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Landslide hazard assessment using analytic hierarchy processing (AHP) and

geographic information system in Kaligesing mountain area of Central Java
Province Indonesia

Article · October 2010

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 5th Annual International Workshop & Expo on Sumatra Tsunami Disaster & Recovery 2010

Landslide hazard assessment

using analytic hierarchy processing (AHP) and
geographic information system
in Kaligesing mountain area of Central Java
Province Indonesia
1
Syamsul Bachri and 2Rajendra P Shresta
1
Departement of Geography, Faculty of Social Science, State University of Malang
Jalan Semarang 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia
2
School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology
58 Moo 9, Km. 42, Paholyothin Highway, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
Email: 1syam_geoum@yahoo.com, 2rajendra@ait.ac.th

Abstract - Landslide is type of natural disaster which may
cause huge losses of live and properties. Many landslides
triggering factors found in Kaligesing make this zone as
landslide prone area in Indonesia. Zoning hazard area was a
solution to assess landslide disaster since there is still a great
danger of further landslides in the region and also it is strongly
linked with spatial issues. The combination of GIS and
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) are used to create landslide
hazard zone in this study. Factors, such as landform, land
utilization, slope steepness, soil texture and lithology are
considered for use in AHP through pair-wise matrix. The
output of calculation was validated with present landslide
location. Based on the judgment matrix and calculation, the
result showed ë max = 5.406256, the feature vector of
， ， ，
normalization: F= 0.4042 0.2746 0.2018 0.0845 0.0349). ，
In this calculation, RI =1.12. According to relational formula,
CI=0.101564. A consistency ratio (CR) was computed to verify
that the consistency of matrix. CR value of 0.090682, meant
that the pair-wise matrix is consistent (threshold CR<0.10) and
can be used for assigning the criteria weight. Spatial
distribution of the susceptibility classes of landslide in
Kaligesing showed that more than 40% of the study area was
categorized as landslide prone area with moderate
susceptibility and 30.05% falling on high susceptibility class,
while the rest 20.78% was categorized as less susceptibility
class.
Key word: Landslide, AHP, GIS, Kaligesing, Java.
I. INTRODUCTION
Currently around 70 percent the world’s population lives
are affected by natural disaster, such as earthquake, flood
and landslide [1]. During 1991-2005, EMDAT reported
total amount of economic lost due to natural disaster as
379.15 US $ billion in developing countries [2]. Comparing
with other part of continent, Asia is the world’s most
disaster prone region. Geological disasters like landslide
hold second position in number of occurrences after Hydro-
meteorological disaster. Several studies showed that
disasters are likely to occur due to their environmental,
climatic and geographical condition. In particular, landslide
will occur in more intensive scale in countries which has
mountain geographic characteristic area.
Landslide is a natural disaster which may cause huge
losses of lives and property. The occurrence of landslide is
influenced by many factors, naturally occurring or by
human activities. Natural landslide may occur by collapses.
It is triggered by physical condition such as topography,
climate, vegetation, land use and earthquake. It is also
commonly occurred due to over human exploitation, such as
forest logging, over grazing, etc. Moreover, landslide often
occurs in mountainous area which has low stability slope.
Many landslide triggering factors are found in Indonesia
that makes Indonesia as the second highest number of
landslide in the world [3]. According to [4] there are 20
regions in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) province -
Central Java province and 29 regions in East Java province
which are categorized as susceptible to landslide hazards.
All of the areas were witnessed mass movement and rock
movement. As it is mentioned by [5], most of the hilly areas
in Java are susceptible to landslide. The landslides in Java
Island increase over time [6]. The occurrences of landslide
during 1990 and 2005 caused the death of 1,000 people. The
highest loss was incurred in 2005 that victimized 118
individuals. Furthermore, data showed by [7] the extreme
event was in January 2006 causing death of 142 people and
damaging 182 houses; and landslide in September 2000 in
Purworejo caused death of 44 people and 20 people were
injured as well as 77 houses were damaged [8]
Kaligesing, sub-district in Central Java Province,
Indonesia, is known as one of the landslide prone area [9].
Most part area of Kaligesing sub-district is upland area
which varies in lithology, geomorphology and hydrology.

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 5th Annual International Workshop & Expo on Sumatra Tsunami Disaster & Recovery 2010

Due to these factors, this area is susceptible to landslide constitute of andesit, dasit, conglomerate, breksi andesit,
hazards. More than 10 occasion
ccasion of landslide
landsli occurs in 2005 gravel and sand. In addition, a mechanic weathering process
[10].. Generally, three cases of landslide occur in each year
[11].. The degree of damage was different at different areas
on houses and road network. The average indemnification
was about 1,000,000-100,000,000
100,000,000 IDR for each
eac damage.
Management of land resources is very important due to
the susceptibility of this area. In order to curb and reduce
the impacts of landslide also to be more effective to
exploitation the land, landslide hazard zoning can be one of
the solutions. Combination of GIS and AHP are the
effective method for hazard assessment, GIS has powerful
for spatial analysis while AHP has certain advantages in
multi-index integrated evaluation.

II. METHODOLOGY Fig. 1. Location of study area

A. Description of study area in this region is occurring frequently due to such formation
The research area is located in Kaligesing sub sub-districts condition as well as effective rainfall and steep slope.
Purworejo Regency, Central Java Province Indonesia Soil and slope map in this study area were presented in
(Fig.1).
ig.1). It lies between South Latitude 7º 50’ 34” – 7º 51’ Fig. 2 and 3. Soil type in study area was formed and
45” and East Longitude 110º 07’ 46” – 110º 08’ 20”. controlled by geomorphic process.
pr Soil type’s based on
Kaligesing sub-district
district has 21 villages, namely: Village USDA classification such as vertisol, inceptisol and enstisol
Somongari, Jati Rejo, Dono Rejo, Hulosobo, Kali Harjo, are found within Kaligesing sub district. Most of upper
Tlogoguwo, Kali Gono, Jelok, Kedung Gubah, Purbo areas in Kaligesing develop by vertisol soil types which
Wono, Pandan Rejo, Ngaran, Tawang Sari, Gunung Wangi, have high content of expansive clays and active erosion
erosi and
Tlogo Rejo, Sudogoro, Tlogo Bulu, Hardi Mulyo, mass movement processes. This area covers as a part of
Sumowono, Pucung Roto, and Ngardi Rejo. The total area a Kaligono village, Hulusobo, Ngaran, Sudorgo and
of the study area is approximately 7,472.89 ha with total Tlogoguwo. Furthermore, entisols was found in the
population 35,895 citizens. Kaligesing sub-district
sub is located deposition and alluvium plain which lies in part of Kaligono
between Purworejo City and Yogyakarta Province. Due to and Kaliharjo village. Inceptisols was placed in the hill foot
improvement of roads network, the development process in slope which usually disturbed by sedimentation and erosion
this area has increased ased particularly along the roads. process. In great group based on FAO classification we also
Kaligesing sub district is an important region for socio-socio found detailed soil types in this study area such as lithic
economic development particularly fruit production in hapludalfs, typic eutrudepts, typic hapludalfs, oxyaquic
Purworejo district Central Java province Indonesia. eutrudepts, lithc udhorthents, lithic udhorthents, typic
Unfortunately, Kaligesing is a landslide prone area. This hapludalfs, haplic udarent, lithic calciustepts, haplic
study area represents characteristic feature of most of ustarents, vertic hapludalfs, typic eutrodepts. The T
upland area in Central Java, Indonesia. domination of texture was occupied by clay texture.
The climate of the study area is mostly sub sub-tropical
condition. Based on Oldeman classification, Kaligesing sub
district is categorized as C3 class climate. It I has minimal
rainfall intensity, 200 mm in wet month and 100 mm in dry
month. The average amount of rainfall in study area is about
2000 to 5000 mm in a year. Based on Oldeman
classification, wet condition prevails in Kaligesing for 5–6
months and there iss dry condition for 2-42 months in a year.
So, 5-66 months are prone for occurrence of landslides. This
condition represent of high perception during the year.
Based on geology map sheet Yogyakarta scale 1:100,000,
the study area lies in three major rock fo formations: Old
Andesit Van bemmelen formation, Alluvium formation and
Jonggrangan formation. It was dominated by Old andesit
Van
an bemmelen formation which formed during Oligocene
up to first Miocene. This formation is composed of
andesitic, andicitist lava flow and tuff. The rock material are
Fig.
ig. 2. Soil map of study area

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 5th Annual International Workshop & Expo on Sumatra Tsunami Disaster & Recovery 2010

processing (AHP) weighted is tools that can be use in

processing data landslide related factors. The AHP system is
worked for ranking in a set of alternatives. First of steps in
AHP is create the AHP hierarchy. Then the second steep is
use Pair Wise to compare each of factors. Third procedure is
conducted all the priority into degree of susceptibility of
landslide.
Furthermore, analytical hierarchy model
m takes as an input
the pair wise comparisons and produces the relative weights
as output. The procedure consists of three major steps:
generation of the pair wise comparison matrix, computation
of the criterion weights, and estimation of the consistency
ratio. Followingg is the detailed step of mapping landslide
landsl
hazard based on [15] analysis hierarchy processing (AHP)
procedure:
Fig. 3. Slope map of study area 1. Generation of the pair wise comparison matrix:
The method employs scale with values from 1 to 9 to
The elevation within Kaligesing sub district varies from rate the relative preferences of two criteria
cr based on [16]
250 m to 800 m [12].. It is considered as hilly area. Based on (Table 2).
slope map which construct from contour map, 7.42 Ha of 2. Computation of the criterion weights:
area has falls on level slope (3-8%),
8%), of 10.83 Ha areas lies This step involves the following operations:
on level slope 8-15
15 % slope class, 185.65 Ha falls on level a. Sum of the values in each column of the pair wise
slope (15-30%)
30%) and 368.31 Ha falls on level slope (30- (30 comparison matrix.
45%). Similarly, 134.99 Ha falls on level slope (45-65%).
(45 b. Divide each element in the matrix by its column total
This study area was dominated by mountain areas which lie (the resulting matrix is referred to as the normalized
in more than 15 % of slope level. pair wise comparison matrix)
c. Compute the average of the elements in each row of
B. Methods of mapping landslide hazard the normalized matrix, that is, divide the sum of
There are many landslide mapping approach has normalized scores
cores for each row by the number of
been used in several study, including on on-ground monitoring,
criteria. These averages provide an estimate of the
remote sensing data, geomorphologic approach, factors
relative weights of the criteria being compared. The
overlay, statistic models, and geotechnical process model
higher the weight is the more important the criteria.
[13].. Factors overlay method were the technique which this 3. Estimation of the consistency ratio:
study uses. Landslide location and landslide related factors This step is to determine
ermine whether the comparisons are
such as slope,
e, soil texture, lithology, landform and land use consistent. It involves the following operations:
were used for analyzing landslide susceptibility. A
a. Determine the weighted sum vector by multiplying
probability method was used for calculating the rating of the
the original pair wise comparison matrix to sum of
relative importance of each factor class to landslide
normalized scores for each row matrix.
occurrence. In this study, the score off each factor can be
b. Determine the consisten
consistency vector by dividing the
dispensed as the same or different value depends on expert weighted sum vector by the sum of normalized scores
judgment. The degree of impotance of value in each
for each row matrix.
parameter adapts from [14] (Table I).
c. Calculate lambda (λ), λ), consistency index (CI), and
For calculating the weight of the relative importance of
Consistency Ratio (CR)
each factor to landslide occurrence is using analytical
hierarchy processes (AHP). The analysis hierarchy
a) λ = average value of consistency vector
TABLE I λ−n
DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE
b) ‫=ܫܥ‬ ,n is the number of criteria.
Intensity of Importance Numerical scale n −1
Equal importance 1 CI
Weak importance of one over another 3 c) CR= , RI is the random index, the
Essential or strong importance 5 RI
Demonstrated importance 7 consistency index of a randomly generated pair
Absolute importance 9 wise comparison matrix. The RI depends on the
Intermediate values between two 2, 4, 6, 8 number of elements being compared that taken
adjacent judgments
If activity I has one of the above Reciprocal of above number from [16] (Table 3).
numbers assigned to it when compared
with activity j, then j has the reciprocal
value when compared with i

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 5th Annual International Workshop & Expo on Sumatra Tsunami Disaster & Recovery 2010

TABLE 2
PAIR WISE METHOD TABLE 4
RANKING FACTORS USED TO EACH PARAMETER IN HAZARD ASSESSMENT
A1 A2 A3 … An Criteria Sub criteria Factor (F)
A1 W1/W1 W1/W2 W1/W3 … W1/Wn Slope 3-15% 1
A2 W2/W1 W2/W2 W2/W3 … W2/Wn 15-30% 2
A3 W3/W1 W3/W2 W3/W3 … W3/Wn >30 % 3
. . . . . Soil texture Loamy sandy, sandy loam 1
. . . . . Sandy clay loam 2
. . . . . Loam, clay loam, silty clay, silty clay 3
loam
TABLE 3
RANDOM INDEX (RI)
Land use Rain fed paddy field, rice paddy Field, 1
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 grass land
Shrubs, perennial crop 2
RI 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.90 1.12 1.24 1.32 1.41
Mix perennial crop, settlement 3
n 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Rock Andesit 1
RI 1.45 1.49 1.51 1.48 1.56 1.57 1.59
material Breksi andesit, dasit 2
Limestone, sediment breksi andesitic 3
Landform Alluvial plain 1
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Colluviums-alluvial, foot slope, foot 2
slope of structural hills , foot slope of
denudation hills
Due to of several impacts of landslide, this study develop
Structural hills, denudation hills, karts 3
landslide hazard map for learning about potential local
Source: Adopted from Hadmoko, 2009
landslide hazard and taking step to reduce those hazard.
The basic assumption which used in this study is the geo-
morphological concept that said “the past and present are develop own rainfall station by researcher to get appropriate
the keys to the future [17]. This principle can simply explain data. Further, main idea for composing landslide hazard
through basic concept of landslide. Landslide is typically mapping is to reduce hazard its self. Thus, this research tried
occurred periodically lies on specific physical condition in to considered most factor that can be managed or control by
certain area like geologic, slope and soil condition which human being. According to degree of importance slope was
categorizes as indelible factors. Landslide that occurred in the most importance factor comparing with landform,
the past can be occurring in the future under similar lithology, land use and soil texture. Table 5, 6 and 7 from
condition. Thus, take similar factor as consideration analysis are revealed the processes of AHP justification.
composing landslide hazard susceptibility is an idea in this Based on the judgment matrix and to calculate, λ max =
5.406256, the feature vector of normalization: F=
， ， ， ，
research. Further, to achieve appropriate landslide hazard
map, this research also combining to other factor like land (0.4042 0.2746 0.2018 0.0845 0.0349). In this
use. Factor overlay method and analytic hierarchy calculation, RI = 1.12. According to relational formula,
processing (AHP) were used to develop landslide CI=0.101564. A consistency ratio (CR) was computed to
susceptibility map. Slope class, soil texture, land use, verify that the matrix is consistent. CR value is 0.090682,
lithology, and landform are factor that considered meaning that the pair-wise matrix is consistent (threshold
composing the map. Reference [18] conducted a study CR<0.10) and can be used for assigning the criteria weight.
based on a research report from [19] and found five classes
of landslide hazard. This research modified the finding and TABLE 5
ORIGINAL COMPARISON MATRIX
divided land slide hazard parameters of the respective study Soil
area into three classes based on the findings of [18]; high Slope Landform Lithology Land use Texture
susceptible, moderate susceptible and less susceptible. The Slope 1 2 3 5 7
selected factors and its score are revealed in Table 4. Landform ½ 1 2 5 7
AHP was used to determine degree of important for each
Lithology 1/3 ½ 1 5 7
factor related to the landslide occurrence. The relative
importance of criteria among one and another was assigned Land use 1/5 1/5 1/5 1 5
Soil
using pair wise method. The pair wise comparison for each Texture 1/7 1/7 1/7 1/5 1
Variable was justified in discussion with an expert and data
from local people perception as well as site visit. As result
of discussion with expert, rainfall factor that mentioned by
local people as factor causing landslide disaster in study
area cannot used to be considering factor due to rainfall data
coverage area. The coverage area is too small and the
pattern of rainfall is homogenous. In addition, in case of
Indonesia, the lowest level of rainfall station is placed
insub-district level. Hence, it should be improve with

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 5th Annual International Workshop & Expo on Sumatra Tsunami Disaster & Recovery 2010

TABLE 6
NORMALIZED COMPARISON MATRIX

Soil TABLE 8
SUSCEPTIBILITY CLASSES
Slope Landform Lithology Land use Texture
No. Interval value Susceptibility class Frequency of
Slope 0.459 0.520 0.472 0.30 0.259 landslide point
Landform 0.229 0.260 0.315 0.308 0.259 1 1-1.588 Less susceptible 2
2 1.589-2.175 Moderate susceptible 8
Lithology 0.153 0.130 0.157 0.308 0.259 3 2.176-2.763 High susceptible 16
Land use 0.091 0.052 0.031 0.061 0.185
Soil Texture 0.065 0.0371 0.022 0.0123 0.037

TABLE 7
RELATIVE WEIGHT OF CRITERIA
Sum Weight

Slope 2.020 0.4042

Landform 1.373 0.2746
Lithology 1.008 0.2018
Land use 0.422 0.0845
Soil Texture 0.174 0.0349

According to the above factors evaluation and its

weighted, the formula for landslide hazard index is given
below:
5
LHI = ∑ W 1.F1 Fig. 4. Map of landslide hazard
1
In the formula: LHI— landslide hazard index; W1
W1-weight of TABLE 9
each index; F1—factor
factor of each index. Below calculation is DISTRIBUTION OF LANDSLIDE HAZARD AREA
Landslide hazard Area (Ha) Percentage
representing the above formula: High susceptible 2245.60 30.05
Moderate susceptible 3672.92 49.15
Landslide hazard index (LHI) = 0.4042*Slope + 0.2746*L Less susceptible 1552.86 20.78
+ 0.2018*LG + 0.0845*LU + 0.0349*ST Total 7472.89 100

30.05% falls on high susceptibility class, while the rest

Where landslide hazard index is the total susceptibility
score, while the factors (F) are respectively susceptibility
score for Slope: score of slope; L: score of landform; LG:
score of litology; LU: score of land use; and ST: score of
soil texture. This equation is applied in map ca calculator
function of the Spatial Analysis extension tool in the
ArcView. Furthermore, in order to excuse and validate the
final landslide hazard map, final overlay processing between
landslide hazard map and landslide distribution map was
released.
After
er analyzing and calculated data related landslide
occurrences in this study area, we came to the result. The
landslide hazard index value then was classified into three
different classes to identify the susceptibility level. The
result of class of hazard based on the maximum and
minimum value of the total score (Table 8). Following
formula is applied to the value.
Spatial distribution of the susceptibility classes of
landslide in Kaligesing is showed in Fig. 4. Table 9 shows
more than 40 % of the study area ea was categorized as
landslide prone area with moderate susceptibility class and
20.78% is categorized as less susceptibility class. Less
susceptibility zone was characteristic with less mass
movement processes and located on 3–8% slope
obliqueness. This area lies on alluvial plain landform. While
the
he moderate landslide susceptibility areas was found to be
characterized by moderately steep to steep slope and
showed incidences of historical mass movement. The
regions of high landslide
dslide susceptibility are the areas where
steep slope (>30%) were located and mass movement
occurs frequently. Both old mass movement and new mass
movement were observed to be still active due to high rain
intensity and topography condition.
IV. CONCLUSIO
CONCLUSIONS
In summary, mapping landslide hazard through AHP
analysis showed that most of the area Kaligesing is prone to
landslide hazards. In this study, landslide hazard were
divided into three category; high susceptible, moderate and
less susceptible. The proportion of the area mostly falls in
moderate susceptible le landslide hazard with 49.15 %.
Effective rainfall, physiographic condition (slope, lithology,
and landform) and improper land utilization were the causes
of landslide occurrences. Even the technical already develop

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 5th Annual International Workshop & Expo on Sumatra Tsunami Disaster & Recovery 2010

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