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i) It is a portal system formed by a vein from hypothalamus which breaks up into capillaries in hypophysis or pituitary
gland.
ii) Formed by union of capillaries and venules in hypothalamus
iii) Portal vein enters anterior lobe of pituitary gland or adenohypophysis where it breaks up into capillaries
iv) Hypophysial portal system is a short circuit arrangement
v) Hypothalamus produces a number of hormones for controlling endocrine activity of adenohypophysis
vi) They are pored into blood in hypothalamus
vii) The same is directly drained by hypophysial portal vein into adenohypophysis

3) Names of some important blood vessels :

i) Radial : artery of the forearm.
ii) Brachial : artery of the arm.
iii) Femoral : vessel carrying blood to the thigh.
iv) Common carotid : vessel carrying blood to the neck.
v) External carotid : neck vessel carrying blood to the face.
vi) Internal carotid : neck vessel carrying blood to the brain.
vii) Coronary artery : blood vessel of the heart
viii) Thoracic aorta : main artery of the thorax.
ix) Renal : vessel carrying blood to the kidneys.

4) Diseases of Blood vessels :

i) Arteriosclerosis :
Stiffening of arteries due to loss of elasticity
ii) Atherosclerosis :
Deposition of cholesterol or nicotine within the blood vessel leading to occlusion of the blood vessel.
iii) Aneurysm :
a) Localized bulge of a blood vessel caused by disease or weakening of the vessel wall.
b) Most commonly occur in arteries at the base of the brain and in the aorta.
c) Can burst and lead to death at any time.
iv) Varicose veins :
Dilated and tortuous veins causing pooling of blood. Caused due to defective venous valves.
v) Haemorrhage :
a) Haemorrhage is the medical term for bleeding - the loss of blood from the body
b) Haemorrhage generally becomes dangerous, or even fatal, when it causes hypovolemia (low blood volume) or
c) Hypotension (low blood pressure)
vi) Hematoma :
Collection of blood due to internal bleeding (bruise)

HEART

1) Human Heart :
i) Human heart
The human heart beats appox. 72 times per minute, 100,0000 times per day.
a) External structure :
1) Situated in between 2 lungs in a space called the mediastinum.
2) The apex of the heart is made up by the left ventricle.
b) Internal structure :
1) The inner wall of atria show a series of transverse muscular ridges: musculi pectinati which give the
appearance of the teeth of a comb (combed muscles).
2) Valves :
i) Opening of Superior Vena Cava – Haversian valve
ii) Opening of Inferior Vena Cava – Eustachian valve
iii) Opening of Coronary Sinus – Thebesian valve

Circulation
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c) Histology of the heart :

The heart wall made up of 3 layers:
1) Epicardium: outermost; mesodermal in origin; made of simple squamous epithelium
2) Myocardium: middle; thickest, mesodermal; made of cardiac muscles which are striated but involuntary
3) Endocardium: innermost; endodermal in origin; made of simple squamous epithelium

Distribution of blood to different organs :

Parts Percentage of blood received

Heart muscles 10%
Brain 15%
Digestive tract 25%
Kidneys 20%
Other organs 30%

2) Evolution of the heart in vertebrates :

Pisces Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
2 chambered heart 3 chambered heart incompletely 4 chambered 4 chambered heart 4 chambered heart
Single circulation Double circulation heart(except crocodiles) Double circulation Double circulation
Double circulation

3) Neurogenic v/s Myogenic heart :

Neurogenic heart Myogenic heart

Impulse of heart beat comes from outside heart.
Impulse is generated by nervous system
Nerve fibres are spread over the heart to bringabout
contraction and relaxation
Heart will stop beating if removed from the body.
e.g. heart of molluscs
The impulse of heart beat develops within the heart itself.
Impulse is generated by a special muscular tissue
There are special conducting muscle fibres for spreading the
impulse
If the heart is removed from the body It will continue to beat for
some time, if it is suppliedwith proper nourishment and favourable
conditions.
e.g. heart of vertebrates

4) Heart Rate:
In mammals, smaller animals have higher heart beat
i) Rabbit: 200/min
ii) Sparrow: 500/min
iii) Canary: 1000/min
iv) Elephant: 28/min
v) Frog: 64/min
vi) Rat: 300/min
vii) Shrew: 800/min (maximum)
viii) Blue whale: 25/min (minimum)

Circulation