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4th International Symposium on Marine Science and Fisheries IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 860 (2021) 012063 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/860/1/012063

Prospective analysis on developing Minapadi system (rice-fish

integrated farming): a case study in Samberembe Village,
Sleman Regency, DI Yogyakarta Province

Siti Hajar Suryawati, Riesti Triyanti and Rizki Aprilian Wijaya

Research Center for Marine and Fisheries Socio Economics, Jl. Pasir Putih I Ancol
Timur Jakarta, 14430, Indonesia

Email: siti_suryawati@yahoo.com; sitisuryawati@kkp.go.id

Abstract. The Minapadi rice-fish integrated farming system has been practiced for years by
the Indonesian paddy and fish farmers. Minapadi cultivation generally takes into consideration
the local wisdom in a particular region. This research was conducted in Semberembe, Sleman
Regency, DI Yogyakarta Province from October to November 2020. The methods used was
prospective analysis run with the MACTOR (Matrix of Alliances and Conflickts: Tactics,
Objectives and Recommendation) analytical tool. A total of 23 participants from various
representative backgrounds (i.e: government, fish farmers, local people, and local university
academics) were involved in an expert consultation. This study found that Fish Marmers Group
(Pokdakan) was the actor group with the highest dependence among other actors, followed by
Fisheries Extention Workers, Farmers, Fish Farmers, Pioneer, Village Head, Department of
Agriculture and Fisheries of Sleman Regency, and Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research
and Human Resources. The development of rice-fish integrated farming requires the
involvement of various parties from regulators, executors, supporting institutions, targets, to
the community as the main actor.

1. Introduction
Rice-fish culture is important in Indonesia, has been known for years, but its potential seems to be
underestimated and undervalued [1–3]. The minapadi rice-fish integrated farming is an
environmentally friendly technology, which can optimize the productivity of paddy agriculture [4,5].
Following from [6] agriculture is defined here as human activity in cultivating the soil to result in
yields in terms of plant or animal on one hand while leaving the ability of the soil to provive yields in
the next cultivations.
The rice-fish integrated farming, locally called minapadi, is an innovative concept that integrates
agricultural and fishery cultivation to provide greater benefits to farmers, group farmers and their
family [7–12] There are many good reasons to support the target of this concept because it can provide
more food sources, better use of scarce resources, protect the environment, and create opportunities for
value added. Fish production from minapadi areas in Sleman Regency produced 220 tons in 2015 year
and 423 tons in 2019 year, growing 18.32 percent during the period 2015 – 2019 at a productivity rate
of 5,6 tons/hectare [13–17]. Two cropping patterns exist in the Minapadi rice-fish farming syetem, and
these are (i) interval time pattern and (ii) intercrop pattern. The first is where fish rearing begins prior

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4th International Symposium on Marine Science and Fisheries IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 860 (2021) 012063 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/860/1/012063

to the time of rice planting, that is, when the rice seedlings are have been made available. Meanwhile,
intercropping pattern is where the fish and rice are planted in a paddy field at the same time.
Further innovation to rice-fish farming has taken place, integrating social engineering and technology
and involving other types of crop such as horticulture crops, cucumber, chili pepper, and shallot. In
many cases, integrated farming has promoted better income to farmers by making it as educational
and culinary tourist attractions., in addition to being fish and rich production sites While the system is
quite qood , this system certainly requires additional input costs, i.e., those associated with purchase of
seeds and fish feed [18].
Samberembe is considered a model by other mixed farming adopters in other places, particularly in
terms of the stakeholders’ interaction in supporting the system. Recognizing this, to promote the
sustainability of success of rice-fish integrated farming innovation in Samberembe and elsewhere, it is
necessary to learn how the involvement and role of relevant actors has contributed to sustainable
development of mixed farming in Samberembe. This study aims to analyze the supporting
stakeholders and participation in Samberembe Minapadi mixed farming sustem development.

2. Data and method

2.1. Study area

This study was conducted in Samberembe Village, Sleman Regency, DI Yogyakarta Province (Figure
1).

Source: Indonesia Maps (freeworldmaps.net)

Figure 1. Location of the study site

2.2. Data processing and analysis

This research used a mixed method approach, which is a combination of quantitative and qualitative
approaches. The study used primary data from the key persons consisted of 23 people representing

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4th International Symposium on Marine Science and Fisheries IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 860 (2021) 012063 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/860/1/012063

government, fish farmers, paddy farmers, and pioneers. In-depth interviews were carried out to obtain
specific information to answer research problems and research objectives by listing questions as a
guide for interviewing respondents and key informants. Interviews were conducted on selected key
informants who deliberately were selected based on their involvement and comprehension in issues
related to the Minapadi mixed farming program development.
Stakeholder analysis was undertaken to identify and map stakeholders based on their role and
impact in the Minapadi program development. It is necessary to fully understand the actors’ projects
and intentions, their means of action on one another, coupled with the constraints imposed on them.
For this, the MACTOR (Matrix of Alliance and Conflict: Tactics, Objectives, and Recommendations)
method [19,20] was adopted to run the analysis. MACTOR is an analytical tool used to analyze
influences and interests (objectives) of stakeholders [21,22]. This method has a very broad aplication
and can be used for up to 20 related purposes and yet simple and accessible. Referring to [23–28], to
obtain accurate results of analysis, an in-depth interview by using questionnaires was performed in this
study to obtain more comprehensive answer from stakeholders.

3. Result and discussion

3.1. Identification of related stakeholders and goals in minapadi program development

Identification of stakeholders can be developed with certain groupings. Stakeholders can be classified
by the role in fisheries management [29] into the following: 1) group manager/administrator; 2)
fishery group; 3) institutions/organizations that care about fisheries resources power; 4)
scientific/marketing group. Based on survey and in depth interview, there were 23 actors representing
the main actors of the Minapadi program development in Samberembe, Sleman, Yogyakarta. They
were: 1) Directorate General of Aquaculture; 2) Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and
Human Resources; 3) Provincial Marine and Fisheries Service; 4) Agriculture and Fisheries Services
of Sleman Regency; 5) Public Works Services of Sleman Regency; 6) Land and Spatial Planning
Services of Sleman Regency; 7) Forestry Service of Sleman Regency; 8) Village Head; 9) Community
Head; 10) Fish Farmers Group (Pokdakan); 11) Farmers Group; 12) Fishery Product Processing and
Marketer Group; 13) Women Farmers Group; 14) Fisheries Pioneer; 15) Formal Financial Institutions
(Bank); 16 Informal Financial Institutions; 17)Water-Using Farmers' Association; 18) Fish Farmers;
19) Farmers; 20) Processors and marketers of fishery products; 21) Fisheries Extension; 22)
Academics and 23) Agriculture Extension Workers. The effects and interests of stakeholders in the
Minapadi system development are illustrated in Figure 2.
Based on Figure 2, Village Head, Marine and Fisheries Provincial Service, Directorate General of
Aquaculture, Fish Processor, Land and Spatial Planning Services, Public Work Services and Water-
Using Farmers' Association are stakeholders in quadrant 1. They are influencial stakeholders. It means
they are the stakeholders that had the highest competitiveness, a high influence and low dependence.
Stakeholders in this quadrant are influential stakeholders but have a low level of importance in policy
goals and outcomes. Stakeholders in quadrant 2 are Fish Farmers Group (Pokdakan), Fisheries
Extension Workers, Farmers, Fish Farmers, Pioneer, Village Head, Department of Agriculture and
Fisheries of Sleman Regency, Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources.
These eight actors categorized as a relay stakeholders, whose are with a highest influence and high
dependence. Stakeholders in quadrant 3 or dependence stakeholder are those having low influence and
high dependence in Minapadi system development. These are Fishery Product Processing and
Marketer Group (POKLAHSAR) and Farmers Group (Poktan). Lastly, stakeholders in quadrant 4 or
autonomous stakeholders are Formal Financial Institution, Informal Financial Institution, Universities,
Extension Farmer and Women Farmers Group. These stakeholders are those with low influence and
low dependence. Uphoff (1986) reported that the performance of an institution can be measured
through variables for example how the institution can complete its main tasks [30].

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4th International Symposium on Marine Science and Fisheries IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 860 (2021) 012063 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/860/1/012063

Influencial stakeholders Relay stakeholders

Autonomous stakeholders Dependence stakeholders

Figure 2. Map of Influence and Interdependence between stakeholders (Source: primary data
processed, 2020)

The strategic objectives of Minapadi Program Development are: 1) Increasing of household income
(Income); 2) Increasing of fisheries production (Production); 3) Increasing of local economic
(Economic); 4) Sthrengthening institutional farmers group (Institutional); 5) Increasing of minapadi
system implementation (Innovation); and 6) Addition of business area (Area). The opinions of each
stakeholders were analyzed against the objectives. The results show that all stakeholders agreed on the
objectives of increasing of household income, increasing of fisheries production; increasing of local
economic, strengthening institutional farmers group and increasing of rice-fish integrated farming or
minapadi system implementation. However, for the objectives addition of business area, there were
pro and contra between stakeholders as shown in the following figure 3.

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4th International Symposium on Marine Science and Fisheries IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 860 (2021) 012063 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/860/1/012063

Histogram of actor's implication towards its objectives 2MAO

Area 28 10
Innovation 29 0
Institutional 44 0
Economic 41 0
Production 37 0
Income 49 0

0 10 20 30 40 50

Agree Disagree

Figure 3. Implications of objectives for stakeholders (Source: primary data processed, 2020)

3.2. Convergence and divergence between stakeholders in minapadi program development

Refering to definitions of Ackermann and Eden (2011), other major findings of stakeholder analysis
are convergence and divergence. The convergence matrix is divided into three orders, namely the
convergence of objectives between the actors which is used to identify the general position of an actor,
either pro or contra. The closer the actors is the stronger the convergence (Figure 4). Very strong
convergence occurs among Directorate General of Aquaculture, Fisheries Extension, Provincial
Marine and Fisheries Services, and Village Head. This shows that there are similarities in the goals of
the 4 actors in rice-fish integrated farming. On the contrary, Agricultural Extention, Land and Spatial
Planning Services, and Forestry Services have a low probability of conflict. In fact, their position is
neutral because they have indirect interests in Minapadi System Development.

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4th International Symposium on Marine Science and Fisheries IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 860 (2021) 012063 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/860/1/012063

Figure 4. Convergence between Actors in rice-fish integrated farming (Source: primary data
processed, 2020).

The next finding is divergence. The results of MACTOR analysis show that stakeholders with a
high potential of divergence are farmers, Provincial Marine and Fisheries Services and Directorate
General of Aquaculture. This means, there are conflicting interests between them. Farmers are
oriented to business sustainability to optimize their area. Therefore some farmers refuse to develop
rice-fish integrated farming on their area.

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4th International Symposium on Marine Science and Fisheries IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 860 (2021) 012063 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/860/1/012063

Figure 5. Divergence between stakeholders in minapadi system development (Source: primary data
processed, 2020).
3.3. Ambivalence between stakeholders
Last finding is actors ambivalence. One actor can be in a converging position on different strategic
objective one and divergent positions on the strategic objective of the others, against other actors who
same. The results of MACTOR analysis show that Land Affair Service, Forestry Service, Farmer
Group and Farmer are actors who are in the most ambivalent position. This is due to the position of
them do not have close involvement in rice-fish integrated farming development. They only interest in
utilization of water resources.

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4th International Symposium on Marine Science and Fisheries IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 860 (2021) 012063 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/860/1/012063

Figure 6. Stakeholders ambivalence in minapadi system development (Source: primary data

processed, 2020).

4. Conclusion
The conclusion and policy recommendations of this research are as follows:
a) Not all actors involved have an important role in rice-fish integrated farming development.
b) Each stakeholder has different objectives in rice-fish integrated farming development.
c) Increasing household income and strengthening institutional farmers group are two objectives that
have a major influence in rice-fish integrated farming development.
d) These key objectives are critical in supporting the success of rice-fish integrated farming
development.
e) The development of rice-fish integrated farming requires the involvement of various parties from
regulators, executors, supporting institutions, targets, to the community as the main actor.

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4th International Symposium on Marine Science and Fisheries IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 860 (2021) 012063 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/860/1/012063

Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Research Center for Marie and Fisheries Socio Economic for financial
support.

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