Marketing Costs Structure Calamansi PDF

Marketing Costs Structure Study
Series 6
MARKETING COSTS STRUCTURE

FOR CALAMANSI
Marketing Studies and Development Section

Agricultural Marketing Statistics Division
BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
June 2003
MARKETING COSTS
STRUCTURE FOR CALAMANSI
FOREWORD
This is the sixth of a series of research results on Marketing

Costs Structure Studies for Selected High Value Commercial Crops.
The research was conducted in the second semester of 2001. This
report describes the marketing costs of calamansi in the three
producing provinces of Quezon, Mindoro Oriental and Guimaras. It
includes the marketing costs incurred by traders in the demand
areas.
It is hoped that the information in this report would serve as

inputs in policy formulation and as guide for various participants in
the marketing chain for calamansi in their production and marketing
decisions.
ROMEO S. RECIDE
Director
Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi i

Table of Contents
Foreword ......................................................................................... i
Table of Contents ........................................................................... ii
Statistical Table .............................................................................. vii
List of Figures ................................................................................. vii
I. Introduction
Objectives
Scope and Limitation ....................................................... 1
II. Research
Methodology ................................................................... 2
III. Discussion of Results

A. Distribution and Profile of Respondents
Types of Marketing Participants ................................ 2 - 4
Profile of Respondents ............................................... 4 - 9
Marketing Practices and Functions ............................. 9
Procurement ............................................................... 9
Distribution .................................................................. 10
Geographic Flow ......................................................... 10 - 14
Marketing Channels .................................................... 14 - 18
Marketing Costs Labor ................................................ 18
Transportation Material Inputs Miscellaneous and
Other Operating Costs Depreciation ......................... 19 - 20
Total Marketing Costs ................................................. 21
Marketing Costs by Point of Destination ..................... 21 - 25
Marketing Margins ...................................................... 26 - 31
IV. Problems/Constraints
Encountered ..................................................................... 32
Statistical Tables ................................................................ 33

STATISTICAL TABLES
1 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by type, by

province/municipality, 2001
2 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by type of

marketing participants, by province,
2001
3 CALAMANSI : Number and percentage distribution of

farmer-respondents, by size of farm, by
province, 2001
4 CALAMANSI : Number and percentage distribution of

farmer-respondents, by tenurial status,
by province, 2001
5 CALAMANSI : Distribution of trader-respondents by

type of business, by province, 2001
5a CALAMANSI : Distribution of trader-respondents, by

type of marketing participants, by type
of business, by province, 2001
6 CALAMANSI : Distribution of trader-respondents, by

nature of capitalization, by province,
2001

type of marketing participants, by
nature of capitalization, by province,
2001
7 CALAMANSI : Distribution of trader-respondents, by

length of experience, by province, 2001
8 CALAMANSI : Major sources and destinations, by

location, by province, 2001
9 CALAMANSI : Cropping Pattern, by activity in selected

provinces, 2001
10 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondent by manner

of procurement, by province, 2001
10a CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by type of
marketing participants, by manner of
procurement, by province, 2001
11 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by mode of

payment in procurement, by province,
2001

marketing participants, by mode of
payment in buying stocks, by province,
2001
12 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by manner

of distribution, by province, 2001
12a CALAMANSI : Manner of distribution, by type of

marketing participants, by province,
2001
13 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by mode of

payment in distribution, by province,
2001
13a CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by type of

marketing participants, by mode of
payment for distribution, by province,
2001
14 CALAMANSI : Labor costs incurred by

activity/practice, by province, 2001
14a CALAMANSI : Labor costs incurred by marketing

participants, by activity/practice, Metro
Manila, 2001
14b CALAMANSI : Labor costs incurred by marketing

participants, by activity/practice,
Mindoro Oriental, 2001
14c CALAMANSI : Labor costs incurred by marketing

Batangas, 2001
14d CALAMANSI : Labor costs incurred by marketing
Quezon, 2001
14e CALAMANSI : Labor costs incurred by marketing

participants, by activity/practice, Iloilo,
2001
14f CALAMANSI : Labor costs incurred by marketing

Guimaras, 2001
15 CALAMANSI : Transportation costs incurred by

activity/practice, by province, 2001
15a CALAMANSI : Transportation costs incurred by

marketing participants, by
activity/practice, Metro Manila, 2001
15b CALAMANSI : Transportation costs incurred by

activity/practice, Mindoro Oriental, 2001
15c CALAMANSI : Transportation costs incurred by

activity/practice, Quezon, 2001
15d CALAMANSI : Transportation costs incurred by

activity/practice, Iloilo, 2001
15e CALAMANSI : Transportation costs incurred by

activity/practice, Guimaras, 2001
16 CALAMANSI : Cost of material inputs incurred by

activity/practice/cost item, by province,
2001
16a CALAMANSI : Cost of material inputs incurred by

activity/practice/cost item, Metro
Manila, 2001
16b CALAMANSI : Cost of material inputs incurred by

activity/practice/cost item, Mindoro
Oriental, 2001
16c CALAMANSI : Cost of material inputs incurred by
activity/practice/cost item, Batangas,
2001
16d CALAMANSI : Cost of material inputs incurred by

activity/practice/cost item, Quezon,
2001
16e CALAMANSI : Cost of material inputs incurred by

activity/practice/cost item, Iloilo, 2001
16f CALAMANSI : Cost of material inputs incurred by

activity/practice/cost item, Guimaras,
2001
17 CALAMANSI : Other operating costs by cost item, by

province, 2001
17a CALAMANSI : Other operating costs incurred by

marketing participants, by cost item,
Metro Manila, 2001
17b CALAMANSI : Other operating costs incurred by

17c CALAMANSI : Other operating costs incurred by

Batangas, 2001
17d CALAMANSI : Other operating costs incurred by

Quezon, 2001
17e CALAMANSI : Other operating costs incurred by
Iloilo, 2001
17f CALAMANSI : Other operating costs incurred by

Guimaras, 2001
18 CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation by

facilities/equipment used, by province,
2001
18a CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation incurred

by marketing participants, by
facilities/equipment used, Metro Manila,
2001
18b CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation incurred

facilities/equipment used, Mindoro
Oriental, 2001
18c CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation incurred

facilities/equipment used, Batangas,
2001
18d CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation incurred

facilities/equipment used, Quezon,
2001
18e CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation incurred

facilities/equipment used, Iloilo, 2001
18f CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation incurred

facilities/equipment used, Guimaras,
2001
19 CALAMANSI : Total Marketing Costs, Cash & Non-

cash), by cost item, by province, 2001
20 CALAMANSI : Total Marketing Costs (Cash & Non-

cash), by Major Item, by province,
2001
21 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by

problems encountered, by province,
2001
LIST OF FIGURES
1 CALAMANSI: Cropping Pattern, by activity in Mindoro Oriental, 2001…………………
2 CALAMANSI: Cropping Pattern, by activity in Quezon, 2001……………………………..
3 CALAMANSI: Cropping Pattern, by activity in Guimaras, 2001…………………………..
4 Geographic Flow of Calamansi in Mindoro Oriental, 2001……………………………………
5 Geographic Flow of Calamansi in Quezon, 2001…………………………………………………
6 Geographic Flow of Calamansi in Guimaras, 2001…………………………………………………
7 Marketing Channels for Calamansi in Mindoro Oriental, 2001………………………………
10 Marketing Channels for Calamansi in Quezon, 2001……………………………………………
11 Marketing Channels for Calamansi in Guimaras, 2001…………………………………………
13 Total Marketing Costs for Calamansi, by Point of Destination, Mindoro Oriental, 2001
14 Total Marketing Costs for Calamansi, by Point of Destination, Quezon, 2001 …………….
15 Total Marketing Costs for Calamansi, by Point of Destination, Guimaras, 2001 ……….
17 Marketing Cost for Calamansi, by level of Marketing Participants, Mindoro Oriental, 2001
18 Marketing Cost for Calamansi, by level of Marketing Participants, Quezon, 2001………….
19 Marketing Cost for Calamansi, by level of Marketing Participants, Guimaras, 2001………..

MARKETING COSTS STRUCTURE FOR CALAMANSI
I. Introduction
Calamansi or calamondin (Citrofortunella microcarpa) is a fruit tree

belonging to the citrus family. It is a good source of Vitamin C. Its juice is used
as an ingredient or additive in various food preparations. It also possesses
medicinal values.
Objective
This study aims to determine the marketing flow and the corresponding
expenses incurred by marketing participants in distributing calamansi from the
producers to the consumers.
Scope and Limitations
The study covered key supply and demand areas for calamansi in the
provinces of Quezon, Mindoro Oriental and Guimaras, representing Luzon and
Visayas.
The demand areas for calamansi in Mindoro Oriental include several

municipalities within the province and the adjacent province of Batangas.
Calamansi from Quezon reaches Rizal and Camarines Norte provinces, while
calamansi from Guimaras is consumed mostly in the provinces of Regions 6 and
7. Metro Manila serves as a major demand area.
The study traced the flow and the marketing costs of calamansi from the
production to the demand areas. At the demand areas, the study concentrated
on the costs incurred in marketing calamansi coming from a supply province but
not on calamansi produced in the demand province itself. For instance, in
Batangas, the costs borne by traders of calamansi from Mindoro Oriental were
covered but not the costs of moving calamansi produced in the municipalities
within Batangas province.
Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi 1

II. Research Methodology
For each of the key supply province, the top 5 producing barangays were
chosen from the results of the household listing under the High Value
Commercial Crops (HVCC) project. From these top producing barangays, 40
calamansi farmers were selected purposively. Farmers who were engaged in
producing/trading calamansi from July 2000 to June 2001 were selected and
interviewed.
From the farm level, the team traced the traders identified by the farmer-
respondents as buyers of their produce. Most of them were located in the
trading centers. From the traders, the team then moved to the next point of sale
consisting of retail markets within the province and/or trading centers in the
partner provinces.
III. Discussion of Results
The first part of the report describes the distribution, profile and the
marketing functions and practices of the respondents. Part 2 presents the
marketing costs and the problems encountered by the respondents.
A. Distribution and Profile of Respondents
Types of marketing participants. Of the total of 191 respondents,

120 were farmers and 71 were traders (Table 1).
In this study, four types of traders were identified: assemblers,

distributors, assembler-distributors and retailers. The first three types of
traders can be classified further according to the geographic coverage and
volume of transactions. Table 2 shows the type of marketing participants
covered in the study.
1. Assembler - procures calamansi from farmers and/or traders in the

supply areas; usually has agents or relatives responsible for procurement
and assembly. In this study assemblers are classified according to
geographic area of procurement. These are:

a) Barangay Assembler (BA) – procures from one barangay only.
b) Municipal Assembler (MA) - procures from two or more
barangays within the municipality.
c) Provincial Assembler (PA) - procures from two or more
municipalities within the province.
d) Regional Assembler (RA) - procures from two or more
provinces within the region.
2. Distributor - sells calamansi to other traders and consumers. Since

his/her business is primarily to sell than to procure, he/she provides more
services to his/her buyers than to his/her suppliers. They can be
classified according to the relative volume of commodities and to the
geographic sphere of his selling operations (location of buyers). The
following are the classification of distributors:
a) Small Distributor (SD) - handles only small volume of goods;

sells to retailers within the same market and to small eateries
(carinderia) within the area.
b) Medium Distributor (MD) - sells larger volume than small

distributor; sells to traders coming from other markets in the
province; may also sell to few institutional buyers (hotel,
restaurant, hospital, military camp).
c) Large Distributor (LD) - handles the largest volume among the

three types of distributors; usually sells to traders from other
markets within and outside the province; may also sells to several
institutional buyers.
3. Assembler – Distributor - uses the same efforts and resources in

procuring and selling a commodity; usually finances farmers and traders
in supply areas and has agents responsible for procurement; sells
commodities to other traders. Several combinations was identified in the
study as shown below:
a) Barangay Assembler- Small Distributor (BA-SD)

b) Barangay Assembler- Medium Distributor (BA-MD)
c) Municipal Assembler – Small Distributor (MA-SD)
d) Municipal Assembler – Medium Distributor (MA-MD)
e) Municipal Assembler – Large Distributor (MA-LD)
f) Provincial Assembler – Small Distributor (PA-SD)
g) Provincial Assembler – Medium Distributor (PA-MD)
h) Provincial Assembler – Large Distributor (PA-LD)
i) Regional Assembler – Large Distributor (RA-LD)

NOTE: An assembler remains only an assembler and not an assembler-
distributor if the trader sells exclusively to one trader. Example of traders
who are purely assemblers are inter-regional, regional, provincial and
municipal assemblers who sell to only one processor/exporter with whom
they have contract quotas to fulfill.
4. Retailer - sources his/her stocks either directly from the farmers or

traders and directly sell the goods to the consumers.
! Twenty-seven (27) of the trader-respondents were large distributors; 6

were medium and 6 were small distributors; and 32 were retailers.
Profile of Respondents
The characteristics of the respondents are presented in frequency

distribution tables. Farmers were classified by size of farm and land ownership.
Traders were grouped according to type of business ownership and length of
experience.
Sample Farmers
Size of Farm. The size of farm of farmer respondents ranged from less
than 1.0 to more than 5.0 hectares (Table 3).
! Calamansi is produced in relatively smaller areas. Sixty-four percent

(64%) of the respondents reported farm areas of less than one
hectare.
! Twenty-two or about 18% of the respondents had farm sizes of less

than 2.0 hectares.
! Each of 21 farmers cultivated areas of more than two hectares.
Land Ownership. Most of the farmer-respondents owned the farmland

they cultivate. Twenty-eight of them were tenants, 4 were lessees and 5 used
rent-free and public lands.
! In Mindoro Oriental, out of 40 respondents, 32 were owner operators;

2 were holders of certificate of land transfer; 5 were tenants and one
used public land.

! Farmer-respondents in Quezon comprised 35 landowners, one was a
CLT awardee and 4 were tenants.
! Thirty-nine (39) of the farmer-respondents in Guimaras were owners

and only one was tenant.
Cropping Pattern. Calamansi bear fruits after a year of planting. Its

trees have an average life span of five years. Figures 1-3 and Table 9 illustrate
the cropping pattern for calamansi based on the responses of the farmer-
respondents.
! Out of the 40 farmer-respondents, 14 farmers from Mindoro Oriental

planted calamansi trees during the period. All of them had standing
bearing trees from which they harvested and marketed the fruits
whole year round.
! In Quezon, nobody among the respondents planted calamansi from

June 2000 to July 2001 but they also have standing bearing trees.
! Likewise, the sources of calamansi fruits of farmer-respondents in

Guimaras were standing bearing trees.
Sample Traders
Business Ownership. Majority or 93 percent of the trader-respondents

in most of the study areas operated under single proprietorship.
! Trader-respondents from Metro Manila, Batangas, Quezon and Iloilo

were all single proprietors.
! Four among the respondents have business partners: 3 from Mindoro

Oriental and 1 from Guimaras.
! One large-distributor from Mindoro Oriental ran his business as a

corporation.
Nature of Capitalization
! Ninety-two percent of the trader-respondents financed their own

businesses. In Metro Manila, Batangas and Iloilo, all sample traders
used their own capital.
! One respondent from Mindoro Oriental, one from Quezon and two
from Guimaras operated their businesses under financing.

Figure 1. CALAMANSI: Cropping Pattern, by activity
in Mindoro Oriental, 2001
30
20
10
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec.
Planting Harvesting Trading

in Quezon, 2001
30
25
20
15
10
0

in Guimaras, 2001
50
40
30
20
10
0

! Two trader-respondents from Mindoro Oriental and Guimaras had
contract agreements with their buyers.
Length of Experience
! Thirteen traders representing 18% of sample traders were trading

calamansi for less than 5 years.
! Twenty-four traders or 34% were in the business for 5 to 10 years

already.
! Other trader-respondents have more than ten years experience in

calamansi trading: 13 traders with 11-10 years; 7 with 16-20 years and
14 with more than 20 years in this enterprise.
Marketing Practices and Functions
Farmers and traders perform several marketing practices in moving the

products from one point to another. The major practices and functions which
include the manner of procurement and distribution, mode of payment,
geographic flow and marketing channels and the corresponding costs are
described in the succeeding sections.
Procurement
In the supply province, traders procured calamansi from the production

area within the province. However, Iloilo traders bought their commodity in
province of Guimaras and Aklan in addition to the supply of calamansi in the
province.
Manner of Procurement
! Of the 71 trader-respondents, thirty two or 45 % picked up calamansi

from the sources.
! Procurement by 54% was done through deliveries by their suppliers.
! There was one trader from Iloilo who procured calamansi fruits using
both pick-up and delivery.
Mode of Payment. Payments of procurement were either cash on

delivery, consignment or delayed payment.

! Majority of the trader-respondents (42 out of 71) paid their suppliers in
cash upon delivery.
! Twenty-seven traders practiced consignment and two traders delayed

their payments to the suppliers.
Distribution
The following describes the mode of delivery and the terms of payment
made by the respondents.
Mode of Delivery. The mode of delivery of calamansi depended on the

type of buyer and the location.
! Thirty three (33) of the sample farmers and 3 traders from Mindoro
Oriental delivered calamansi to their buyers. On the other hand, 7
farmers and 6 traders let their buyers picked up the fruits from them.
! In contrast, 33 farmers from Quezon and 35 from Guimaras have their

buyers picked up the fruits from their farm while 7 and 5 farmers,
respectively delivered calamansi to their buyers.
! In Metro Manila, one retailer delivered calamansi to his buyers.

Calamansi sold by 7 large distributors and 12 retailers were picked up
from their stalls by their buyers
Mode of Payment. Terms of payment in selling calamansi were either

cash on delivery or consignment.
! Twenty eight farmers in Mindoro Oriental, 21 in Quezon and another

21 in Guimaras were paid on consignment basis. The remaining 50
farmer-respondents were paid in cash.
! Twenty assembler-distributors received payment in cash. Nineteen

(19) of them were paid in consignment. The retailer-respondents (32)
from all the covered areas received payment in cash.
Geographic Flow
Table 8 presents the sources and destination point of calamansi in the

areas of the study. Figures 4 – 6 illustrate the flow of calamansi by location and
by province.

Mindoro Oriental
-Calapan Manila
-Bilboa Batangas
-Puerto Galera
DEMAND -Victoria
AREAS
Mindoro Oriental
Trading Centers:
-Naujan
-Pola
TRADING -Guitad
CENTERS -Calapan
-Victoria
-Bago
-Bagong Silang
-Lumang Bayan
Mindoro Oriental:
-Naujan
SUPPLY
-Pola
AREAS
-Guitad
-Calapan
-Victoria
-Bago
-Bagong Silang
-Lumang Bayan
Figure 4. GEOGRAPHIC FLOW OF CALAMANSI IN MINDORO

ORIENTAL, 2001
Quezon:
-Lopez
-Gumaca Camarines Norte
-Lucena City Rizal
DEMAND -Atimonan
AREAS -Calauag
-Catanauan
Quezon Trading
Centers:
-Lopez
TRADING -Gumaca
CENTERS -Alabat
-Atimonan
-Tagcauayan
Quezon:
-Lopez
SUPPLY
-Gumaca
AREAS
-Alabat
-Atimonan
-Caglate
-Tagcauayan
-Caridad
-Magsino
Figure 5. GEOGRAPHIC FLOW OF CALAMANSI IN QUEZON, 2001

Guimaras: Negros Oriental
- Buenavista Negros Occidental
- Jordan Cebu
Palawan Iloilo
Metro Manila Antique
DEMAND Capiz
AREAS
San Lorenzo
Gaban
TRADING Buena Vista
CENTERS Jordan
Buena Vista
Sibunag
SUPPLY
San Lorenzo
AREAS
Gabon
Jordan
Figure 6. GEOGRAPHIC FLOW OF CALAMANSI IN GUIMARAS,

2001
! Mindoro Oriental
# Calamansi traded in Mindoro Oriental came from the following

municipalities within the province: Naujan, Pola, Guitad, Calapan,
Victoria, Bago, Bagong Silang and Lumang Bayan.
# Calamansi fruits were brought to the markets within the supply

municipalities.
# From the trading centers, calamansi were distributed serving the

needs of areas within and outside the province. Demand areas
outside Mindoro Oriental were Batangas and Manila.
! Quezon
# Calamansi in Quezon were sourced from Lopez, Gumaca, Alabat,

Atimonan, Caglate, Tagcauayan, Caridad and Magsino.
# From the farm, the fruits were distributed to the markets of Lopez,
Gumaca, Alabat, Atimonan and Tagcauayan (all within Quezon)
and to the provinces of Camarines Norte, Rizal and Metro Manila.
! Guimaras
# The supply of calamansi in Guimaras came primarily from the

municipalities of Buena Vista, Sibunag, San Lorenzo, Gaban,
Camansi and Jordan. No supplies came from outside Guimaras.
# Calamansi were traded in the markets of San Lorenzo, Gaban,

Buena Vista, Jordan and Camansi.
# From there, calamansi was distributed to Western and Central

Visayas provinces, Palawan and Metro Manila.
Marketing Channels
Figures 7 - 9 illustrate the distribution channels of calamansi from the

farmers to the final consumers.
! Mindoro Oriental
# Farmers sold calamansi to assembler-distributors, buyers outside

the province (BOP), processors and retailers. The assembler-
distributors brought their procured calamansi to a “bodega”/buying

CONSUMER
PROCESSOR
RETAILER
BODEGA
BOP
MA-MD
PA-LD BA-SD
FARMER
Figure 7. MARKETING CHANNELS FOR CALAMANSI IN

MINDORO ORIENTAL, 2001
CONSUMER
BUYERS
OUTSIDE
PROVINCE
RETAILER
BA-SD PA-LD
FARMER
Figure 8. MARKETING CHANNELS FOR CALAMANSI IN QUEZON,

2001
CONSUMER
INSTITUTIONAL
BUYERS
RETAILER
RETAILER FROM
OTHER MARKETS
BA-SD
MA-LD PA-LD
BUYERS OUTSIDE TRADER FROM

THE PROVINCE AKLAN
FARMER
Figure 9. MARKETING CHANNELS FOR CALAMANSI IN

GUIMARAS, 2001
station for distribution to the buyers coming outside the province.
They also sold calamansi to retailers and processors.
! Quezon
# Assembler-distributors and retailers bought calamansi from the

farmers. The outlets of the assembler-distributors were retailers
and buyers outside Quezon. Retailers, on the other hand, sold
calamansi directly to consumers.
! Guimaras
# Calamansi farmers in Guimaras sold their produce to assembler-

distributors and buyers outside the province. There were 5 farmers
who directly sold calamansi to retailers. Traders sold their
procurement to other traders and retailers within the trading
center. Provincial assembler-large distributors supplied calamansi to
a trader from Aklan and to retailers from other markets.
Marketing Costs
Marketing of calamansi from the farm up to retail level entails several

costs which include labor, transportation, material inputs, other operating
expenses and depreciation. The succeeding topics describe the costs borne by
the marketing participants in transferring calamansi from the farmer to the
retailer.
Labor
The activities in procuring calamansi from the farm included hauling,

handling (loading and unloading from the farm to the truck/vehicle) and sorting.
Shipping costs included fees for handling, arrastre and stevedoring. On the other
hand, hauling, handling, sorting, selling, packing, weighing and cleaning
comprised labor costs in the distribution of calamansi.
! Quezon incurred the highest labor cost with an average of P1.32 per
kilogram of calamansi which include labor in shipping, (P0.01) and
distribution cost, (P1.31).
! Cost of trading in Mindoro Oriental averaged P1.28 per kilogram from

procurement to selling; the large portion was payment for sorting.
! In Guimaras, relatively lower cost for labor was estimated at P0.66 per
kilogram of calamansi.

! Among the demand areas, traders from Manila incurred the highest
labor cost at P1.30; followed by Iloilo, P0.94 per kilogram of calamansi
and Batangas, P0.19 per kilogram.
Transportation
Transportation cost depends on the distance and destination of the

commodity.
! The cost of transporting calamansi from the farm to market was

highest in Mindoro Oriental. Farmers spent an average of P0.49
per kilogram for hauling and P0.56 for shipping, while traders
spent P0.35 for procurement and P0.66 per kilogram for
distribution.
! Iloilo farmers and traders incurred a total transportation cost of

P1.30 per kilogram of calamansi, on average.
! A relatively lower transport cost was spent in calamansi trading in

Metro Manila, P0.69, Quezon, P0.42, and Guimaras, P0.45.
Material Inputs
Costs of materials include those for containers (like “kaing”, sacks, plastic
bags, “bilao”, basket or wooden box), twine, old newspapers, etc. Aside from
those materials, banana leaves, needle, tie wire, different types of bags and
sacks were used in selling calamansi (Table 16).
! Cost of material inputs ranged from P0.08 to P0.82 per kilogram of

calamansi.
! In Metro Manila, trading cost amounted to P0.57 per kilogram, on

average.
! From farm to market, the cost of material inputs was P0.39 per kilogram
in Mindoro Oriental.
! Traders in Batangas incurred an average of P0.27 for material costs per

! Material cost for marketing was highest in Quezon at P0.82 per kilogram
of calamansi.

! Traders in Iloilo used only sacks, kaing and plastic bags costing an
average of P0.08 per kilogram of calamansi.
! In Guimaras, marketing costs per kilogram of calamansi included

procurement cost of P0.33, and P0.30 for distribution.
Miscellaneous and Other Operating Costs
Miscellaneous and other operating expenses include business

permit/license, market fee, electricity, telephone, water, gas and oil, cell cards,
etc. These also cover expenses for meals and beverages while transporting the
commodity (Table 17).
! Cost of other operating expenses ranged from P0.23 in Guimaras to

P0.91 per kilogram in Mindoro Oriental.
! Respondents from Mindoro Oriental reported the highest

shrinkage/wastage costs averaged at P0.35 per kilogram; followed by
Iloilo (P0.122) and Metro Manila (P0.11).
! Toll gate fee paid by the sample respondents amounted to P0.19 in

Mindoro Oriental, P0.14 in Metro Manila and P0.13 in Iloilo.
Depreciation
The study computed depreciation costs of materials, facilities and

transportation items used in calamansi marketing (Table 18).
! Depreciation costs ranged from P0.07 to 34 centavos per kilogram of

calamansi.
! Depreciation cost incurred by traders in Metro Manila was the lowest at

P0.07 per kilogram of calamansi.
! Depreciation costs of traders from Mindoro Oriental, Batangas and Quezon

were estimated at P0.09, P0.34 and P0.22 per kilogram of calamansi,
respectively.
! In Iloilo and Guimaras, depreciation costs were P0.10 and P0.14 per
kilogram of calamansi, respectively.
Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi 2 0

Total Marketing Costs
The total marketing cost items includes the costs incurred by the sample
respondents on labor, transportation, material inputs, other operating expenses
and imputed costs on labor and depreciation of materials, equipment and
facilities. These items were aggregated according to cash outlay which include
cash, non cash and imputed costs.
! Total cash cost was highest in Mindoro Oriental at P4.64, followed by

Metro Manila, P3.14; the lowest was in Batangas, P0.74.
! In contrast, non-cash cost including the depreciation cost was highest

in Batangas, P0.34; and lowest in Metro Manila, P0.07.
! The total costs borne by marketing participants ranged from P1.08

(Batangas) to P4.72 per kilogram (Mindoro Oriental).
! Transportation cost accounted for the highest, at an average of P2.06

per kilogram of calamansi. Labor costs and other operating expenses
have significant shares to total marketing costs in Mindoro Oriental.
! In Metro Manila, labor cost accounted for the biggest share at P1.30
which included salaries and wages; transportation costs, P0.69; other
operating expenses, P0.58; material inputs, P.57, and imputed costs,
P0.07.
! Marketing costs computed in Quezon included labor cost of P1.32;

transportation expenses of P0.42; materials, P0.82; other operating
expenses, P0.55 and imputed costs, P0.22 per kilogram of calamansi.
Marketing Costs by Point of Destination
Figures 10 to 12 illustrate the estimated costs of transferring calamansi

from the supply barangay to the different trading/demand areas.
! Quezon
In moving calamansi from the supply area to Rizal province,

sample respondents spent an average cost of P1.13 per kilogram.
However, respondents who sold in the different markets within the
province incurred P1.23 per kilogram.

MATRIX OF MARKETING COSTS FOR CALAMANSI
BY POINT OF DESTINATION, 2001
Marketing Costs
Supply Area/ Destination
(peso per kilogram)
Mindoro Oriental
- supply area to markets within the province 2.36
- supply area to Batangas 1.91
- supply area to Metro Manila 1.62
Quezon
- supply area to Rizal 1.13
Guimaras
- supply area to Negros Occidental 0.80
- supply area to Metro Manila 0.89

Mindoro Oriental to Manila
= P1.62
Metro Manila
Mindoro Oriental to
Batangas = P1.91
Batangas
Within Mindoro Oriental =

P2.36
Mindoro Oriental
Figure 10. Total marketing costs for Calamansi, by point of destination,

Within Quezon = P1.23
Quezon
Quezon to Rizal = P1.13
Figure 11. Total marketing costs for Calamansi, by point of destination, Quezon,
2001
Guimaras to Metro
Manila = P0.89
Metro Manila
Within Guimaras =
P0.66
Guimaras/Iloilo
Negros Occidental
Guimaras to Negros
Occidental = P0.80
Figure 12. Total marketing costs for Calamansi, by point of destination, Guimaras,
2001
! Mindoro Oriental
From the supply barangays to the market, the average expense

was P2.36 per kilogram of calamansi.
In trading calamansi to Manila, the average cost kilogram of

calamansi was P1.32 for transportation; P0.19 for labor; P0.03 for
materials; P0.02 for depreciation; and P0.06 for other expenses.
Traders in Batangas incurred an average cost of P1.91 per

! Guimaras
Calamansi traders spent an average of P0.66 when the fruit is

sold within the province, and P0.80 per kilogram when shipped to
Negros Occidental.
Respondents who delivered calamansi to Metro Manila incurred

an average cost of P0.89 per kilogram. The transportation cost of
P0.32 per kilogram from Iloilo to Manila included the transport costs
from the supply barangays to the pier or “pantalan” (P0.12) and
freight (P0.20). Transportation costs from the piers in Manila to their
next point of destination were borne by the buyers of the fruits.
Marketing Margins
The initial step in measuring the marketing margins is to describe the

structure of the marketing chain, starting at the farm gate and tracing the
product through the various intermediaries until it reaches the final consumer.
Second is to identify and list the various functions that are performed at each
stage in the marketing process.
The estimation of marketing margin needs price data at which the product
is bought and sold at each stage in the marketing process. Costs incurred in
marketing plus the buying price give the estimated selling price.
On the part of traders, buying price can be considered an expense. They

have to pay for the commodity as the initial investment at prices agreed by both
parties, the farmer and the trader. The gross margin, which still includes the cost
of trading and the risk/losses, is the difference between the retail price and the
effective buying price at the farm level.

The net margin, or the net return, therefore, is the remainder when the
total marketing costs were subtracted from the total gross margin. Below is the
illustration of the concept:
RP
NM
TGM
FP + TC
FP
where: RP = retail price

FP = farm price or the effective buying price at farm level
FP+TC = farm price plus the total costs
TGM = total gross margin (RP - FP)
NM = net margin or return [RP – (FP + TC)]
The estimated marketing margins for calamansi at each level of marketing

participants and the estimated selling price for each supply province were
illustrated from Figures 13 to 15.
! Mindoro Oriental
Traders incurred a total cost of P4.72 per kilogram of calamansi from

procurement to distribution. The ex-wholesaler price, buying price plus total
cost, was P15.30. At retail price of P14.65 per kilogram, the farmers’ share to
consumers’ peso was 72% and the traders had 28%.
! Quezon
At buying price of P12.73 and total marketing cost of P3.34, the estimated
selling price was P16.07 per kilogram. At the retail price of P41.53 per
kilogram, the trader’s share was P19.97.

AVERAGE PRICES AND MARKETING MARGINS FOR CALAMANSI, 2001
MINDORO ORIENTAL QUEZON GUIMARAS

Margins Margins Margins
ITEM
Prices Peso per Prices Peso per Prices Peso per
Percent Percent Percent
kg. kg. kg.
Farm 10.58 12.73 7.98

Retail 14.65 41.53 17.08
Farmer 72.22 2.94 30.65 8.83 46.72 4.25

Retailer 27.78 1.13 69.35 19.97 53.28 4.85
Total 100 4.07 100 28.80 100 9.10

Less: Total Costs 4.72 3.34 2.11
Net Margin/Return (0.65) 25.46 6.99
Amount Market Price*
CONSUMER Practice/Activity/Cost Item
(P/kg) Level Price Range Ave.
Estimated Selling Price w/o margin Retail 3.25 - 22.75 14.65

(buying price & total costs) 15.30
PROCESSOR
RETAILER Total Costs 4.72
BODEGA TRADERS Materials 0.34

OUTSIDE Labor 1.18
PROVINCE
Transporting 0.66
MA-MD
Depreciation 0.082
Others 0.91
PA-LD BA-SD
Shipping 0.56
Materials 0.053
Labor 0.10
Transporting 0.35
FARMER
Pre-marketing
Transportation 0.49
Buying Price 10.58 Farm 2.76 - 20.82 10.58
* Source: BAS' FPS, Wholesale & Retail Price Monitoring
Figure 13. Marketing Costs for Calamansi, by level of Marketing Participants, Mindoro Oriental, 2001
CONSUMER Practice/Activity/Cost Item
BUYERS
OUTSIDE Estimated Selling Price w/o margin Retail 12.54 - 58.50 41.53
PROVINCE (buying price & total costs) 16.07
Materials 0.698
Labor 1.31
Transporting 0.26
Depreciation 0.22
Others 0.55
BA-SD PA-LD
Shipping 0.01
Transportation 0.16
Materials 0.13
FARMER
Figure 14. Marketing Costs for Calamansi, by level of Marketing Participants, Quezon, 2001
CONSUMER Practice/Activity/Costs Item
INSTITUTIONAL
BUYERS Estimated Selling Price w/o margin Retail 9.65 - 20.60 17.08
(buying price & total costs) 10.09

RETAILER
FROM OTHER
Materials 0.30
Labor 0.20
BA-SD Transporting 0.31
Depreciation 0.14
Others 0.23
MA-LD PA-LD
Shipping
Labor 0.14
TRADER Materials 0.33

TRADER
OUTSIDE
FROM Labor 0.32
THE
AKLAN Transporting 0.14
PROVINCE
FARMER
Figure 15. Marketing Costs for Calamansi, by level of Marketing Participants, Guimaras, 2001
! Guimaras
Traders bought calamansi at P7.98 and spent about P2.11 per kilogram
during procurement and distribution. At an average retail price of P17.08, the
traders net margin was P6.99 per kilogram.
IV. Problems/Constraints Encountered
Table 22 presents the problems encountered by the farmers and trader-

respondents in relation to calamansi marketing. Some of these problems were:
! Abundant supply and low quality of calamansi being produced by the farmers
resulted to lower price. One farmer stated that he lack information and
knowledge on the proper production and post harvest technology.
! Ten respondents from different province reported that their creditors did not
pay their loan or sometimes the payment for the commodities were delayed.
! A large percentage of wastage in bringing calamansi from the farm to the

demand areas because of the poor condition of the farm to market roads.
! Two traders lack capital to finance the buying and selling of calamansi.
! Other problems include the frequent price fluctuation, absence of permanent

stalls, the availability of shipping lines, too many competitors, the presence of
imported lemon in the market and the “tong” given to different authority.

Statistical
Tables
Table 1. CALAMANSI: Distribution of respondents, by type,
by province/municipality, 2001
Province/Municipality Farmer Trader Total
Metro Manila 20 20
Pasay City 3 3
Quezon City 6 6
Manila 8 8
Mandaluyong 2 2
Caloocan City 1 1
Batangas 11 11
Tanauan City 5 5
Batangas City 6 6
Quezon 40 12 52
Alabat 16 4 20
Caridad 8 3 11
Magsino 8 8
Tagcauayan 8 8
Lopez 1 1
Gumaca 3 3
Atimonan 1 1
Mindoro Oriental 40 9 49
Pola 8 8
Baco 8 8
Naujan 10 10
Victory 14 2 17
Calapan 7 7
Guimaras 40 8 48
Buenavista 32 4 36
Jordan 2 2
San Lorenzo 8 2 10
Iloilo 11 11
Guimbal 1 1
La Paz 1 1
Iloilo City 9 9
TOTAL 120 71 191

Table 2. CALAMANSI: Distribution of respondents, by type of marketing participants,
by province, 2001
PA-LD/MA- PA-MD/MA- MA-SD/BA-

Province Farmer Retailer Total Percent
LD/RA-LD MD/BA-MD SD/PA-SD
Metro Manila 7 13 20 10
Mindoro Oriental 40 6 3 49 26
Batangas 7 4 11 6
Quezon 40 5 3 4 52 27
Guimaras 40 4 1 3 48 25
Iloilo 3 1 2 5 11 6
TOTAL 120 27 6 6 32 191 100
Table 3. CALAMANSI: Number and percentage distribution of farmer respondents,
by size of farm, by province, 2001
Farm Size (in Mindoro

Quezon Guimaras Total Percent
hectare) Oriental
less than 1.0 14 32 31 77 64
1.00 - 1.99 11 8 3 22 18
2.00 - 2.99 8 4 12 10
3.00 - 3.99 2 2 4 3
4.00 - 4.99 2 2 2
more than 5.0 3 3 3
TOTAL 40 40 40 120 100

Table 4. CALAMANSI: Number and percentage distribution of farmer-respondents,
by tenurial status, by province, 2001
Mindoro
Tenurial Status Quezon Guimaras Total Percent
Oriental
Owner 32 35 39 106 88
CLT 2 1 3 3
Tenant 5 4 1 10 8
Others* 1 1 1
TOTAL 40 40 40 120 100

* Public land
Table 5. CALAMANSI: Distribution of trader respondents,
by type of business, by province, 2001
Metro Mindoro
Type of Business Batangas Quezon Guimaras Iloilo Total Percent
Manila Oriental
Single Proprietorship 20 5 11 12 7 11 66 93
Partnership 3 1 4 6
Corporation 1 1 1
TOTAL 20 9 11 12 8 11 71 100
Table 5a. CALAMANSI: Distribution of trader respondents, by type of marketing participants,
by type of business, by province, 2001
PA-LD/MA-LD/ PA-MD/MA- PA-SD/MA-

Province Retailer Total
RA-LD MD/BA-MD SD/BA/SD
Metro Manila
Single Proprietorship 7 13 20
Mindoro Oriental
Corporation 1 1
Partnership 3 3
Batangas
Quezon
Single Proprietorship 5 3 4 12
Guimaras
Single Proprietorship 3 1 3 7
Partnership 1 1
Iloilo City
Single Proprietorship 3 1 2 5 11
TOTAL 27 6 6 32 71
Table 6. CALAMANSI: Distribution of trader respondents,
by nature of capitalization, by province, 2001
Metro Mindoro
Nature of Capitalization Batangas Quezon Guimaras Iloilo Total Percent
Manila Oriental
Self-financed 20 7 11 11 5 11 65 91
Under financing 1 1 2 4 6
Under contract agreement 1 1 2 3
TOTAL 20 9 11 12 8 11 71 100
Table 6a. CALAMANSI: Distribution of trader respondents, by nature of capitalization, by province, 2001
PA-LD/MA-LD/ PA-MD/MA- PA-SD/MA-

Province Retailer Total
RA-LD MD/BA-MD SD/BA-SD
Metro Manila
Self-financed 7 13 20
Mindoro Oriental
Self-financed 5 2 7
Under financing 1 1
Under contract agreement 1 1
Batangas
Self-financed 7 4 11
Quezon
Self-financed 5 3 3 11
Under financing 1 1
Guimaras
Self-financed 3 2 5
Under financing 1 1 2
Under contract agreement 1 1
Iloilo
Self-financed 3 1 2 5 11
TOTAL 27 6 6 32 71
Table 7. CALAMANSI: Distribution of trader respondents, by length of experience,
by province, 2001
Metro Mindoro
Years in business Batangas Quezon Guimaras Iloilo Total Percent
Manila Oriental
less than 5 4 1 3 2 1 2 13 18
5 - 10 4 6 2 3 4 5 24 34
11 - 15 6 1 2 3 1 13 18
16 - 20 1 3 3 7 10
more than 20 5 1 1 1 3 3 14 20
TOTAL 20 9 11 12 8 11 71 100
Table 8. CALAMANSI: Major sources and destinations, by location,
by province, 2001
Source Destination
Province/City/Area
Within the province Outside the province Within the province Outside the province
Metro Manila Pasay City Mindoro Oriental Pasay City Cavite

Manila Cabanatuan City of Manila Bulacan
Quezon City Davao City Quezon City Rizal
Baguio City Pasig City Laguna
Nueva Ecija
Zamboanga City
Mindoro Oriental Naujan Calapan Metro Manila

Pola Bilboa Batangas
Gutad Puerto Galera
Calapan Victoria
Victoria
Baco
Bagong Silang
Lumang Bayan
Batangas Tanauan City Mindoro Oriental Nasugbu Manila

Pola Roxas Balayan Pangasinan
Calapan Batangas City Laguna
Cavite
Quezon Lopez Atimonan Daet
Gumaca Lucena Rizal
Alabat Gumaca Metro Manila
Atimonan Lopez
Caglate Calauag
Tagcauayan Catanauan
Caridad
Magsino
Guimaras Buenavista Buenavista Negros Oriental

Sibunag Jordan Palawan
San Lorenzo Bacolod
Jordan Iloilo
Gaban Cebu
Camansi Metro Manila
Iloilo Guimbal Guimaras Guimbal Antique

La Paz Aklan La Paz Capiz
Iloilo City Jaro Roxas
Miagao
Langkas Mandaue Negros Occidental
Tabon Masbate
Metro Manila
Table 9. CALAMANSI: Cropping Pattern, by activity in selected provinces, 2001
Province Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec.
Mindoro Oriental
Planting 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 1
Harvesting 22 20 28 27 24 18 26 28 26 22 17 21
Trading 23 21 30 29 24 18 26 31 29 25 17 21
Quezon
Harvesting 18 17 24 24 26 23 24 27 27 25 20 17
Trading 16 12 16 21 22 19 20 23 17 16 12 14
Guimaras
Harvesting 35 35 38 39 40 32 33 36 40 34 33 39
Trading 35 35 38 39 40 32 33 36 40 34 33 39
Table 10. CALAMANSI: Distribution of respondents, by manner of procurement,
by province, 2001
Metro Mindoro
Mode of Delivery Batangas Quezon Guimaras Iloilo Total Percent
Manila Oriental
Picked up 12 3 4 3 10 32 45
Delivered 8 9 8 8 5 38 54
Both 1 1 1
TOTAL 20 9 11 12 8 11 71 100
Table 10a. CALAMANSI: Distribution of respondents, by type of marketing participants,
by manner of procurement, by province, 2001
PA-LD/MA-LD/ PA-MD/P MA- MA-SD/BA-

Mode of Delivery Retailer TOTAL
RA-LD MD/ BA-MD SD/PA-SD
METRO MANILA
Picked-up 2 10 12
Delivered 5 3 8
MINDORO ORIENTAL
Delivered 6 3 9
BATANGAS
Picked-up 3 3
Delivered 7 1 8
QUEZON
Picked-up 3 1 4
Delivered 2 2 4 8
GUIMARAS
Picked-up 3 3
Delivered 1 1 3 5
ILOILO
Picked-up 2 1 2 5 10
Delivered 1 1
TOTAL 27 6 6 32 71
Table 11. CALAMANSI: Distribution of respondents, by mode of payment in procurement,
by province, 2001
Metro Mindoro
Mode of Payment Batangas Quezon Guimaras Iloilo Total Percent
Manila Oriental
Cash 17 5 5 4 5 6 42 59
Consignment 3 4 6 8 2 4 27 38
Delayed Payment 1 1 2 3
TOTAL 20 9 11 12 8 11 71 100
Table 11a. CALAMANSI: Distribution of trader respondents, by type of marketing participants,
by mode of payment in buying stocks, by province, 2001
PA-LD/MA-LD/ PA-MD/ MA- MA-SD/ BA-SD/

Mode of Payment Retailer TOTAL
RA-LD MD/ BA-MD PA-SD
METRO MANILA
Cash 4 13 17
Consignment 3 3
MINDORO ORIENTAL
Cash 2 3 5
Consignment 4 4
BATANGAS
Cash 2 3 5
Consignment 5 1 6
QUEZON
Cash 1 2 1 4
Consignment 4 1 3 8
GUIMARAS
Cash 2 1 2 5
Consignment 1 1 2
Delayed Payment 1 1
ILOILO
Cash 3 2 1 6
Consignment 4 4
Delayed Payment 1 1
TOTAL 27 6 6 32 71
Table 12. CALAMANSI: Distribution of respondents, by manner of distribution,
by province, 2001
Metro Mindoro
Mode of Delivery Batangas Quezon Guimaras Iloilo Total Percent
Manila Oriental
Picked up 19 13 10 37 37 10 126 66
Delivered 1 36 15 11 1 64 34
Both 1 1 a/
TOTAL 20 49 11 52 48 11 191 100

a/ less than 1 percent
Table 12a. CALAMANSI: Manner of distribution, by type of
marketing participants, by province, 2000
PA-LD/MA-LD/ PA-MD// MA- MA-SD/ BA-

Mode of Delivery Farmers Retailer TOTAL
RA-LD MD// BA-MD SD/PA-SD
METRO MANILA
Picked- up 7 12 19
Delivered 1 1
MINDORO ORIENTAL
Picked- up 7 3 3 13
Delivered 33 3 36
BATANGAS
Picked- up 7 3 10
Both 1 1
QUEZON
Picked- up 33 2 2 37
Delivered 7 3 3 2 15
GUIMARAS
Picked- up 35 2 37
Delivered 5 4 1 1 11
ILOILO
Picked- up 3 1 1 5 10
Delivered 1 1
TOTAL 120 27 6 6 32 191

Table 13. CALAMANSI: Distribution of respondents, by manner of mode of payment in distribution,
by province, 2001
Metro Mindoro
Mode of Payment Batangas Quezon Guimaras Iloilo Total Percent
Manila Oriental
Cash 17 16 5 28 27 10 103 54
Consignment 3 33 6 24 21 1 88 46
TOTAL 20 49 11 52 48 11 191 100

Table 13a. CALAMANSI: Distribution of respondents, by type of marketing participants,
by mode of payment for distribution, by province, 2001
PA-LD/MA-LD/ PA-MD/ MA- MA-SD/ BA-

Mode of Payment FARMERS RETAILER TOTAL
RA-LD MD/ BA-MD SD/PA-SD
METRO MANILA
Cash 4 13 17
Consignment 3 3
MINDORO ORIENTAL
Cash 12 1 3 16
Consignment 28 5 33
BATANGAS
Cash 1 4 5
Consignment 6 6
QUEZON
Cash 19 4 1 4 28
Consignment 21 1 2 24
GUIMARAS
Cash 19 4 1 3 27
Consignment 21 21
ILOILO
Cash 3 1 1 5 10
Consignment 1 1
TOTAL 120 27 6 6 32 191

Table 14. CALAMANSI: Labor costs by marketing activity/practice,
by provinces, 2001
Marketing Metro Mindoro

Batangas Quezon Iloilo Guimaras
Activity/Practice Manila Oriental
peso per kilogram
Procurement 0.23 0.96 0.10 0.54

Hauling 0.96 0.10 0.16
Handling 0.03 0.13
Loading 0.10
Unloading 0.10
Sorting 0.03
Shipping 0.06 0.11

Handling fee 0.06 0.11
Arrastre
Distribution 0.85 1.11 0.06 1.31 0.53

Hauling 0.35
Handling 0.34
Loading 0.10 0.05 0.03 0.09
Unloading 0.10 0.05 0.03 0.09
Sorting 0.50 0.45 0.31 0.08
Selling 0.15 0.15
Packing a/ 0.19 0.09 0.10
Weighing 0.17 0.14 0.08
Cleaning 0.05 0.08 0.09
Salaries and wages 0.23 0.07 0.13 0.25 0.20
Total 1.31 2.14 0.19 1.31 0.88 0.74

a/ includes weighing and re-packing in plastic sacks, bags, etc.
Table 14a. CALAMANSI: Labor costs incurred by marketing
participants, by activity/practice, Metro Manila, 2001
Marketing
RA/LD MA/LD Retailer
Activity/Practice
peso per kilogram
Procurement 0.08 0.05 0.20

Handling a/ 0.08 0.05
Loading 0.10
Unloading 0.10
Distribution 0.70 0.44

Handling
Loading 0.10 0.15
Unloading 0.10 0.15
Sorting 0.50
Selling 0.14
Salaries and Wages 0.20 0.20 0.61
TOTAL 0.98 0.25 1.25

Table 14b. CALAMANSI: Labor costs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice, Mindoro Oriental, 2001
Marketing
FARMER PA-LD MA-LD RETAILER
Activity/Practice
peso per kilogram
Procurement 0.14 0.05
Hauling 0.14 0.05
Distribution 1.12 0.31 0.29 0.87

Handling
Loading 0.02 0.001 0.07 0.03
Unloading 0.02 0.001 0.07 0.03
Sorting 0.61 0.05 0.27
Packing 0.42 0.16 0.05 0.27
Weighing 0.05 0.27
Cleaning 0.05
Selling 0.15
Salaries and Wages 0.07
TOTAL 1.33 0.31 0.34 0.87

Table 14c. CALAMANSI: Labor costs incurred by marketing
participants, by activity/practice, Batangas, 2001
Marketing
PA-LD PA-MD RETAILER
Activity/Practice
peso per kilogram
Distribution 0.04 0.05 0.09

Handling
Loading 0.04 0.02 0.05
Unloading 0.03 0.04
TOTAL 0.04 0.18 0.09
Table 14d. CALAMANSI: Labor costs incurred by marketing

participants, by activity/practice, Quezon, 2001
Marketing
FARMER IRA-PA PA-LD PA-MD RETAILER
Activity/Practice
peso per kilogram
Distribution
Hauling 0.51 0.22 0.33
Handling 0.48 0.33
Sorting 0.64 0.56 0.16
Packing a/ 0.08 0.16 0.12
Cleaning 0.08
Weighing 0.08 0.16 0.12
TOTAL 1.15 0.80 0.48 0.70 0.9

a/ includes weighing and re-packing in plastic sacks, bags, etc.
Table 14e. CALAMANSI: Labor costs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practices, Iloilo, 2001
Marketing
RA-LD RA-MD PA-SD RETAILER
Activity/Practice
peso per kilogram
Procurement 0.12 0.10 0.01 0.20

Hauling 0.12 0.10 0.01 0.20
Shipping 0.10 0.04

Distribution 0.47 0.35 0.84 0.08

Handling
Loading 0.06 0.04 0.28 0.02
Unloading 0.06 0.04 0.28 0.02
Cleaning 0.12 0.07
Sorting 0.12 0.09 0.07 0.02
Packing 0.11 0.09 0.07
Weighing 0.12 0.09 0.07 0.02
TOTAL 0.69 0.45 0.95 0.53

Table 14f. CALAMANSI: Labor costs incurred by marketing participants,
by activity/practice, Guimaras, 2001
Marketing
FARMERS IRA-LD PA-LD MA-LD MA-SD RETAILER
Activity/Practice
peso per kilogram
Procurement 0.10 0.30 0.21 0.20 1.48

Hauling 0.10 0.15 0.10 0.76
Handling 0.15 0.10 0.72
Sorting 0.01 0.20
Shipping 0.14
Handling 0.11
Arrastre 0.03
Salaries and Wages 0.14 0.93
TOTAL 0.10 0.14 0.44 0.21 0.20 2.41

Table 15. CALAMANSI: Transportation costs by marketing activity/practice,
by province, 2001
METRO MINDORO
Practice/activity QUEZON ILOILO GUIMARAS
MANILA ORIENTAL
peso per kilogram
Pre-marketing 0.49
Procurement 0.30 0.35 0.36 0.14
Procurement 0.35
Shipping 0.56 0.14
Distribution 0.39 0.66 0.26 0.80 0.31
TOTAL 0.69 2.41 0.26 1.30 0.45

Table 15a. CALAMANSI: Transportation costs incurred
by marketing participants, by activity/practice,
Metro Manila, 2001
Marketing Activity/Practices RA/LD Retailer

peso per kilogram
Procurement 0.12 0.52
Distribution 0.39
TOTAL 0.12 0.91
Table 15b. CALAMANSI: Transportation costs incurred

by marketing participants, by activity/practice,
Marketing Activity/Practice FARMER MA-LD

peso per kilogram
Procurement 0.35
Shipping 0.56
TOTAL 1.75 0.73

Table 15c: CALAMANSI : Transportation costs incurred by marketing
participants, by activity/practice, Quezon, 2001
Marketing Activity/Practice FARMER IRA-LD PA-LD PA-MD MA-MD BA-SD RETAILER
Distribution 0.31 0.33 0.16 0.21 0.16 0.52 0.16
Total 0.31 0.33 0.16 0.21 0.16 0.52 0.16

Table 15d. CALAMANSI: Transportation costs incurred by marketing
participants, by activity/practice, Iloilo, 2001
Marketing
RA-LD RA-MD PA-SD
Activity/Practice
peso per kilogram
Procurement 0.56 0.34 0.25
Shipping (freight) 0.14
Distribution 0.80
TOTAL 0.56 0.34 1.19
Table 15e. CALAMANSI: Transportation costs incurred by marketing

participants, by activity/practice, Guimaras, 2001
Marketing
IRA-LD PA-LD MA-LD MA-SD
Activity/Practice
peso per kilogram
Procurement 0.03 0.16 0.12 0.09
PUJ 0.03 0.16 0.12
Tricycle 0.09

Pumpboat 0.2 0.14 0.20
Motorcycle
FX
Tricycle 0.002
PUJ 0.12
Jeep
Total 0.232 0.42 0.32 0.09

Table 16. CALAMANSI: Cost of material inputs by marketing activity/practice/cost item,
by province, 2001
Marketing Activity/ Metro Mindoro

Batangas Quezon Iloilo Guimaras
Cost Item Manila Oriental
peso per kilogram
Procurement 0.023 0.053 0.100 0.698 0.001 0.339

"Kaing" 0.020 0.030 0.130 0.030
Cover 0.003
Twine 0.002 0.010 0.008 0.002
Newspaper a/ 0.002
"Bilao" 0.001
Sacks b/ 0.020 0.040 0.110 0.001 0.070
Staple wire a/
Net sack 0.450
Red sack 0.080
Plastic sack cover 0.005
Plastic bag 0.050 0.130
Ball pen 0.010
Chair 0.010
Distribution 0.551 0.340 0.170 0.126 0.080 0.295

Sacks 0.250 0.100 0.020 0.040
Plastic bag 0.280 0.230 0.030 0.010 0.040
Plastic sack 0.020
Old newspaper 0.001 a/
Banana leaves 0.040
Twine 0.010 0.010 0.004
"Kaing" 0.010 0.020
Plastic bag 0.240
Plastic box 0.002
Red bag 0.030
Sando bag 0.140
Basket 0.004
Wodden box 0.002
Tie wire 0.006
"Bilao" 0.010 0.010
Needle 0.003
TOTAL 0.574 0.393 0.270 0.824 0.081 0.634

a/ less than 0.001
b/ includes old sacks and plastic sacks
Table 16a. CALAMANSI: Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing
participants, by activity/practice/cost item, Metro Manila, 2001
Marketing Activity/
RA/LD MA/LD Retailer
Cost Item
peso per kilogram
Procurement 0.023
"Kaing" 0.020
Cover 0.003

Sacks 0.120 0.270
Plastic bag 0.050 0.410
Old newspaper 0.001
"Kaing" 0.010
"Bilao" 0.010
TOTAL 0.180 0.294 0.420

Table 16b. CALAMANSI: Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing
participants, by activity/practice/cost item, Mindoro Oriental, 2001
Marketing Activity/
FARMER PA-LD MA-LD RETAILER
Cost Item
peso per kilogram
Procurement 0.003 0.022 0.001

"Kaing" 0.003 0.210
Twine 0.002
Newspaper a/
"Bilao" 0.001
Sacks 0.020
Staple wire a/

Banana leaves 0.040
Twine 0.060 0.001 0.060
Newpaper a/
Plastic bag 0.230
Plastic sack 0.020
Red bag 0.030
"Bilao" 0.006
TOTAL 0.120 0.030 0.230 0.290

a/ less than 0.001
Table 16e. CALAMANSI: Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing
participants, by activity/practice/cost item, Iloilo, 2001
Marketing Activity/
RA-LD RA-MD PA-SD Retailer
Cost Item
peso per kilogram
Procurement 0.010 0.001 0.010

Sacks 0.010 0.001 0.010
Distribution 0.040 0.120 0.050 0.040

Sack 0.020
Plastic bag 0.020 0.120 0.050 0.040
"Kaing" 0.020
TOTAL 0.050 0.121 0.060 0.040

Table 16f. CALAMANSI: Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing
participants by activity/practice/cost item, Guimaras, 2001
Marketing Activity/
FARMER IRA-LD PA-LD MA-LD RETAILER
Cost Item
peso per kilogram
Procurement 0.100 0.169 0.244 0.030 0.130

Old newspaper 0.002 0.010
Twine 0.002
Plastic bag 0.130
Red sack 0.070 0.080
"Kaing" 0.030 0.040 0.030
Sack (ordinary) 0.100 0.060 0.100
Plastic sack cover 0.005 0.004
Ball pen 0.010
Chair

Sack
Banana leave
Twine
Tie wire
Needle 0.003
Partial pen
Ink 0.003
Pad
Notebook
Plastic bag 0.240
Plastic box 0.002
Total 0.100 0.169 0.250 0.030 0.372

Table 17. CALAMANSI: Other operating costs by cost item,
by province, 2001
Metro Mindoro
Cost Item Batangas Quezon Iloilo Guimaras
Manila Oriental
peso per kilogram
Business Permit/license b/ 0.010 0.020 0.005 0.030 0.010 0.070

Market fee c/ 0.090 0.030 0.010 0.040 0.010
Market fee 0.270
Electricity/Light 0.020 0.004 0.010 0.020 0.002
Telephone 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.050 0.020
Water 0.010
Shrinkage/wastage 0.110 0.350 0.120
Gas and Oil 0.020 0.001 0.030
Weighing scale calibration a/ 0.004 0.010 0.002
Repair and maintenance 0.010 0.130
Sanitary permit 0.020
Toll fee 0.140 0.190 0.130
Interest on loan 0.080 0.010
Other market fees d/ 0.010 0.030
Rental fee 0.070
Market fee 0.160
Registration fee a/
Tiangge fee 0.140
Transport permit 0.060
Contract 0.006
Permit clearance fee 0.010
Stevedoring 0.010
Freight 0.160
Cell card 0.010
Meals & beverages 0.120 0.050 0.010 0.100 0.210 0.010
TOTAL 0.580 0.905 0.279 0.720 0.600 0.230

a/ less than 0.001
b/ includes mayor's permit and barangay permit
c/ includes stall fee and ticket
d/ Includes stall fee and ticket
Table 17a. CALAMANSI: Other operating costs incurred by marketing
participants, by cost item, Metro Manila, 2001
Cost Item RA/LD MA/LD Retailer

peso per kilogram
Business permit/license b/ 0.020 0.001 0.110

Market fee c/ 0.070 0.090 0.130
Electricity/light 0.010 0.210
Telephone 0.010 0.250
Water 0.010
Gas & oil 0.080 0.880
Weighing scale calibration a/ 0.001
Sanitary permit 0.080 0.040
Toll fee 0.140
Other market fees d/ 0.010
Meals & bevarages 0.020 0.130 0.200
TOTAL 0.670 0.421 2.091

a/ less than 0.001
b/ includes mayor's permit and barangay permit
d/ includes "tong"
Table 17b. CALAMANSI: Other operating costs incurred by marketing
participants, by cost item, Mindoro Oriental, 2001
Cost Item FARMER PA-LD MA-LD RETAILER

peso per kilogram
Business permit/license a/ 0.006 0.050

Market fee b/ 0.030 0.020 0.002 0.470
Electricity/light 0.004 0.004
Telephone 0.010 0.020
Gas & oil 0.001
Repair and maintenance 0.130
Interest on loan 0.180 0.070 0.070
Meals & beverages 0.060 0.040 0.410
Toll fee 0.190
Other market fee c/ 0.030
Total 0.670 0.300 0.450 1.550

a/ includes mayor's permit and barangay permit
b/ includes stall fee and ticket
c/ includes "tong"
Table 17c. CALAMANSI: Other operating costs incurred by marketing
participants by cost item, Batangas, 2001
Cost Item IRA-LD PA-LD PA-MD RETAILER

peso per kilogram
Municipal permit 0.001 0.003 0.010 0.030

Telephone 0.010 0.060 0.010 0.080
Electricity 0.007 0.010 0.020
Rental fee 0.020 0.008 0.200 0.160
Market fee 0.710 0.090 0.330
Registration a/ a/
Calibration of weighing scale 0.004
Meal & beverages 0.010 0.010
Total 0.038 0.801 0.340 0.604

a/ Less than 0.001
Table 17d. CALAMANSI: Other operating costs incurred by
marketing participants, by cost item, Quezon, 2001
Cost Item FARMER PA-LD PA-MD MA-MD BA-MD BA-SD RETAILER

peso per kilogram
Business permit 0.030 0.020 0.060 0.004 0.070

Tiannge fee 0.140
Market fee 0.250 0.160 0.060 0.060 0.010 0.480
Meals and beverages 0.100
Total 0.100 0.280 0.180 0.120 0.060 0.014 0.690

Table 17e. CALAMANSI: Other operating costs incurred by marketing
participants, by cost item, Iloilo, 2001
Cost Item RA-LD RA-MD PA-SD RETAILER

peso per kilogram
Business permit b/ 0.010

Market fee c/ 0.020 0.070 0.080
Electricity 0.004 0.030 0.040
Telephone 0.050
Wastage 0.070 0.180 0.250
Weighing scale calibration a/ 0.001 0.040
Toll fee 0.130
Meals & beverages d/ 0.180 0.020 0.500 0.300
TOTAL 0.277 0.120 0.681 0.910

a/ Less than 0.001
b/ includes mayor's permit and barangay's permit
d/ inclides cigarettes and drinks
Table 17f. CALAMANSI: Other operating costs incurred by marketing
participants, by cost item, Guimaras, 2001
Cost Item IRA-LD PA-LD MA-LD MA-SD RETAILER

peso per kilogram
Municipal permit 0.003 0.190

Barangay permit 0.010
Telephone 0.020
Electricity 0.001 0.007 0.040
Weighing scale calibration 0.002
Contract 0.006
Cell card 0.010
Gasoline 0.003 0.200
Meals and beverages 0.002 0.150 0.003 0.100
Total 0.086 0.170 0.210 0.009 0.342

Table 18. CALAMANSI: Imputed cost of depreciation by materials/ facilities/
equipment used, by province, 2001
Metro Mindoro
Cost Item Batangas Quezon Iloilo Guimaras
Manila Oriental
peso per kilogram
Materials Used 0.015 0.023 0.153 0.050 0.079 0.056

Chair b/ 0.002 a/ 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.010
Tray 0.004 0.070
Pail 0.004
Tent/Umbrella 0.004 0.014 0.080 0.014
Table c/ 0.001 0.009 0.002 0.001 0.046
Sorting can a/
"Bilao" 0.070 0.030 0.004
Basin 0.004
Equipment 0.033 0.009 0.164 0.030 0.008 0.030

Weighing scale 0.003 0.001 0.010 0.030 0.004 0.010
Electric fan 0.010 a/ 0.080
Calculator 0.020 0.004 0.004 0.010
Radio a/
Cellphone 0.004 0.070 0.004 0.010
Facilities 0.040 0.020 0.140 0.050

Cart/Stall 0.020
Storage d/ 0.020 0.020 0.140 0.050
Transportation 0.020 0.010

PUJ 0.010
Van 0.010
Jeep 0.010
TOTAL 0.068 0.082 0.337 0.220 0.087 0.136

a/ less than 0.001
b/ includes plastic and wooden chair
c/ sorting table or "Pakihan"
d/ storage place or "kamalig"
Table 18a. CALAMANSI: Imputed costs of depreciation incurred
by marketing participants, by materials/facilities/ equipment
used, Metro Manila, 2001
Item RA-LD MA-LD Retailer

peso per kilogram
Materials Used 0.007 0.002 0.062

Pail 0.004
Chairs 0.002 0.002 0.004
Tent/umbrella 0.004 0.020
Tray 0.004
Table ("Pakihan) 0.001 0.030
Equipment 0.010 0.001 0.040

Weighing scale 0.010 0.001 0.010
Electric fan 0.010
Calculator 0.020
Radio a/
Transportation 0.020 0.040

PUJ 0.010 0.040
Van 0.010
Total 0.017 0.023 0.142

a/ less than 0.001
Table 18b. CALAMANSI: Imputed costs of depreciation incurred by
marketing participants, by materials/facilities/equipment used,
Item FARMER PA-LD MA-LD RETAILER

peso per kilogram
Materials Used 0.019 a/ a/ 0.004

Chairs a/ a/
Table b/ 0.009 a/ a/
Sorting can a/
Tent/umbrella 0.010 0.004
Equipment 0.004 0.004 0.001 0.004

Weighing scale 0.004 a/ 0.001 0.004
Calculator a/ a/
Electric fan a/
Cellphone 0.004
Facilities 0.001 0.020 0.020

Cart/Stall 0.02
Storage 0.001 0.02
Transportation 0.010
Jeep 0.010
Total 0.023 0.015 0.021 0.028

* less than 0.001
Table 18c. CALAMANSI: Imputed costs of depreciation incurred by marketing
participants, by materials/facilities/equipment used, Batangas, 2001
Facilities/Equipment IRA-LD PA-LD PA-MD RETAILER

peso per kilogram
Materials Used 0.001 0.052 0.004 0.150

Umbrella 0.080
Chairs 0.001 0.050 0.004
Bilao 0.070
Table 0.002
Equipment 0.010 0.089 0.140

Weighing scale 0.010 0.015 0.050
Cell phone 0.070
Electric fan 0.080
Calculator 0.004 0.010
Facilities 0.008 0.030

Storage 0.008 0.030
Total 0.001 0.070 0.123 0.290

Table 18d. CALAMANSI: Imputed costs of depreciation incurred by
marketing participants, by facilities/equipment used, Quezon, 2001
Item FARMER IRA-PA PA-LD PA-MD MA-MD RETAILER

peso per kilogram
Materials used
Chair 0.002
Tent 0.014
"Bilao" 0.030
Basin 0.004
Equipment
Weighing scale 0.240 0.006 0.060 0.005 0.010
Facilities
Drying place 0.140
Total 0.380 0.006 0.016 0.060 0.005 0.044

Table 18e. CALAMANSI: Imputed costs of depreciation incurred by marketing
participants, by materials/facilities/equipment used, Iloilo, 2001
Item RA-LD RA-MD PA-SD RETAILER

peso per kilogram
Materials Used 0.004 0.014 0.087

Tray 0.070
Table 0.001
Chair 0.003 0.004 0.004
Wooden box 0.010
"Bilao" 0.010 0.003
Equipment 0.005 0.004 0.002 0.020

Weighing scale 0.001 0.004 0.002 0.020
Cellphone 0.004
TOTAL 0.009 0.018 0.002 0.107

Table 18f. CALAMANSI: Imputed costs of depreciation incurred by marketing
participants, by materials/facilities/equipment used, Guimaras, 2001
Facilities/Equipment FARMER IRA-LD PA-LD RETAILER

peso per kilogram
Materials used 0.012 0.050

Sorter/pakihan 0.006
Chair 0.010
Table 0.006 0.040
Equipment 0.010 0.050 0.070 0.020

Weighing scale 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.010
Calculator 0.010
Cellphone 0.010
Kamalig 0.050
Total 0.010 0.050 0.082 0.070

Table 19. CALAMANSI: Total Marketing Costs (Cash & Non-cash), by cost item,
by province, 2001
Metro Mindoro
Item Batangas Quezon Iloilo Guimaras
Manila Oriental
Cash
Labor 1.07 1.21 0.06 1.32 0.69 0.43
Hauling 0.10 0.35 0.10 0.16
Handling 0.03 0.34 0.13
Loading 0.20 0.05 0.03 0.09
Unloading 0.20 0.05 0.03 0.09
Sorting 0.50 0.45 0.31 0.08
Selling 0.14 0.15
Packing 0.19 0.09 0.10
Weighing 0.17 0.14 0.08
Cleaning 0.05 0.08 0.09
Arrastre
Stevedoring 0.01 0.03
Salaries and Wages 0.23 0.07 0.13 0.25 0.20

Table 19. (continued)
Metro Mindoro
Manila Oriental
Transportation 0.69 2.06 0.42 1.30 0.45

Pre-marketing 0.49
Procurement 0.30 0.35 0.36 0.14
Shipping 0.56 0.16 0.14
Distribution 0.39 0.66 0.26 0.80 0.31
Material used 0.57 0.39 0.27 0.82 0.08 0.64

Kaing 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.03
Cover 0.003
Twine 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01
Old newspaper 0.001 a/ 0.002
Bilao 0.01 0.01
Sacks 0.25 0.02 0.04 0.21 0.02 0.11
Staple wire a/
Red sack 0.08
Plastic sack cover 0.01
Plastic bag 0.28 0.23 0.08 0.13 0.04 0.37
Ball pen 0.01
Basket 0.004
Metro Mindoro
Manila Oriental
Wooden box 0.002

Plastic sack 0.02
Banana leaves 0.04
Plastic box 0.002
Red bag 0.03
Sando bag 0.14
Tie wire 0.006
Needle 0.003
Pentel pen
Notebook
Ink 0.003
Net sack 0.45
Other Operating Costs 0.58 0.91 0.28 0.55 0.60 0.24

Business Permit/license b/ 0.01 0.02 0.005 0.03 0.01 0.08
Market fee c/ 0.09 0.03 0.23 0.28 0.04 0.01
Electricity/Light 0.02 0.004 0.01 0.02 0.002
Telephone 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.02
Water 0.01
Gas and Oil 0.02 0.00 0.03
Weighing Scale calibration a/ 0.004 0.01 0.002
Sanitary permit 0.02
Toll fee 0.14 0.19 0.13
Metro Mindoro
Manila Oriental
Other market fees d/ 0.01 0.03

Registration a/
Tiangge fee 0.14
Agent's Commission 0.006
Cell card 0.01
Meals & beverages 0.12 0.05 0.01 0.10 0.21 0.01
Non-Cash 0.07 0.09 0.34 0.22 0.10 0.14

Weighing scale 0.003 0.001 0.01 0.03 0.004 0.01
Plastic chair 0.002 a/ 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.01
Wooden chair 0.001
Electric fan 0.01 a/ 0.08
Calculator 0.02 a/ 0.004 0.01
Tray 0.004 0.07
Pail 0.004
Tent 0.001
Umbrella 0.003 0.004 0.08
"Pakihan" b/ 0.001 0.009 0.006
Radio a/
Table a/ 0.002 0.001 0.04
Sorting can a/
Tolda 0.01 0.014
Stove 0.004
Calculator 0.004
Metro Mindoro
Manila Oriental
Cart 0.02
Storage 0.02 0.02
Cell phone 0.004 0.07 0.004 0.01
Bilao 0.07 0.03 0.004
Basin 0.004
Drying place 0.14
Wooden box 0.01
Kamalig 0.05
Transportation
PUJ 0.01
Van 0.01
Jeep 0.01
Total 3.21 4.72 1.08 3.33 3.02 2.09

a/ Less than 0.001
b/ Includes mayor's permit and barangay permit
c/ Includes "tong"
d/ Includes stall fee and ticket
Table 20. CALAMANSI: Total Marketing Costs (Cash & Non-cash), by major items,
by province, 2001
Metro Mindoro
Manila Oriental
Cash 3.14 4.64 0.74 3.11 2.92 1.96
Labor 1.07 1.21 0.06 1.32 0.69 0.43
Salaries and Wages 0.23 0.07 0.13 0.25 0.20
Transportation 0.69 2.06 0.42 1.30 0.45
Material Inputs 0.57 0.39 0.27 0.82 0.08 0.64
Other Operating 0.58 0.91 0.28 0.55 0.60 0.24
Non-Cash 0.07 0.09 0.34 0.22 0.10 0.14
Imputed Costs 0.07 0.09 0.34 0.22 0.10 0.14
Total 3.21 4.73 1.08 3.33 3.02 2.10

Table 21. CALAMANSI: Distribution of respondents, by problems encountered,
by province, 2001
Mindoro
Problems Batangas Quezon Iloilo Guimaras
Oriental
1. Low price due to low

quality of produce and too
much supply 5 6 34 2 18
2. Frequent price fluctuation 16
3. Delayed payment of
goods/non payment of
credit 5 3 2
4. Wastage 4
5. Inadequate farm to
market road 3
6. Absence of permanent
stall 3
7. Availability of shipping
lines that would transport
the goods. 3
8. Traders sets the price of

the commodity 1
9. Lack of information of
farm technology 1
10. Lack of capital to finance

the buying and selling of
the goods 1 1
11. Too many competitors

and few buyers 3 1 4 11
12. Imported lemon 1
13. Tong 1

Marketing Costs Structure Calamansi PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Marketing Costs Structure Calamansi PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Marketing Costs Structure Study

MARKETING COSTS STRUCTURE

Marketing Studies and Development Section

This is the sixth of a series of research results on Marketing

It is hoped that the information in this report would serve as

Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi i

III. Discussion of Results

Statistical Tables ................................................................ 33

1 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by type, by

2 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by type of

3 CALAMANSI : Number and percentage distribution of

4 CALAMANSI : Number and percentage distribution of

5 CALAMANSI : Distribution of trader-respondents by

5a CALAMANSI : Distribution of trader-respondents, by

6 CALAMANSI : Distribution of trader-respondents, by

6a CALAMANSI : Distribution of trader-respondents, by

7 CALAMANSI : Distribution of trader-respondents, by

8 CALAMANSI : Major sources and destinations, by

9 CALAMANSI : Cropping Pattern, by activity in selected

10 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondent by manner

11 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by mode of

11a CALAMANSI : Distribution of trader-respondents, by

12 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by manner

12a CALAMANSI : Manner of distribution, by type of

13 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by mode of

13a CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by type of

14 CALAMANSI : Labor costs incurred by

14a CALAMANSI : Labor costs incurred by marketing

14b CALAMANSI : Labor costs incurred by marketing

14c CALAMANSI : Labor costs incurred by marketing

14e CALAMANSI : Labor costs incurred by marketing

14f CALAMANSI : Labor costs incurred by marketing

15 CALAMANSI : Transportation costs incurred by

15a CALAMANSI : Transportation costs incurred by

15b CALAMANSI : Transportation costs incurred by

15c CALAMANSI : Transportation costs incurred by

15d CALAMANSI : Transportation costs incurred by

15e CALAMANSI : Transportation costs incurred by

16 CALAMANSI : Cost of material inputs incurred by

16a CALAMANSI : Cost of material inputs incurred by

16b CALAMANSI : Cost of material inputs incurred by

16d CALAMANSI : Cost of material inputs incurred by

16e CALAMANSI : Cost of material inputs incurred by

16f CALAMANSI : Cost of material inputs incurred by

17 CALAMANSI : Other operating costs by cost item, by

17a CALAMANSI : Other operating costs incurred by

17b CALAMANSI : Other operating costs incurred by

17c CALAMANSI : Other operating costs incurred by

17d CALAMANSI : Other operating costs incurred by

17f CALAMANSI : Other operating costs incurred by

18 CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation by

18a CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation incurred

18b CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation incurred

18c CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation incurred

18d CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation incurred

18e CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation incurred

18f CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation incurred

19 CALAMANSI : Total Marketing Costs, Cash & Non-

20 CALAMANSI : Total Marketing Costs (Cash & Non-

21 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by

1 CALAMANSI: Cropping Pattern, by activity in Mindoro Oriental, 2001…………………

2 CALAMANSI: Cropping Pattern, by activity in Quezon, 2001……………………………..

3 CALAMANSI: Cropping Pattern, by activity in Guimaras, 2001…………………………..