CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN LOADS (OTHER THAN EARTHQUAKE ) FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES PART 3 WIND LOADS Second Revision ) UDG 62H04241 : Davr Powencas Iwoia Pure Lt, He LIBRARY © @ Copyright 1909 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUP..SH/:I ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI. 110002 | Jos3S +075 ( Part 3 ) = 1987 \ CONTENTS ] ‘ 0, Fonsworp es ut 1. Score : 2. Noranions : 3. TerminoLooy } 4 Gaxanar 5. Wimp Speeo ano Panssune “yl } 5.1 Nature of Wind in Atmosphere 5.2 Basic Wind Speed i 5.3 Design Wind Speed ( Ys ) 1 Risk Coefficient ( f Factor ) 2 Terrain, Height and Structure Size Factor ( ky Factor ) 5.3.3 Topography ( fy Factor ) 5.4 Design Wind Pressure 5,5 Off-Shore Wind Velocity 6. Was Prgssunes avo Forces on Bur.pinos/Staveru nes 6.1 General 6.2 Pressure Coefficients 6.2.1 Wind Load on Individual Members 6.2.2. External Pressure Cocfficients 6.2.3. Internal Pressure Coefficients 6.3 Force Coefficients 6.3.1 Frictional Drag 6.3.2 Force Coefficients for Clad Buildings 6.3.3 Force Coeflicients for Uncled Buildings 7. Dynamic Erexcrs 71 General 7.2. Motion Due to Vortex Shedding 7.2.1 Slender Structures 6. Gust Factor ( GF ) of Gust Bfectivenes Factor ( GEF) Method . 8.1. Application eee a &2 Hourly Mean Wind ferrets ‘32:1 Variation of Hourly Mean Wind Speed with Height 49 8.3 Along Wind Load oe 49, ‘ Aveaxove A Basto Wino Sruxo a7 10 m Hitt fox Soun Turoxtat ‘Crrtes/Towns ow oe 53 ‘Appenpix B Cuanoxs 1N Terratn CATEcoRms ... oe ae i Avrenpix C Esrgot or A Curr on Escarpment on Equivatent =; Hutu Asove Grouno (fy Factor ) aaeeaE eS “Avraxpre D Wisp Foros ox Gincunar Sections ... 87Daw Powercas Inora Pvt. L1p, LIBRARY 1S: 875 ( Pare 3). 1987 Indian Standard CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN LOADS (OTHER THAN EARTHQUAKE) FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES PART3 WIND Loans (Second Re vision ) 0:2 A building has to perform many funetions {atactorily. “Amongst ‘these functions wats Uully of the building for the intended cee af PamuPancy, structural safety, fire safety and cont Fllanee with hygienic, sanitation, veuglacen cod Gtulight standards. The design of ‘the buiier a Gependent ‘upon the minimum ‘require Prescribed for each of the above function ene Riinimum requirements pertaining to the sesctat ratty of buildings ate being covered is asi SE DY way of laying down minimum dere joads which have to be assumed for dead ke jiposed loads, wind loads and th londs, the. structure would be requ sis Conformity to loading standard itis hoped; Will not only ensure the structural safety, Sees Shillings and structures which are being designea mesaconetHeted in ‘the “country and heck caused eiuetures, but also eliminate the wastage ane bY geuming unnecessarily heavy loadiees without proper assessment, Q,3 This standard was fst published in 1957 for ihe guidance of civil engineers, designen act architects associated Pibulldings. Te included the provisions ie ake asic design loads ( dead loads, live loads, wiet lads ‘and seismic toads ) to be assuimed in ae ‘egign Of the ‘buildings. In its Asse revision to 1964, the wind pressure Provisions were modified $2 fhe basis of studies of wind phenomenon med Et tiet on strictures, undertaken by the spccha Committee in consultation with the Indian ‘Aicr. Silosical Department. In “addition to this wen ‘Gauses on wind loads for butterfly type structones were included; wind pressure eveMfctents fae FOREWORD ToGe FO both curved and sloping were Coeted seismic load provisions were elneed (separate code paving been prepared) and metre system of weights and vents were received on provi, Walues adopted for didheronr wind engineer ing, the Strictural Safety Sectional qe {kecided co prepare the second revision of see in the following five parts: Part 1 Dead loads Part 2 Imposed loads Part 3 Wind loads Part 4 Snow loads Part 5 Special loads and load combinations Tarthquake load is covered in a separate pordard: namely, 2S: 1893-19846 which dena be considered along with the above lonit O52 This Part (Part 3) deals with wind loads to be considered when aesigning buildings, FENgues nd components thereof, Te nee pac es the, following important ‘moditeatiens fave been made from those covered ta teense version of IS : 875: *) The eatlier wind pressure maps (one siving winds of shorter duration and one Scher excluding winds of shorter duration) oof Freartbquakereitant design of stuctres (fourth revision}. a1S: 075 ( Pare 3 )- 1987 have been replaced by a single wind map giving basic masionart wind Spee in (peak gust velocity averaged over a short tiine interval of about Sseconds duration ) The wind speeds have been worked cut for 50 years Feturn period based on the up- tordate wind ata of 43 dines pressure tube (DPT ) ancmograph stations an study of other related works avatable oa the subject since, 1964. The map and related recommendations have been pro ded in the code with the active coopera on of Indian Metzorological Department (IMD ), Totachs (lines of equal telocity | hhavc not been given a8 in the opinion “or the committee, there is still not enough extemsive meteorological data. at “clove gnough stations in the country to. justly drawing of isotachs. b) Modification factors to modify the basic wind velocity to take into account the effects of terrain, local topography, size of structure, etc, are included. ©) Terrain is now classified into four catego- ries based on characteristics of the ground surface irregularities, 6) Force and pressure coeflicients have been included for a large range of clad and tnclad buildings and for individual struce tural elements, ° Force coefficients ( drag coefficients ) are given for frames, lattice towers, walls and dings. 8. 1) The loon fie nc stone ig included incorporating the efleas Reynolds number and sufice rough 8) The external and internal pressure coeffi- cients for gable roofs, leanto roofs, carved roofs, canopy roofs (butterfly type struce tures) and multispan roofs have ‘been rationalised. hh) Pressure coefficients are given for combined roofs, rools with sky light, circular silos, Gylindrical elevated structures, grandstands, ete, 4) Some requirements regarding study of dynamic effects in flexible slender steucturce are included, 4) Use of gust energy method to artive at the design wind load on the whote teenie ow permitted 93.3 The Committee responsible for the revision of wind maps while revioring aguas response of struc. tures to wind felt the paucity of data on hich base wind maps for Indian ‘conditions on sea: ‘al analysis. The Committee, therfore: wet ends to "ali individuals and’ orgie ane up. of tall structures to ain thet existing and Pew surucnires transmission towersy chiganen cooling towers, buildings, ete ) a aileron eer Hons (at least at two levels} to comtaneehy Zicasure and monitor wind data. The mute, are required to collect data on wind doesn wind speed and structural response ofthe stor? ture due to wind (withthe help of aceceroeee, strain gauges, etc). Te deals the opinion white ommitter that such instrumentation teal ree fares will not in any way affect of glee te fimetional behaviour of such structures, The deg s0 collected willbe very valuable in evlving as Accurate wind loading of raceara O.4 The Sectional Committee responsible for the Preparation of this standard has taken inne Sccount the prevailing practice in regard to load, ing standards followed in this country by the various authorities and has also taken note of the gevelopments in a number of other countries, In the ‘preparation of this code, tie allowing ‘overseas standards have also been exainined, a) BSCP 3:1973 Code of basic data for design of buildings: Chapter V Loading, Part 2 Wind toads }) AS 1170, Part 2-1983 SAA Loading code Part 2 — Wind forces. ©) NZS 4208-1976 Code of practice for general structural design loading for buildings, @) ANSI A581-1972 American Standard Building code requirements for minimum, design Toads in buildings and. other structures. ©) Wind resistant design regulations, A World List, Association for Science Documents Information, Tokyo, 0.5 Fos the purpose of deciding whether a partis cular requirement of his standard is complied with, the final value, “observed or ealeutstech expressing the result of'a test or analysis, shell be rounded off in accordance with IS? 2.1960". The number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should ‘be the same as that af the specified value in this standard, “Roles for rounding off numerical values (ern ) 4]1. SCOPE A.t This standard gives wind forces and their effects (static and dynamic) that should be faken into, ccouns when, designing buildings, structures and components thereo! ILL Itis believed that ultimately wind load estimation will be made by taking into account the random variation of wind speed with time ‘but available theoretical methods have not ‘matured sufficiently at present for use in the code. For this reason, static wind method of load estimation which’ implies a steady wind speed, which has proved to be satisfactory for normal, short and heavy structures, is given in and 6. However, a beginning has been made to take account of the random nature of the wind speed by requizing that the along-wind or drag load on structires which are prone to wind induced osci- lations, be also determined by the gust, factor method ( see 8) and the more severe “of the two ‘estimates be taken for design. Allarge majority of structures met with in practice do not however, suffer wind induced ‘oscillations and generally’ do not require to be examined for the dynamic effects of wind, includ- ing use of gust factor method. Nevertheless, there are various types of structures or their components such as some tall buildings, chimneys, latticed tower, cooling rowers, transmission tower, guyed masts, communication towers, long span bridges, aval or completely sod faced) antenna dich etc, which require investigation of wind induced oscillations. The use of 7 shall be made for identi- fying and analysing such structores. 1.1.2 This code also applies to buildings or other Structures during erection/construction and the same shall be considered carefully during various stages of erection/construction. In loca~ ons where the strongest winds and icing may occur simultaneously, loads on stractural members, cables and ropes shall be calculated. by assuming an ice covering based on climatic and. local ‘experience. 1.1.3 In the design of special steuctures, such as chimneys, overhead transmission line towers, etc, specific requirements as specified in the respective codes shall be adapted in conjunction with the provisions of this code as far as they are applicable. Some of the Indian Standards avail- able for the desiga of special structurers are 1S: 4998 ( Part 1 )-1975 Criteria for design ‘of reinforced concrete chimneys: Part 1 Design criteria (frst revision } IS : 6533-1971 Code of practice for design and construction of steel chimneys 1S + 5613 (Part 1/See 1 )-1970 Code of prace tice for design, installation and maintenance of overhead power lines: Part I Lines up t0 and including 11 kV, Section 1 Design 1S : 875 ( Part 3) - 1987 18 : 802 (Part 1)-1977 Gode of practice for use of structaral steel in overhead transmi sion line towers: Part 1 Loads and permiss ble stresses (second revision ) TS + 11504-1985 Criteria for structural design ‘of reinforced concrete natural deaught cool- ing towers snes OEE Lg, Thi teederd doy 0% apply tbl insssons, aad sbnormel environmental ‘eoucitoas that brave not i tions are necestary in sich case text ‘snd theis affects Wind. twanel stodiee may also Be required iasuchsieuatons 2. NOTATIONS 21 The following notations shall be followed unless otherwise specified in relevant clauses: Am surface area of a structure or part of a structure; effective frontal areas an area at height z; breadth of a structure or structural member normal to the wind stream, in the horizontal plane; force coefficient/drag coefficient; normal force coefficient; transverse force coefficient; Ay = A= be C'; = frictional drag coefficient; Gy = presute coefcent Gp, = external pressure coefictent Cpr m= inernal yresure coufiient @ m= depth of a structure or structural Feber parallel towed wreamy D = diameter of eylindes F = force normal tothe surface; Fa = normal force; Fi = tansente force: P= fectional force; Am hheigt of structure above mean ground level fe = height of development of a velocity prolle at a distance x down ind om a change in train category, 4 BL = scuipliatin tetas a) "Fes multiplication factor; 1 = length of the member or greater hosie zontal dimension ofa bulding fu m= design wind preseare;IS: 875 ( Pare 3 )- 1987 fe = design wind pressure at height Z Pe A Re s % VY vy doeag 1 ‘external pressure; internal pressure; reynolds number strowhal numbers regional basic wind speed; design wind velocity at height hourly mean wind speed at height; lesser horizontal dimension of a building, or a structural member, bay width in makisbay buildings, distance down wind from a change in terrain category; angle from a given axis, inclination of the roof to the hori zontals effective solidity ratio; ding factor or shedding frequency; solidity ratio; a height or distance ground; and average height of the surface rougihe above the 3, TERMINOLOGY 3:1 For the purpose of this code, the following definitions shall apply. SALT Angle of Attack — Angle between the dirce= tion of wind and a reference axis of the stines ture, 3.1.2 Breadth — Breadth means horizontal dime ion of the building measured normal to the direction of wind, Nozp — Breadth and depth are dimensions measur fed in elation to the ‘dizcetlon of tae winds whee length “and width ace’ dimensions" releced reps 31.3 Dipth— Depth means the horizontal dimension of the building meatured in the circ, tion of the wind. 3.14 Developed Heigh — Developed height the height of upward pesettation othe welenis Profle in anew terrain. At lacge fetch lengane Such penetration reaches “the grallene hehe above which the wind speed may’ be taker Get constant. At lesser fetch lengths, a velocity prone ofa smaller height but similar to that of te ails eveloped profile of shat terrain category sane be takea, with the additional provisian tee ute Nelocty atthe top of this shorter profie cquste that of the unpeneirated easter velocity profess that height. 3.15 Hfestive Frontal Area — The projected area of the structure normal to the direction of the wind, 31.6 Element of Surface Area— The area of surface over which the pressure coefficient is taken to be constant. 3.1.7 Force Cosficiont — A. non-dimensional Coefficient such that the total wind force ona body is the product of the force coefficient, the Gynamic pressure of the nt design wind speed and the reference area over which the inree is required, Nomm-— Whea the f 2 is im the direction of the incident wind, the non ‘osional coedivient will be called as ‘dcag couticiene’, When the force fener nee, cules to the direction of incident whoa Gre ae sional coefciemt will be called as ih corde 31.8 Grund Reephnete — The nature of the Garth's surface asinftenced by small wale eee tions such as tees and. builliogs (ae eee from topography ) is called grouse tobatans 3:18 Guti— A positive or negative departure of wit speed fom ts mean vale eine ee tote tha, say, 2 minutes over a apesihed gaat val of time, Peak Gust — Peak gust or peak gust speed is wind speed ascociated with the madman amplitude, Fetch Length — Fetch length is the distance meatured along the wind trom a boundaty at Which a change in the type of terrain oclure When the changes in terrain types are encoume: Fra ( ouch as, the boundary af'a town or cy, forest etc ), the wind profile changes in charset’ ter but such changes are gradual and stert at ground level, spreading or penctrating upwards ‘with increasing feteh length, mean ground level, above which the varistion ur ‘wind speed with height need not be considered, (Mean Ground Leo! — The mean ground level is the average horizontal plane of the area enclon ed by the boundaries of the structure. rate Cunt — Dresure cocficent in the ratio ofthe difrence betncen ep 2S ta penton wurace as te near ag thetcdest wind to Ue desea ed sae ot vee the saticand deigegng i Prestre determined atthe height ok he oe ee ae after tiki into accotn he ge rained sense grt ot ada a cae omifcen rah equi se ete where Vy ithe acu wind! peed ar (rel ae) ¥se on the structure at @ height corresponding to that of Fe. Nosn—Postive sign of the premure cooficient indigaes presare ating towards he surface and negar tive sige indicates peomure acting away [rom th surface, Return Period — Return period is the number ‘of years, the reciprocal of which gives the proba~ Dility of extreme wind exceeding a given wind speed in any one year Shielding Bifect ~ Shielding effect o shielding refers to the condition where wind has to pass along some structure(s) or structural element(s) Joeated on the upstream wind side, before meet ing the etructure or structural element under consideration. A factor called ‘shielding factor’ jg used to account for such effects in estimating the force on the shielded structures. Suetion — Suetion means pressure less than the atmospheric ( static ) pressure and is taken to act away from the surface. Saidity Ratio — Solidity ratio is equal, to the effective area (projected area of all the individual elements} ofa frame normal to-the wind direc tion divided by the area enclosed by the boundary of the frame normal to the wind direction. Nowe — Solldity ratio isto be calculated for in vidal Frames Toran Category — Terrain category means the characteristics of the surface feregulaniies of an grea which arise Irom natural or vconstructed {anes The eatories are numbered in increase ing ovder of roughness. Velecty Profle — The variation of the horizon tal component of the atmospheric wind speed at different heights above the mean ground level is termed as velocity profile. Topography — The nature of the earth's surface as influenced the hill and valley conf- gurations, 4, GENERAL, 4.1. Wing is ae in motion relative to the surface Of the earth. The primary cause of wind is traced to earth's rotation, and. Aiferences in. tereeseial fediation, “The tadiation effects aro. primarily fespoasible for convection either ‘upwards oF Eoumwards, ‘The wind generally blows horizontat to the ground at high wind speeds, Since vertical ‘components of asmospherie motion are relatively Smal, tae term "vied" denoter almost exclusively the horizontal wind, Vertical winds are always lensed as such. The wind speeds are assed wrth. the “aid of anemometert or anemograpks wriich ‘are installed at: meteorological observa tories at heights generally varying from 10-to 30 metres above ground, . 4.2 Very strong winds ( greater than 80 km/h ) are generally associated with cyclonic storms, 182875 ( Part S) - 1987 thunderstorms, dust storms or vigorous monsoons. A feature of the cyclonic storms over the Indian. area is that they rapidly weaken after crossi the coasts and move as _depressions/lows inland, The influence of a severe storm after striking the coast does not, in general exceed about 60 kiloe metres, though sometimes, it may extend even up to 120 kilometres. Very short duration hurricanes ‘of very high wind speeds called Kal Baisaki or ‘Norwesters occur fairly frequently during summer months over North East India. 4.3 The wind speeds recorded at any locality are extremely variable and in addition to steady wind st any time, there are effects of gusts which may last for a few seconds. ‘These gusts cause increase in air pressure but ter effece on stability of the Duilding may not be so important, often, gusts affect only part of the building and the increased local pressutes may be more than balanced by a momentary eduction in the pressure elsewhere, Because of the inertia of the building, short period gusts may not cause any appreciable increase in Sess in main components of the building although the walls, root sheeting and. individual cladding units ( glass panels} and their support. {ng members such as\purlins, sheeting rails and glazing bars may be more seriously alfected ‘Gusts can also be extremely important for design ‘of structures with high slenderness ratios. 44 The lability of a building to high wind press- tures depends not only upon the geographical location and proximity of other obstructions to. air flow but also upon the characteristics of the structure itself 45 The effet of wind on the structure ag a whole i determined by the combined action of external And internal peesures acting upon i. Tn all eae, the ‘calculated wind loads act normal to the fusface to which they apply. 46 The sabilty calculations as a whole shall be ave eondering the combined ic as wel Separate cscs of imposed loads and'wind loads tir vertical surfaces, roofs and other part of ie brulding above general root level. 4.7 Buildings shall also be designed with due attention to the effects of wind on the comfort of people inside and outside the buildings. 5, WIND SPEED AND PRESSURE. BA Nature of Wind in Atmosphere — In feneraly wind speed inthe atmospheric boundasy Liver increaes with height from zero. at ground level to » maxim ata height called the grad fotheight, There ts uaually a dight chaage in ireston {Elman eect) but this ignored in the code, ‘The vatiation with. height depends contitions, However, tie speed at any height eves” remain constant ‘thas bees found. convenient to resolve ite instantaneous magnitude into an average or mea value snd a Ructsasing component. around. thi primarily on the ten |18 : 675 ( Part 3) - 1987 average value. ‘The average value depends on the averaging time employed in analysing the meteorological data and this averaging “time varies from a few seconds to several minutes. The magnitude of fluctuating component of the wind speed which is called gust, depends on the aver- aging time, In general, smaller the averaging interval, greater is the ‘magnitude of the gust speed. 5.2 Basic Wind Speed — Figure | gives basic wind speed map of India, as applicable to 10m height above mean ground level or different zones ‘of the country. Basic wind speed is based on peak gust velocity averaged over @ shor. time interval ‘of about 3 seconds and corresponds to. mean fategory 2). Basie wind speeds presented in Fig. Uhave been worked out for a 50 year return period. Basic wind speed for some important Cities/towns is also given in Appendix A. 53 Design Wind Speed (¥,)— The basic wind speed ( Pp) for any site shall be obtained. from Fig. 1 and shall be modified to include the following effects to get design ‘wind velocity at any height ( V, ) for the chosen structure: a) Risk level, : 'b) Terrain roughness, height and size of struc- ture; and ¢) Local topography. Te can be mathematically exprested as follows: Vee Vuk bey where Vy = design wind speed at any height zin my by = probability factor (risk coeffi Eient } (see 5.361): fy = terrain, height and strucsure size factor ( see 5.8.2 }p and shy = topography factor (:°5.8.3 ). Nome — Design wind speep up to 10 m height from ‘mean ground Jovel shall bs comtidered coastasts 5.3.1 Risk Coricient (ky Factor) ~ Figure 1 gives basic wind speeds for terrain Category 2 as applicable at 10m above ground level based on 50 Years/mean return period. ‘The suggested life period to be assumed in design and the corres: ponding fy factors for different class of structures for the purpose of design is given in Table 1. Ia the design of all buildings and structures, @ regional basic wind speed having a mean return period of 50 years shall be used except as specific din the note of Table I 3.3.2 Terrain, Height and Structure Size Factor (fy Foctor ) 5.3.21 Terrain — Selection of terrain cate gories shall be made with due regard to the effect of obstructions which constitute the ground sur- face roughness. The terrain category used in the dcsign of'a structure may vary depending on the iscction of wind under corsieration, Wherever Sufficient meteorological information is available about the nature of wind direction, the orientation, of any building oF strucere may be suitably planet ‘Terrain in which a specific structure stands shall be assessed as being one of the following terrain categories 2) Catigori 1 —Bxposed open terrain with few or no obstructions and in which the average height of any object surrounding the structure is es than 13, Norm — This category includes open sea-coats sand fat teeles plains, ) Category 2 — Open terrain with well scatts cred obstructions having heights generally. between Stol0m Noms— "This is the ctterion for_mearare- Seah eee En wind pect ad cds sitGelds, "open paskiends and ‘undeve isop oats of owar and suburbs, Op land adjecepo tn cont my abe cai a Sigh vias. . aie 6) Catsgory 8 ~ Terrain with numerous closely spaced obsiruetions having the see ot Duilding’structares up to 10 m in, height with oF without a few isolated tall trace ture, Nom 1—This category includes areas, and) shrubs, towbs aad indus or pattally developed. Nove 2—-It is likely that the next Wi category. than ‘this ll ‘tuations ‘and. that. sole fategory will be deliberat ot exist in st de in of = more seve tcation must be given formance of circtons in areat ucts by leveloped tropical eyeloner, Vegetation which trike Sewn down ar dctaied coon be {elied upon to maintain Category 9 condone, Where such sation may ext ether an nr? sodlate category with velocity miltiplen midway betweon the yalue for Category 2 ad 3 ges ty ‘Table , or Category 2 should be selected haviag due regard to oes! Condor. ©) Category 4 — ‘Terrain with numerous large hhigh closely spaced obstructions. Note — This category includes large cry came tee generally with obstucine abare 22 Sd well Sveloped Industrial comploner jg, SeB22 Variation of wind spesd with height for iferon sizes of strates in diferent terrains ( hy fector) — Table 2 gives multiplying factors ( fy} by which the basic wind speed given in Fig’ shall be multiplied to obtain the wind specd' at different heights, in each terrain ‘category. for different sizes of buildings/ structures, eH:IS + 875 ( Pare 3) - 1987 ‘The buildings/structurcs are classified into the ponents such as cladding, glazing, roofing, following three different classes depending upon _—etc,-having maximum dimension’ ( greatest their size: horizontal or vertical dimension ) between 20 ‘Class A — Structures andjor their components and 50 m. such as cladding, glazing, roofing, etc, ha Giass — Structures and/or their components maximum dimension (greatest horizontal or Sich as caine, elanind roche fener vvrtical dimension ) less than 20 ma Toasieniar tinea ese he eae Glass B—Steuctures and/or their com- _vertical-dimension ) greater than 50 m. ‘TABLE 1 RISK COEFFICIENTS FOR DIFFERENT CLASSES OF STRUCTURES IN ‘DIFFERENT WIND SPEED ZONES (Glewe 5.3.1) Geass ov Stavorons Mess Puonsace Deniow Liss or ‘Smvocoue mt Years Al general buildings and sruetors 30 ‘Temporary sheds, structure such a 3 082 076 073 oT! 070 a6 ‘hove ted daring comirustion Sporations (for ccample, form Sooke” wort astnes iitng “eostrsction “sages boondacy walls, as Buildings and strectures presenting 28 0% 08 O91 099 09 O89 ‘iow degree of hazard fife and ropertyin the event oF faire, Sock as olated comers ta wooded aves, farm buildings other than residential buildings Important buildings and structures ‘00 105 105 07 O78. 108 ‘uel ay hosptals commiaication Dullings towers, power plaat Nor The ort kimton ical npa Lh ne sc of edge of fai ried ang fn naa eh em dar arg Miler en, ite Pine phy lea tel rr ally doe bg gs sr efron. aera feta ea BASSO SURG Mie pte ais set Conroe ee Sais pe re ed nr tne Sgn aT eee eS ioe Pinte alsa cla wn Sa hn pony af celta eae Be ies reyes het fei ee Ponna ch Saat Sl ate TERE iterating bane oe dra 4 afe{-Ze(-)] 70,083 4s whsce [N= man probable design life of eractre ia years Pac = righ oval aN consecutive year ( probability that the devign wind ‘esesnive yur} nomsigl vale = ON” ge = extrome wind sped forgiven values of aod Py and ved 1 exceeded ar leet once io a0, ooh ™ PEM Wind Speed oF N m 50 yours and Pye = O83 ‘Aad B are coeficients having the following valuer for diffrent basic wind speed zones: Zone 4 2 33 mye az 92 39 mys ero 60 Hos 830 wo aT els, a0 Som/s 238 re. 55 me 908 273 ===18: 875 ( Part 3) +1987 TABLE 2k, FACTORS TO OBTAIN DESIGN WIND SPEED VARIATION WITH HEIGHT IN DIFFERENT TERRAINS FOR DIFFERENT CLASSES OF BUILDINGS|STRUCTURES (Clans 3.3.2.2) Hewne TaanargCuneaony | Tennayy Carroony 2 Teenate Casncony 3 Tennary Casncony 4 oe, AL m 47 BG “a4 BC oo © ® © © @ @ OM oD 43) 19 0s 03 O99 100 093 ost oan. ow? 97 15 03 OT 103, 05° os? 097 oor 2 ori2 blo- 406’ 107 roo Tor oor 2 1 kis rap roe 33, oo1 ore ore Fd, FB 035 to r25 2k 10 wT a ros. 3013818 ra tz TG 20 13230136 re 137 vB 300 3 32138 126199 Ele 3000-18534 190 13131 a sso 1978S gt 129 rsp 1p go 13836 He 130138 120 “Bo 189 rs 133 V3l 135 rat Ro Mo 188 ge rs. 135 2 Nome 1 — Su 5.82.2 for definitions of Clas) A, Clas Band Class C structures, Novz 2 — Intermediate values may be obtained by constant wind speed between 2 heights for simplicity. Uinear interpotation, sf desired. Te ls permissible to ssrome 528 Tern coterie in ration tthe dite tion of wind — The terrain. category used fn the Gesgn ofa strucnure may vary depending on the direction of wind “under ‘comideration. Where fullcent meteorological ioforiation is avallable, the basic wind speed may be varied for specific ‘rind direcion, S824 Changes ie train tants — The selocity profile fora given terrain category does hot develop to fll height immediately with the Germenctnent of ha tcrrain category ut ‘evelop gradually o height (hy) whieh inerea- Ses with the fetch or upwind distance (3) 2) Rach and developed Belg relationship — The Felation between the developed height (A) tnd the fetes (2) for window over each of the four terrain categories may be taken ts given in Table 3, b) For structures of heights greater than the developed height (Fy) ia Table 3, the sway profile maybe determined in accordance with the folowing: i) The less oF least rough terrain, or ii) The method described in Appendix B. 53.3 Topography (hy Fader) —The basic wri speed Po'tven th Fige tikes account of the general level of site above sea evel. This doce ot allow for local topographic features such at Dil, valleys, cif, esearpments, of ridges which Can signifoantly aect wind speed in their vicie sy Tee of oporaphy to acleree wind ex the summits of hile oF cess of cli ecarp- ments or ridges and decelerate the wind ia valleys or near the foot of oliffs, steep escarpments, or ridges. TABLE 3 FETCH AND DEVELOPED HEIGHT. "RELATIONSHIP (Clause 53.2.4) Fepon (9) __Davezorsp Hata, cis Mens Terria ‘Terrain Terrain Terrain” (Oategory 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 oy @ @ o @ 02 2 Do 3 ao 03 » 30 3895, ' 2 6 8130 2 35 6 0a 5 © = 017000 Cr ee ee re) 0 ee a er) 20 wo 3000500 5.3.3.1 The effect of topography will be significant at a site when the upwind slope (6) is greater than about 3°, and below that, the value of fy may be taken 10 be equal to 1°0. The value of fs is confined jn the range of 1-0 to 1°36 for slopes greater than 9. A metho of evaluating the value of fy for values greater than 1° is given in Appendix G. Tt may be noted that. the value of Jig varies with height above ground level, ata mlaximum near the ground, and reducing to 1-0 at higher levels, 5.4 Design Wind Pressure — The design wind Pressure at any height above mean ground level Shall be obtained by the following relationship between wind pressure and wind velocity: pe 06 VE *