can
engender feelings of anxiety, fear, and mistrust; their baby may see the world as
unpredictable. If infants are treated cruelly or their needs are not met appropriately,
they will likely grow up with a sense of mistrust for people in the world.