УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«ГОМЕЛЬСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИМЕНИ

ФРАНЦИСКА СКОРИНЫ»
Кафедра теории и практики английского языка

ОТЧЕТ
по управляемой самостоятельной работе на тему
«The Industrial Revolution in Britain the growth of the British Empire»

Выполнил (а)
Баранова Екатерина Александровна
Факультет иностранных языков
3 курс, группа А-34

Проверила
Ст. преподаватель ____________ В.Г. Гуд

Гомель, 2020
 Industrial Revolution, in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian
and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing.
The Industrial Revolution, which was a key development in shaping the face of
modern Britain, took place between about 1760 and 1830. Britain was the first
country in the world to industrialise, pioneering many technologies and large-scale
production processes. The political background of the industrial revolution was
formed as a result of the bourgeois revolution (1640-1688). The new system of
political power provided access to state administration for representatives of capital
through the Parliament and the Cabinet of Ministers, which allowed directing the
state's economic policy to create the conditions necessary for the further development
of capitalist forms of management that were formed during the initial accumulation
of capital.
The main result of the Industrial Revolution is the creation of machines, the use
of which solved the fundamental issues of mechanization of production. First in the
cotton industry, and then in other related industries. Expanding the scope of machines
required technical reconstruction of the energy and metallurgical base, and the
creation of mechanical engineering. The use of falling water as an energy source
slowed down the process of industrialization, since the location of mechanized
industry was limited to areas that had water resources. The key issue of the technical
revolution was the creation in 1784 a universal steam engine that could be used in all
major industries. His invention contributed to the expansion of the territorial
boundaries of their placement, the mechanization of water transport, and the creation
of completely new types of transport- steamship and railway. Steam engines
remained the energy base of the country's economy until the end of the XIX century.
During the industrial revolution, the transition to the factory form of organization was
carried out. The use of water-powered machines in the spinning industry contributed
to the introduction of machines that could only be used in special production
facilities-factories.
As a result of the industrial revolution and the subsequent industrial boom of the
1850s and 1870s, the structure of the English economy changed radically. In pursuit
of work in the new mills and factories, people concentrated in the industrial centres
which developed in particular areas of the country. The cities which rose to
prominence as manufacturing and commercial centres, such as Birmingham,
Manchester and Sheffield, remain among the principal centres of population today.
One of these settlements for industrial workers was Saltaire near Bradford, built by
Titus Salt in the late 19th century. As well as the mill and the workers' houses, Salt
also built civic facilities such as the church and a school. In shipbuilding and bridge
construction, wood was replaced with metal. The revolution ended with the reduction
of the role of the landed aristocracy in society and the fall of the peasantry. A number
of manufactories were closed, and many crafts disappeared. The positive significance
of the revolution was expressed in the following: labor productivity increased; prices
for consumer goods decreased; communication routes improved; classes of the
industrial bourgeoisie and proletariat were formed. Thus, by the 19th century, a new
culture of consumption was formed in England, the old aristocratic values were
outdated, and an entrepreneurial ethic was born.