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The International Conference on Smart and Innovative Agriculture IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 686 (2021) 012019 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/686/1/012019

Stakeholder analysis for controlling land utilization in

Parangtritis sand dunes

E R Ningrum1, A Laili2, I I Yasiroh1, W T K Wardani3, M G R Al Tumus2, I

Amri1, B Aditya1 and R F Putri1
1
Environmental Geography Department, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah
Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
2
Development Geography Department, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah
Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
3
Geo-Informatics Department, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada,
Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia

E-mail: ratihfitria.putri@ugm.ac.id

Abstract. Land use change in coastal sand dune is a problematic issue that can arise due to
inappropriate use. Stakeholders have a large role in the management of sand dune. This study
aims to identify and map the role of stakeholders in relation to land utilization in Parangtritis
sand dunes. Land use distribution was analyzed using ArcGIS software, while the method used
for stakeholder analysis was in-depth interviews. The stakeholders in this study are the Spatial
Planning Agency of Bantul Regency (DPTR), the Environmental Agency of Bantul Regency
(DLH), Parangtritis Geomaritime Science Park (PGSP), Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis),
Save Our Sand Dune Lives (SOSDL), village government, and the local community. The result
indicated that many anthropogenic activities were identified on the sand dune area, which in turn
can endanger the existence of this landform. Based on the results of the analysis, it shows that
the stakeholders included in the role of the main players (key players) are DPTR, DLH, PGSP,
Pokdarwis, and SOSDL. Meanwhile, stakeholders included in the subject category are the village
government and the local community. There is no communication forum for management,
supervision, and control of the sand dune conservation area, as well as integration between
stakeholders.

1. Introduction
Coastal sand dune is an aeolian landform in the form of sand hill formed by wind action in coastal areas,
where there is a large supply of coarse-sized and loose sediments [1–2]. This landform can be found in
various regions with different climates, from the polar to the tropics. It provides many ecosystem
services for the environment and organisms. The role of coastal sand dune has been widely discussed
by researchers, such as preserving coastal water quality [3], natural protectors from coastal hazards [4],
habitats of exotic species [2], as well as providing benefits economics of utilization for agriculture,
aquaculture, mining, and tourism [5].
Parangtritis sand dune is one of the unique ecosystems in Yogyakarta, Indonesia because its
development is influenced by various complex factors. Barchan sand dune can be found in the area,
even though it is commonly found in arid or semi-arid environments. However, this area has increasingly
been under anthropogenic pressure since the development of tourism activities and infrastructures
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The International Conference on Smart and Innovative Agriculture IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 686 (2021) 012019 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/686/1/012019

development in Parangtritis [6]. As a result, the natural processes occurring in the sand dune are
disrupted and have an impact on the decrease in sandy land area [7]. In line with the development of
global trends in sustainable regional planning, environmental awareness or conservation is important to
consider in addition to the economic benefits offered. Problems often arise due to overlapping land use
as a consequence of stakeholder misalignment in utilizing sand dune. Each stakeholder has different
perspectives and interests. Therefore, coordination between stakeholders and local communities is
needed in the management of sand dune [8]. Basically, the community uses traditional methods in the
conservation and restoration of the sand dune, but these methods require advanced scientific research
and ecological studies to achieve optimal results [9].
Sustainable land management (SLM) is the main target that must be achieved in order to offset the
economic needs and environmental sustainability in Parangtritis sand dune. At least, the concept consists
of three components: (1) the use of different technologies or practices accompanied by integration
between them, (2) participatory planning, and (3) appropriate environmental policies [10]. Therefore,
stakeholder analysis needs to be done to fully understand the problems related to the management of
sand dune and formulate further strategies to achieve SLM. It is important to involve multiple
stakeholders in the planning process by providing initial feedback and gathering various perspectives
for decision-making so that conflicts of interests can be prevented [11].
Most sand dune research has focused on the mid-latitude area, while tropical sand dune has received
less attention [4]. In addition, stakeholder analysis has not been carried out in the sand dune area,
especially in Indonesia. Stakeholder analysis has already been applied for resource management in
various other types of natural ecosystems, such as mangroves [12], national parks [13], wetlands [14],
and inland forests [15]. The problem of utilizing the Parangtritis sand dune area is important to be studied
so that it can be overcome. Therefore, this study aims to identify and map the role of stakeholders in
relation to land utilization in Parangtritis sand dune. This research is expected to be a consideration in
formulating appropriate land use plans in this geo-conservation zone.

2. Method
This research used a qualitative approach. It described the dynamics of land use in sand dunes using
geographic information system technique and the role of stakeholders using stakeholder analysis. The
research was conducted in Parangtritis sand dunes. It is located in Parangtritis Village, Kretek Sub-
district, Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. This research was conducted on 22-26
July 2019.
The research used primary and secondary data. Data collection was carried out through literature
reviews, field observation, and in-depth interviews. Secondary data were taken from Parangtritis
Geomaritime Science Park (PGSP). These secondary data consist of land use map of Parangtritis
Village, shapefile of study area, and aerial photograph of Parangtritis sand dunes. The data were
processed using ArcGIS software. The interviews were determined using purposive sampling to analyze
the role of stakeholders. The stakeholders represent the government, non-governmental organization
(NGO), and the local community (Table 1). A stakeholder analysis was used to explain the role and
perspective of stakeholders in the utilization of Parangtritis sand dunes. Stakeholders were classified
into four groups based on the mapping of interest and influence: (1) subject (high interest but low
influence), (2) key players (high interest and influence), (3) crowd (low interest and influence), and (4)
context setters (low interest but high influence) [16]. Stakeholder analysis technique was performed
using an influence versus interest matrix to understand the role of each stakeholder in coastal sand dune
management.

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The International Conference on Smart and Innovative Agriculture IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 686 (2021) 012019 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/686/1/012019

Table 1. List of stakeholders.

No. Stakeholders Key Characteristics
1 Spatial Planning Agency of Bantul Policy-maker in the field of land and spatial
Regency (DPTR) planning
2 Environmental Agency of Bantul Policy-maker in the field of living environment
Regency (DLH)
3 Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis) NGO that drives tourism activities
4 Save Our Sand Dune Lives (SOSDL) Local organization that campaigns for the
preservation of sand dunes
5 Parangtritis Geomaritime Science Park Agency that focuses on coastal and marine research
(PGSP)
6 Village Government Organizer of government affairs at the village level
7 Local Community People who live in the area and use the resources
directly or indirectly

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Inappropriate land utilization in Parangtritis sand dunes

Parangtritis sand dunes is a unique aeolian landform in Southeast Asia due to the presence of barchan
type (crescent-shaped), although this type of sand dune is generally found in dry climates [9]. This
indicates that sand dunes are valuable assets and become a geo heritage for human living [17]. Land use
in Parangtritis sand dune is illustrated in Figure 1. The total area of the object of study is 412.8 ha. The
sand dune area reached 75.57 ha with a percentage of only 18.42% of the entire area (Table 1). The most
dominant land use in the area is non-cultural vegetation which reaches 24.72% of the total area. The
other land use is considered as anthropogenic activities in the form of dry-fields (tegalan), built-up,
settlements, gardens, and ponds.

Figure 1. Land use map of Parangtritis sand dunes.

3
The International Conference on Smart and Innovative Agriculture IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 686 (2021) 012019 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/686/1/012019

According to PGSP, Parangtritis sand dunes is classified into three zones, i.e., support zone, core
zone, and limited zone. The classifications of the zone are intended to limit any land use activity so that
Parangtritis sand dunes remain sustainable and in accordance with their purpose. Sand dunes formation
is no longer active in support and limited zone. Support zone is a zone in the west with an area of 176.4
ha. In this area, several anthropogenic activities were identified. In general, non-cultural vegetations are
the most dominant land use in the support zone. There is a limited zone in the east of the sand dunes
area. Limited zone (with an area of 93.5 ha) is a zone where there are buildings and community activities,
but it is forbidden to construct new permanent buildings in this zone. In this area there is a variety of
land uses that are dominated by anthropogenic activities in the form of settlements and dry-field. In
accordance with its designation, this zone is dominated by settlement which shows the existence of
human activities in it.

Table 2. Land use area percentage in Parangtritis sand dunes.

Land Use Types Area (Ha) Percentage (%)
Sand Dune 75.57 18.42
Street 11.14 2.72
Built-Up Area 9.69 2.36
Garden 17.56 4.28
Vacant Land/Unbuilt Land 22.30 5.44
Lagoon 0.53 0.13
Tidal Sand 20.55 5.01
Freshwater Fishery 0.13 0.03
Settlement 42.55 10.38
Grass 0.27 0.07
Irrigation 0.49 0.12
Shrubs 54.34 13.25
River 0.57 0.14
Pond 7.45 1.82
Dry Field 45.61 11.12
Other Non-cultural Vegetation 101.40 24.72

In the middle of the sand dunes area, there is a core zone with an area of 141.1 ha. It is the main sand
dune zone where the barchan sand dune is found and must be preserved. The core zone is directed
towards the natural tourism area of Barkhan Sand Dune, which is prohibited from constructing buildings
or other activities that can inhibit the formation of the sand dune. According to the land use map of
Parangtritis sand dunes, it can be recognized that the sand dunes area is occupied by several land
utilization form. Land uses identified in this zone include non-cultural vegetation, shrubs, fields,
settlements, and ponds. It has become a problem because this zone is dominated by non-cultural
vegetation rather than sand dune itself. Also, anthropogenic activities are still found in this zone. This
fact proved that despite Parangtritis sand dunes had been declared as a conservation site, the problem of
land use change is still going on. Then, the big question arises about how the stakeholders in this
conservation site work to cope with this problem.

3.2. Stakeholder analysis

Wakka defined a stakeholder as parties either individuals or groups that can influence decision making
and the achievement of the activities objectives [18]. Based on its relation to a decision, Townsley
distinguished stakeholders into two types: primary stakeholders and secondary stakeholders [19].

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The International Conference on Smart and Innovative Agriculture IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 686 (2021) 012019 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/686/1/012019

Primary stakeholders are parties who have a direct interest in resources either as a livelihood or directly
involved. Meanwhile, secondary stakeholders are parties who have an indirect interest or depend on
some resources.
There are seven stakeholders analyzed in this study related to the management of Parangtritis sand
dunes. The stakeholders consist of Spatial Planning Agency of Bantul Regency (DPTR), Environmental
Agency of Bantul Regency (DLH), Tourism Awareness Group (Kelompok Sadar Wisata/Pokdarwis),
Parangtritis Geomaritime Science Park (PGSP), Save Our Sand Dune Lives (SOSDL), village
government, and the local community. Based on stakeholder classification, the primary stakeholders in
the management of Parangtritis sand dunes consist of:
1. Spatial Planning Agency (DPTR), Bantul Regency
This agency has the authority in managing and arranging space, especially regarding the land
use regulation. It also has the authority to grant and control building permits. According to this
agency, Parangtritis sand dunes are incorporated into a conservation region namely SC-1 (nature
reserve). The utilization must be adjusted to the function of the region. The use is permitted only
around public facilities in this region.
2. Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis)
The main tasks of Pokdarwis are related to a technical guidelines government program,
implementation guidelines as a government partner, and community facilitator. Pokdarwis
bridges between the government and the community to provide socialization related to tourism
targets and manage tourism destinations in Parangtritis.
3. Village government
The local government has the authority to assist superiors in making the program from the
central government successful. It has the authority to regulate governance at the village level.
Therefore, it has the responsibility of monitoring the local community activities in managing
the sand dune.

4. Local community
The local community has a role in managing the sand dune zones. Based on the previous
analysis, community activities identified in the area are agriculture, plantation, settlement,
tourism, and aquaculture. The local community is not allowed to build permanent buildings or
do economic activities that can disturb the sand dune functions, especially in the core zone.
Meanwhile, the secondary stakeholders in the management of Parangtritis sand dunes consist of:
1. Environmental Agency (DLH), Bantul Regency
This agency does not have the authority to regulate the management and use of Parangtritis sand
dunes. It only has an authority to monitoring function and focuses on the conservation of the
sand dunes, which is limited to socialization to the community. One of the Environmental
Agency staff stated that there is no Governor’s Decree yet which defines more details about the
management of Parangtritis sand dunes. In addition, the Governor’s Decree is being prepared
regarding a communication forum of management, supervision, and control of the Parangtritis
sand dune conservation region.
2. Parangtritis Geomaritime Science Park (PGSP)
Parangtritis Geomaritime Science Park (PGSP) is an agency under the Geospatial Information
Agency which has authority in the scientific field especially the study about sand dune and

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The International Conference on Smart and Innovative Agriculture IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 686 (2021) 012019 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/686/1/012019

maritime. According to PGSP, the Parangtritis sand dunes are divided into three zones, such as
core zone, support zone, and limited zone.
3. Save Our Sand Dune Lives (SOSDL)
This local organization engaged in the conservation of Parangtritis sand dunes and Parangtritis
Beach. Regarding the spatial planning utilization of Parangtritis sand dune, the community has
a view related to utilization planning according to zoning designation. In the core zone of
Parangtritis sand dune, there should be no buildings but designated as a conservation region.

3.3. Influence and interest sharing between stakeholders

There are various kinds of influence and interest within stakeholders in sand dunes utilization. Some of
them are positive and in line with the purpose of utilization, whereas some others are negative and on
contrary to it. Stakeholder mapping might help in managing the involvement of those stakeholders in
sand dunes utilization [16]. The result shows that stakeholders in sand dunes utilization could be
classified into two categories according to their interest and influence (Figure 2). The categories consist
of key players and the subject. Stakeholders that are classified into key players are the DPTR, DLH,
PGSP, Pokdarwis, and SOSDL. Meanwhile, stakeholders that are classified into the subject are the
village government and the local community.

Figure 2. Stakeholder map of Parangtritis sand dunes utilization.

The local community reflects primary stakeholders as they have a direct interest in resource
management. However, they are classified into the category of the subject according to their influence
and interest in sand dunes utilization. In general, the interest of the local community around sand dunes,
especially of those who utilize the sand dunes, is to make it a tourist attraction. In addition, settlements,
aquacultures, and agricultural activities also threaten the sustainability of the sand dune. It is important
to notice and prevent the change of interest and utilization that is not in accordance with its designation
and zone in order to maintain its sustainability.
On the other hand, the influence of the community in decision making in sand dunes utilization is
considered low. This is apparent from the low capacity of knowledge, skill, and financial of the
community. In utilizing sand dunes, the community is divided according to their respective sub-village

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The International Conference on Smart and Innovative Agriculture IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 686 (2021) 012019 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/686/1/012019

across Parangtritis Village. One of the problems that might arise due to this utilization by the community
is the incompatibility of community activities in utilizing the resource according to its designated zone.
Based on the result of observation, several community activities are not compatible with the zoning
direction. One form of the inconsistency found in the sand dune is a tourist attraction in a form of
sunflower garden that is located within the main zone of sand dunes. It happens because the community
does not acknowledge that the activity is located within the main zone of sand dunes which is supposedly
not used as a tourism attraction as it might damage the current ecosystem. In addition, there are some
shrimp ponds along the Parangtritis Beach that arise a new problem with their waste. The problem is
found in the management of wastewater disposal. Some waste is dumped using big pipes that flow to
the coast. Meanwhile, another waste is just dumped irresponsibly. The waste could cause water
pollution.
As policy-makers and key players, DPTR and DLH must be able to involve the other key players in
utilizing the sand dunes and solving its correlating problems. Coordination among stakeholders, either
between key players or subject stakeholders, is significantly needed. Furthermore, the ongoing
formulation of the Governor’s Decree about management and utilization of the sand dunes is expected
to become an initial step to solve the problems and plan efficient management. Lastly, integration and
communication among stakeholders need to be improved in order to create collaboration and achieve
sustainability.

4. Conclusion and Recommendation

Land use in the Parangtritis sand dunes need to be monitored to achieve SLM. Sand dune areas that have
been designated as conservation zones should be protected from human activities that can disturb their
sustainability. The inappropriate land utilization will affect the process of formation of the sand dune
and will gradually eliminate the characteristics of this landform. The role of stakeholders in the proper
management of the Parangtritis sand dune is key in the preservation of the landform. However, based
on the results of this study, stakeholder functions are less than optimal due to lack of communication
and coordination. The future recommendation for the management of Parangtritis sand dunes is to
improve coordination and communication between stakeholders through various meetings and outreach.
Finally, enforcement of conservation zone regulations should be applied in a strict and consistent manner
so that this unique landform can be preserved.

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The International Conference on Smart and Innovative Agriculture IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 686 (2021) 012019 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/686/1/012019

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Acknowledgments
This research was part of Riset Besar program organized by Geography Study Club (GSC), Universitas
Gadjah Mada. The authors would like to thank Hafidz Wibisono, M.T. and Parangtritis Geomaritime
Science Park for their support. The research was partially funded by the Faculty of Geography,
Universitas Gadjah Mada.