Process Management

Some of the manufacturing processes are given below:

Job process
A job process creates the flexibility needed to produce a wide variety of products
in significant quantities, with considerable divergence in the steps performed. The
workforce and equipment are flexible to handle considerable task divergence. A
job process primarily organizes all like resources around itself; equipment and
workers capable of certain type of work are located together.
Batch Process
The batch process by far the most common process choice found in practice,
leading to terms such as small batch or large batch to further distinguish one
process choice from another. A batch process differs from the job process with
respect to volume variety and quantity. The primary difference is that volumes are
higher because the same or similar product or parts going into them are produced
repeatedly.
Line Process
Process created by a line process include the assembly of computers, automobiles,
appliances, toys etc. A line process lies between the batch and continuous
processes on the continuum, volume are high and products are standardized, which
allows resources to be organized around particular products.
Continuous Flow Process
A continuous flow process is the extreme end of high-volume standardized
production, with rigid line flow. Examples of a continuous flow process are
petroleum refining; chemical process; and processes making steel, soft drinks and
food.
Baking Process
The basic ingredients for bread are flour, sugar, yeast, preservatives, milk, salt etc.
Ingredients may vary for different types of bread. The general steps to make bread
are as follows: Flour is passed through the sifter to remove particles. The
ingredients are mixed in a fixed proportion in dough kneading machine. The dough
is then kept in a warm room for some time to go through the fermentation process
after which it is poured into a dough cutting machine which makes pieces of
desired weight e.g. one pound, half pound etc. These pieces are then transferred to
pans. The pans are placed in a chamber called proofer, which provides controlled
humidity and temperature. Thereafter the pans are passed through the conveyor
belt of the baking oven, where temperature is set in different sections of the oven.
After baking the pans are transferred to a cooling conveyor belt. The breads are
then taken out of the pans, sliced and packed in bags.
Flow Chart
A process flow diagram is made. The following example is for baking process:

Sifting→Kneading→Pannign→Proofing→Baking→Slicing→Packing→Transport

Process control
Process control is the use of information technology to monitor and control a
physical process. For instance, process control is used to measure the moisture
content and thickness of paper as it travels over a paper machine at thousands of
feet per minute. Process control is also used to determine and control temperatures,
pressures, and quantities in petroleum refineries, petrochemical processes, cement
plants, steel mills and other facilities.
Process control systems operate in a number of ways, but the following is typical:
 Sensor collect data
 Devices read data on some periodic basis, perhaps once a minute or once
every second.
 Measurements are translated into digital signals, which are transmitted to a
digital computer.
 Computer programs read the file and analyze the data.
 The resulting output may take numerous forms. These include messages on
computer console or printer, signals to motors to change valve setting,
warning lights or horns, statistical process control charts etc.